
Class F'5 Z(n 

Book. W^< 



COPYRIGHT DEPO; 






<p 



s% 



^L^L 




No. I. — Flaji of San Jacinto. 
No. 2.— Xalional Stanilard of Republic (January 24, No. 8 
1839), present Slate Flag. - No. 9 

No. 3. — Flag of the .\lanio. No. 10 

No. 4. — San Felipe Flag (February 29, 1836). No. 11 

No. 5. — Flag of GoliafI anrl Velasco (Brown's). 
No. 6.— McC.ahey Flag (1835). 



Thk Kvolution of thi; Tk.\as Fi.ac;. 

No. 7. — Flag of Ward's Georgia Battalion. 



— Captain Dodson's Flag (September, 1S35). 

—Naval Flag (April 9, 1S36). 

— Captain Burrouglis's Flag (1836). 

— National Standard of Republic (December 10, 

1836). 



A COMPLETE 



HISTORY OF TEXAS 



FOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND 
GENERAL USE 



BY 
DUDLEY G. WOOTEN, M.A. 

VICE-PRESIDENT AND FELLOW TEXAS STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 
MEMBER SOUTHERN HISTORY ASSOCIATION 



e * is-s= 




DALLAS 
THE TEXAS HISTORY COMPANY 



47290 

UEttrary Of Congress 

Ttm Cones Received 
SEP 141900 

rBST COPY. 



Copyright, 1899, 

BY 

William G. Scarff. 



A// Rights Reserved. 



PREFACE 



^ Notwithstanding more has been written in a des- 
I^J ultory way concerning Texas than of any other one 
1 M. American State, a thorough, connected, and system- 
^ atic history of the country and its people, from the 

earhest known fact to the latest recorded event, has never been 
satisfactorily accomplished. It is not pretended that within the 
limits of a volume of this character the desired object has been 
fully attained ; but it is believed that reasonable success has been 
reached in giving a very comprehensive and methodical account 
of the various stages in the development of the district and 
people embraced within the vast boundaries of Texas. A pos- 
sible criticism of the book, as a school history, may be urged 
upon the score of its somewhat elaborate and difficult treatment 
of some of the topics discussed, especially in the earlier chapters. 
But upon reflection it is thought this objection is not a serious 
one. The great defect in all the histories of Texas that have 
heretofore been published, both for general and school use, has 
been their meagreness in the treatment of the essential and con- 
trolling facts in the early history of the country. Its annals as a 
Spanish and Mexican province have been presented more in the 
style of a romantic episode, than as part of a great colonial system 
whose government and institutions form one of the most interest- 
ing studies in the history of modern civilization. So, too, the 
period of the Rexolution and Republic has been treated as a sort 
of spectacular display of valor and ad\-enture, in which Mexican 
cruelty, Texan bravery, and the petty details of Indian outrages 
were of sole importance ; instead of viewing these matters as 
mere incidents in the foundation of a sturdy commonwealth, 
whose laws and institutions were the natural product of race in- 
heritance and transmitted qualities. It has been the author's idea 
that a book like this could afford to contain and suggest too much 
rather than too little. The intelligent and efficient methods of 
modern instruction will readily enable the competent teacher to 



IV PREFACE. 

omit what is considered superfluous, to make clear what seems 
difficult, and to follow the general plan of the volume in its 
attempt to present the whole story of Texan development. 

The author has freely availed himself of all that has been 
printed, — and much that has not been, — and he has sought to 
present the subject in its logical and chronological order, with as 
much particularity and as little of unnecessary detail as possible ; 
and at the same time to keep before the mind the entire field of 
study, as one complete and continuous action in real life and 
growth. So many sources of information and assistance have 
been drawn upon that the author is at a loss how to express his . 
acknowledgments. The standard authorities used in the prepara- 
tion of the book are mostly cited in the course of the " Parallel 
Readings" appended to the various chapters. As the Editor of 
William G. Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas," I have 
had access to all the manuscript and materials collected for that 
large work, and have used the knowledge thus acquired. On 
all early events in the history of Spanish America and Mexico 
the monumental volumes of H. H. Bancroft and Justin Winsor's 
" Narrative and Critical History of America" have been accepted 
as authority. From the latter, by kind permission of the pub- 
lishers, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., several maps and 
illustrations have been used. For the pictures of scenes and 
localities around San Antonio, I am indebted partly to the hand- 
some little volume of Mr. William Corner on that historic place. 
I am also grateful for the liberal permission of the Cosmopolitan 
magazine to reproduce several illustrations from that periodical, 
and to Messrs. Harper Brothers, The Woolfall Company, and the 
American Book Company for the reproduction of pictures from 
their publications. Valuable illustrations have also been obtained 
from Mrs. M. Looscan, Andrew J. Houston, Professor E. T. 
Dumble, anc- from many other persons and sources too numerous 
to be here named, but whose contributions to the work have my 
grateful remembrance, and will find reward in the appreciation 
which is solicited for this attempt to present Texas history in a 
new garb. 

Dudley G. Wooten. 
Dallas, Texas, September, 1899. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

¥¥ 

THE methods for the practical use of this History in 
school instruction will be apparent upon slight exami- 
nation of the work. Its plan is not materially different 
from that of a number of approved historical text- 
books now in use in our schools. Following each chapter is a 
list of " Questions," covering in detail every important fact and 
event contained in the preceding chapter. These can be used 
for recitations and review. Then comes a ' ' Topical Analysis' ' 
of the subject-matter of the chapter, under the several most 
obvious and instructive historical themes embraced in the 
chapter. The idea has been not to make this analysis merely a 
synopsis of the chapter, but to embrace the broad general fea- 
tures of historical thought and investigation suggested by the 
chapter. In many instances the analyses will be found to con- 
tain topics not fully discussed in the text, but whose direct and 
logical relation to the subject will be apparent to any thoughtful 
student of history. Such topics should, when practicable, be 
pursued by parallel readings of other works on the history of the 
times and events discussed. For this purpose a short list of 
historical authorities has been appended to each chapter under 
the head of " Parallel Readings." It is especially urged that 
the classes be encouraged to consult these writings, and, in order 
to more fully carry out the plan, essays and exercises in reading 
by the class can be employed to promote interest and proficiency 
in the subjects under investigation. The "Tables of Contem- 
poraneous Events" are intended to serve the same general pur- 
pose of keeping up in the student's mind the connection between 
events in Texas history and those that were transpiring on the 
broader arena of the world's life at the same time. The whole 
plan of the book has been to make the study of Texas history a 

V 



VI SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

part of the study of the Hfe and growth of humanity, as exem- 
plified in the annals of many nations and diverse localities. 

At the end of the chapters will also be foun^ some sugges- 
tions under the head of ' ' Geography. ' ' These cannot be too 
carefully followed. One of the greatest obstacles to a correct 
understanding of historical transactions is the vague and unsatis- 
factory idea most students and readers have of the scenes and 
surroundings in which the events transpired and the personages 
acted. 

The fundamental object of the author, in the outset of the 
History, has been to impress upon the student a true concep- 
tion of the great system of Spanish Discovery and Colonization, 
under which and out of which Texas became an inhabited 
country and afterwards a political force. Then the results of 
this intimate relation between New Spain and Texas, as evi- 
denced in the subsequent social, religious, and political fortunes 
of the Province, Republic, and State, are sought to be shown. 
An intelligent perception of this feature of the subject furnishes 
the key to the history of revolutionary Texas, and incidentally 
to that of Mexico and the whole of Spanish America as well. 

The numerous maps and illustrations have been chosen in 
line with the general objects of the book, and will be found to 
furnish valuable aids to the understanding of the text, both by 
their direct illustration of the events related and by their sug- 
gestive bearing on the topics embraced in the study as a whole. 

By one or all of the methods suggested by the several fea- 
tures above mentioned, it is believed a much more comprehensive 
and critical knowledge can be imparted in regard to a subject 
whose intrinsic value and interest have not heretofore been 
properly appreciated in our schools. 




CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction xiii 

Analysis of the Subject . ... i 

prclimtnar\? period, 1402-1687. 

GENERAL VIEW OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION IN THE 
WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 

¥ 
period IF., 1528-1821. 

SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 

CHAPTER I. 
Characteristics of the Spanish Colonial System 25 

CHAPTER II. 

Early Spanish Discovery and Exploration in Texas and Adjacent 

Territory 37 

CHAPTER III. 
The Catholic Missions of New Spain 47 

CHAPTER IV. 
The .Spanish Occupation of Texas 61 

CHAPTER V. 
The Indian Tribes of Spanish Texas 83 

CHAPTER VI. 

Events in Texas and Mexico resulting in the Revolution of 1S21 . . 96 

vii 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

period M., 1821-1830. 

MEXICAN RULE. 



CHAPTER VII. 
Colonization Enterprises of Moses and Stephen F. Austin 128 



CHAPTER VIII. 
Other Colonies in Texas 145 

CHAPTER IX. 
Political Affairs in Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas 152 



pcrio& imn., 1832-1836. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

CHAPTER X. 
Events leading to the Texas Revolution 166 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Outbreak of the Revolution ; Consultation called ; The Cam- 
paign of 1835 182 

CHAPTER XII. 

The Consultation ; The Provisional Government ; Preparations for 

War 197 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Independence of Texas declared ; Campaign of 1836 ; Fall of 

^ the Alamo ; Battle of the Coleto ; Massacre at Goliad 208 

CHAPTER XIV. 
General Houston's Retreat ; Battle of San Jacinto ; Close of the War 224 



CONTENTS. IX 

iPerioD IFDm IS36-1846* 

THE REPUBLIC. 



CHAPTER XV. 

PAGE 

Events following San Jacinto ; Troubles in the Army ; First General 

Election ; Organization of the Permanent Government .... 240 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Houston's First Administration ; Land and Financial Policies ; 

Indian and Army Troubles ; Election of President Lamar . . . 250 

CHAPTER XVIL 

President Lamar's Administration ; Santa F^ Expedition ; Indian 
Wars ; Te.xas System of Jurisprudence Established ; Founda- 
tion of Educational System 263 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Houston's Second Administration ; Financial Reform ; Mexican 

Hostilities ; Indian Treaties ; New Colonial Contracts 279 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Annexation ; Diplomacy and Politics ; Anson Jones's Administra- 
tion ; Texas Annexed to the United States 301 



period D., 1846-1861. 

FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 

CHAPTER XX. 

The New Government ; The Texas Land System ; Henderson's 

Administration ; Boiuidary Question ; Churches in Texas . . . 316 

CHAPTER XXI. 

The Mexican War ; Administrations of Governors Wood, Bell, and 
Pease ; The Boundary and Public Debt ; Railroads ; Public 
Schools ; Indians 330 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXII. 

PAGE 

Early Politics in Texas ; Campaign between Runnels and Houston ; 
Runnels's and Houston's Administrations ; The Secession Con- 
vention ; The Civil War 346 



^CVio^ M., 1861-1805. 

THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Civil Government in Texas during the War ; Military Operations 

on the Coast and Frontiers ; Texans in the Confederate Armies 363 



perfob Mir., 1865-1874. 

THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction ; Throckmorton's 
Administration ; Pease's Administration ; Texas under E. J. 
Davis's Administration 372 



period mn., 1874-1897. 

SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 

CHAPTER XXV. 

Administrations of Governors Coke, Hubbard, Roberts, and Ire- 
land ; Prosperity and Progress of the State 389 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

Administrations of Governors Ross and Hogg ; Legislation against 

Corporations ; The Populist Parly 400 



CONTENTS. 



XI 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

PAGE 

Governor Culberson's Administrations ; Campaigns of 1894 and 
1896 ; Reduction of Public Expenses ; General Progress and 
Prosperity of the State ; Death of Distinguished Men 409 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

General Review ; Progress and Development of Texas in Popula- 
tion, Resources, Industry, Educational and Social Life ; Grow- 
ing Influence in Federal Affairs 429 

Table of Executu^es from 1691 to 1897 460 

Table of Elections from 1836 to 1896 461 

Table showing Speakers of the Several Legislatures 

FROM 1846 TO 1897 463 

Index 465 



¥¥ 



KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 

The system of pronunciation of proper names adopted in this volume 
is the same as used in the "Century Dictionary" and the "Century 
Cyclopaedia of Names," as follows : 

a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, dale, mane. 



a as in far, farther, guard. 

A as in fall, talk, naught. 

a as in fare, hair, bare, 

a as in ask, fast, ant. 

e as in met, pen, bless, 

e as in meet, mete, meat, 

e as in her, fern, heard, 

i as in pin, it, biscuit. 

I as in pine, file, fight, 

o as in not, on, frog. 

6 as in note, poke, floor. 

6 as in move, spoon, room, 

6 as in nor, song, off. 

u as in tub, son, blood, 

u as in mute, acute, few. 

li as in pull, book, could. 



01 
ou 
H 



as in oil, joint, boy. 
as in pound, proud. 
Spanish g before e and i, 
Spanish j, etc. 
TH as in then, though, 
th as in thin, thought. 
^ under the consonants t, d, s, 
and z indicates that they are 
softened into ch, j, sh, and 
zh, as in nature, education, 
pressure, seizure. 
'' is the primary accent on a 

syllable, and 
■''' the secondary accent. 







§ c <cccc <s?a »»»>> 5 



INTRODUCTION. 



SCHOOL HISTORY, of necessity, can contain but The scone of 



A- 
a mere outline of important events. This is espe- 
cially true when, as in the case of Texas, it extends 
over a period of three centuries, — beginning with the 
romantic but meagre chronicle of Spanish and French explora- 
tion ; traversing the scattered, confused, and often bewildering 
annals of missionary enterprise and frontier adventure ; includ- 
ing the exploits of a heroic revolution and an interesting career 
of national independence ; and finally issuing in the fast-coming 
and thick-crowding events of fifty years of active and marvellous 
progress as the largest State in the American Union. 

Rightly undei*stood and correctly comprehended, the His- 
tory of Texas is unequalled for its variety of incident, its flavor 
of adventure, its lessons of endurance, patriotism, and valor, its 
heroic achievements in the crisis of battle and its splendid tri- 
umphs in the nobler arena of peaceful industry. Considered in 
its largest sense, it is a story in three chapters, — a drama in 
three acts, the last of which is yet moving before us on the stage 
of actual life. The first chapter of its wonderful story is laid in 
the age of Chivalry and Romance, and is filled with scenes and 
personages the like of which the world will never see again. It 
was the age of Spain's greatest power on land and sea. Her 
Catholic Majesty sent his cavaliers to explore and subdue the 

xiii 



Texas history 



A drama in 
three acts 



First Act 



XIV 



INTRODUCTION. 



Spanish 
Conquest 



Spanish 
tyranny 



Mexican Inde- 
pendence 



New World, while her Holy Church sent its priests in the con- 
queror's path to heal the wounds and repair the ruin the Con- 
quest had wrought. A vast new empire was founded on the 
wrecks of Aztec civilization, and a Spanish Viceroy held sway 
in the palaces of Montezuma, while Spanish monks said mass in 
the temples of Htiitzilopoclitli. In the ever- widening search for 
gold and glory, the soldiers of Spain crossed the Great River of 
the North and traversed the mountains and prairies of a far-away 
province, where peaceful Indians fished and hunted along the 
banks of the Pashahono, the Tockanhono, and the Arcokisa. 
Side by side with military chieftains came missionary fathers, and 
among the wild tribes of this virgin wilderness were erected those 
first habitations of the white man in New Spain, — half castle, 
half cathedral, — sheltering alike rude soldiers, praying priests, 
and credulous red men, — the Catholic Mhswns, whose moulder- 
ing and dismantled ruins still keep the memories of those adven- 
turous days. New names were given to the old familiar streams, 
new laws took the place of savage customs, new masters set 
their sway over the plains and valleys of this fertile province, 
and, in the names of a hundred saints whose shrines at intervals 
dotted its vast, unsettled expanse, Texas was baptized as another 
convert to the Spanish Crown. A century rolled away, a hun- 
dred years of alternate strife and serenity in this outpost of the 
Mexican viceroyalty. With the rapid changes of Old World 
politics the glory of Spain had departed, and her once proud 
prowess was humbled at the feet of that marvel of modern mys- 
teries, the Corsican conqueror of Europe. Drained by foreign 
wars and harassed by domestic revolution, her kings and coun- 
cils levied intolerable burdens upon her provinces in the New- 
World, while her impoverished Church exacted from the wretched 
colonists all that the Crown left them in their misery. The op- 
pression was past endurance, and the patriot-priest of Dolores 
raised the Mexican standard of revolt against Spanish tyranny, 
not to be lowered until the flag of independence floated over the 
ancient capital of Anahuac, and its message of liberty was wel- 
comed on the San Antonio, the Colorado, the Brazos, and the 
Trinity. The first chapter had ended, and with it Castile's cav- 
aliers faded from the soil of Texas. Alike mailed warrior and 



INTRODUCTION. XV 

cowled priest were gone, and in their stead came an era of hope 
and promise for Repubhcan Mexico. 

But with the opening of the second chapter of our history Second Act 
there appeared a new and potent element in the developing 
drama of Texan life : 

" Ha ! the breath of the Celt and the Saxon drifts 
Evermore to the West !" 

With the growth of the mighty republic of the North and its 
acquisition of the wide territory of Louisiana, the stream of 
American conquest set towards the new fields beyond the Sabine. 
There came into this splendid domain a clear-headed, strong- Angio- 
handed, impatient population, whose nervous energy and pell- coUmutT 
mell haste had no time for pageants and dreams and the quiet 
labors of a leisurely priesthood. Still less would its spirit of 
practical freedom and its inherited love of civil and religious 
liberty brook the fickle and vicious experiments of Mexican 
state-craft. The new-born independence of Mexico fell a speedy 
victim to the intrigues and ambitions of rival despots, and was 4 

swallowed up in the centralized tyranny of Santa Anna. The 
odious forms of foreign oppression were imposed upon the Ameri- 
can colonists who had peopled the fertile valleys and conquered 
the spreading plains of Texas. Confronted with a savage foe all 
around them, harassed by the trials and struggles of pioneer life, 
they were further subjected to the unreasonable and burdensome 
despotism of Mexican chiefs and the insolent wrongs of a foreign 
soldiery. Protests were in vain, appeals to the constitution and Texan Rev- 
laws were of no avail, and at last the spirit which had vindicated ° '^*'°" ^" 

' 1 Independenct 

the freedom of their sires among the hills of New England and 
on the plains of Virginia asserted their unconquerable valor and 
patriotism at Concepcion, Bexar, and Goliad. A new nation 
was christened at San Felipe and started on its career of inde- 
pendence at San Jacinto. A decade of privations, reverses, and 
the ultimate triumph of wise and prudent counsels established 
and maintained the young Republic, and finally its heroic fathers Annexation 
yielded its separate sovereignty, and, with emotions of mingled 
sorrow and pride, saw the Single Star take its place on the 
ample folds of the banner of the Unioi.- "The second act in 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

the great drama had ended ; the RepubHc of Texas was no 
more. ' ' 

Third Act Her reception into the great American Confederacy opened 

fresh and fruitful fields of prosperity to the new State, and 

■rogressof ushcrcd in an era of steady progress and development. For- 

ita^cT ^^ ^ tunate in the possession of a landed domain imperial in size and 
resources, she was enabled to provide for a magnificent system of 
free public education for her children unto all time, and to secure 
the building of great railroad lines and other works of internal 
improvement. Retaining all that was wise and beneficent in 
the institutions of the Spanish law, she combined it with the 
approved principles of English and American jurisprudence, 
establishing a system of legal rights and remedies distinctively 
her own, while she shared the blessings of political freedom 
common to the Anglo-American race everywhere. Thus, for 
fifteen years, the current of her peaceful and prosperous life ran 
smooth and strong, until the great civil and military convulsion 
of the War between the States blended her fortunes in field and 
Civil War council with those of her sisters in the South. /, In that titanic 
conflict her sons were everywhere in the front of the fray, and 
the ' ' Stars and Bars' ' floated over no knightlier band than those 
who rode down to death from the far-of? plains of Texas, emulat- 
ing in this later and mightier struggle the dauntless chivalry and 

.^cconstruc- debonair courage of the Alamo and the Coleta. And when it 
was all over, they came back to ruined homes and fallow farms 
and took up the burden of restoration with desperate but daunt- 
less hearts, weary but unfaltering hands. The valor that failed 
not on fields of carnage was not subdued by the sterner trials of 
a sacrificial peace, and erelong the prostrate State was lifted to 
her feet and once more trod the sure paths of peaceful and 
ecentpro- progressive industry. For more than twenty years Texan 
Statehood, in its restored and rehabilitated splendor, has justified 
the prophetic eulogies of its original founders, challenged the 
admiring interest of alien and of kindred states, and received 
without stint the loyal and loving devotion of its own proud 
citizenship. The third act in the drama still moves in majestic 
measure across the stage of historical development, and if the 
future may be read froi^l'J-he past, some later historian will record 



ress 



INTRODUCTION. 



XVll 



" Time's noblest offspring is 



I 



its completion in yet loftier strain 
the last. ' ' \ 

The arena upon which these fateful and inspiring scenes have The physiog- 
been enacted, and on which coming events shall marshal their ^^^ ^° 
imposing array, is every way worthy the dignity of the drama 
and the heroism of its theme. Stretching through nearly eleven 
degrees of latitude and more than thirteen degrees of longitude, 
it comprises two hundred and sixty-four thousand two hundred 
and eleven (264,211) square miles of as varied, fertile, and 
beautiful country as ' ' the sun in his all-seeing circuit' ' looks 
down upon. It is nearly twice as large as California, four times 
the size of Pennsylvania, and six times as large as New York ; 
capable of containing, if as thickly populated as the little State 
of New Jersey, more inhabitants than there are now in the entire 
Union of States. If it were possible to ascend in a balloon high 
enough to take in the complete view of this immense territory, 
and human vision was equal to the task, the spectacle presented 
would be that of a vast plain over seven hundred miles from east 
to west and more than nine hundred miles from north to south, 
— its northern and northwestern border elevated a mile above the 
sea level, and its surface sloping east, southeast, and south, until ; 

it dips beneath the "laughing tides" of the Gulf and fades away 
into the brown and cactus-covered regions of Northern Mexico. 

Across its otherwise level expanse opens a great Central central Bas:. 
Basin formed by the valleys of the Red River, the Brazos, and 
the Colorado, and their many tributaries, with wooded slopes 
and fertile bottoms expanding into wide-stretching upland 
])rairies of rolling verdure, dotted with the ranches, farms, towns, 
and cities of a thriving population ; while farther south the 
valley of the Nueces and allied streams carves out a similar Nueces vaiiey 
depression in the lower part of this great table-land. Interme- 
diate between these two principal basins, and following their • 
general direction from northwest to southeast, there runs for a j 
considerable distance a bold but broken rocky ridge, covered 
with groves of live-oaks and cedars, interspersed with luxuriant 
valleys, and ending on its southern and southwestern front in 
precipitous bluffs, — the Dalcones of the Spaniards, — from whose The Baicones 
stony lips there gush out great fountains of purest water, form- I 



XVlll 



INTRODUCTION. 



ing at their very source the splendid streams of Western Texas, 
the San Marcos, the Comal, and the San Antonio, whose silvery- 
windings lend life and beauty to the picturesque scenery through 
which they flow. On the eastern slope of the outspread plain, 
dense forests stretch along the coast and reach inland to the 



j_ j»^nss.._ 




Map showing PH^•sloGRAPHv of Texas. 
(M. R. and C. M. R. indicate " Mineral Region" and " Central Mineral Retjion.") 

edge of the great prairies, furnishing timber for the homes of the 
millions who will one day people this fruitful land. Beyond the 
Pecos, in the great West, -whose mysterious distances reach 
away to the Rio Grande and to the foot of the Staked Plains, 
there arise from the outstretched sandy level lofty peaks and 



INTRODUCTION. 



XIX 



Fauna ajid 
flora 



massy mountains of bare, gray granite, seamed with deep and Western 
rugged canyons, solitary, mystic, and melancholy in their iso- """""Y'"^ 
lated grandeur and gloom,— the connecting sentinels between the \ 

great Rockies of the north and the Mother Mountains of the south. \ 

Within the limits of this immense territory are blended the 
products of many climes, — ihe /a u?ia ■a.wA flora of varied zones. 
In all that vast district lying east of the Pecos and north of the 
Colorado, there flourish all the varieties of animal and vegetable 
life that belong to any portion of the United States ; while be- 
yond those lines to the south and west a sub-tropical climate 
produces its distinctive types in field and forest. 

And all this splendid panorama of wood and stream and cu 
plain and mountain is canopied by skies as fair and soft as ever 
stooped above the sunny vales of Tempe and Tarentum. Down 
yonder — so near, we almost hear its waves as they break upon 
our shores— lies the second Mediterranean, upon whose bosom Second Medi- 
there shall yet be borne a commerce as vast and varied as gave *^''''^"^*" 
glory to that elder sea ; while around its circumference there 
shall cluster cities and a civilization as superior to those of the 
classic nations of antiquity as modern institutions of liberty and \ 

law and social life are preferable | 



"To the Glory that was Greece 
And the Grandeur tliat was Rome.' 



^ 



Surely, the boys and girls, the men and women, of Texas, importance of 
with such a history behind them, such a country around them, '^he subject 
and such a destiny before them, should 
and often the successive steps and stirring 
growth of their great State. They should 
know well the lives and deeds of its heroic 
foundei-s, the struggles and triumphs of its 
sturdy pioneers, the valor and patriotism of 
its illustrious defenders, the prudence, sa- 
gacity, and courage of its noble jurists and 
statesmen. An intelligent knowledge of 
what has been so nobly achieved in the past, 
and how, is the surest guarantee that it will 
not be undone nor dishonored in the future, United states flaq, 




XX INTRODUCTION. 



QUESTIONS.— Introduction. 

Viewing tht; history of Texas as a story or drama, how may it be di- 
vided ? What were the surroundings and scene at the commencement 
of the First Act in the drama? What European country was at the 
height of its power ? What American country did it conquer, and what 
form of government was estabHshed over the conquered empire ? What 
was Texas originally, and how was it first explored and occupied by the 
Spaniards ? What happened to Spain in the course of time ? By whom 
was her power finally humbled ? What were the methods and character 
of Spain's government of her American colonies? What was the result 
in Mexico ? Who was the first leader of the revolution in that country ? 
When was independence from Spain finally achieved ? What event closed 
the First Act in the drama? What new influence appeared in the begin- 
ning of the Second Act ? Whence did it come ? \\1iat happened between 
Mexico and Texas ? What did Texas do and become ? What event ended 
the Second Act ? What was the condition of Texas at the beginning of 
the Third Act in the drama? What wealth, resources, and institutions 
did she possess, and how did she employ them ? What great event inter- 
rupted the peaceful progress of this act in the drama ? When was it, and 
what part did Texas take in it? WHiat were the immediate results to 
Texas ? What has been the course of subsequent events to the present 
time? What does the completion of the Third Act promise for Texas? 

Describe the general outlines and features of the territory of Texas. 
What is its general appearance ? How is the surface of the country di- 
vided and broken ? How large is it, and what is its present population ? 
Name and locate the principal rivers. What is the character of the east- 
ern, northern, central, and western parts of the State ? Draw an outline 
map of Texas, showing the main features of its physical geography, 
streams, mountain ranges, harbors, etc. W^hat varieties of animal and 
vegetable life flourish in Texas? What is the character of the climate? 
What great body of water lies on the east of the State, and what influence 
may be expected to result from it on the future civilization of Texas and 
her people, and why ? Why should the youths of Texas study her his- 
tory? 

Topical Analysis. 

The student should study and read parallel histories on the following 
subjects, as classified under the Three Acts above suggested : 

I. Condition of Europe in 1521 ; Spain's power and position. 
First I among the nations. 

Act. I 2. The Spanish conquest of Mexico : its extent, character, 
and results, 



INTRODUCTION. 



XXI 



First 
Act 
(Con- 
tinued ) 



Second 
Act. 



7- 



3. The Spanisli colonial system : its general features and 
effects. 

4. The period of Catholic missions in Spanish America. 

5. The rise, progress, and success of the revolution of Mex- 
ico from Spain : its causes and results. 

6. The spread of Anglo-American colonization in North 
America, and its contact and conflict with Spanish 
colonies in the southwest. 

The American colonization of Texas under Stephen F. 
Austin and the other empresarios ; the growth of the 
Texan colonists in power and the spirit of freedom. 

The Texan Revolution, resulting from the inevitable con- 
flict between Anglo-An^erican ideas of liberty and 
Mexican despotism, ending in the establishment of 
Texan independence. 

The Republic of Texas, — its institutions, struggles, suc- 
cesses, and final annexation to the United States. 

Texas as one of the United States of North America, 

under which consider : 
(a) First period of Statehood, progress, and prosperity. 
{b) Period of the Civil War in the United States, and 

the part taken by Texas in that War. 
{c) Period of Reconstruction, disorders, and struggles 

incident to restoration of the State in the Union. 
{d) Second period of Statehood, increasing wealth and 

power of the State. 

Parallel Readings. 

Both teacher and student will find great assistance in the study of 
Texas history, and particularly the plan of study contemplated by this 
book, by consulting freely and often the following standard historical 
works, or as many of them as are accessible. In fact, they ought all to 
constitute part of every school library in Texas : Robertson's " History 
of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. ;" Prescott's " History of the 
Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella," " Reign of Philip II.," " Conquest of 
Mexico," and "Conquest of Peru;" Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, 
Spanish, and Republican ;" H. H. Bancroft's Works, the volumes on the 
History of Mexico, North Mexican States and Texas, and Arizona and 
New Mexico; Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America," 
various chapters on Spanish Colonies in America, Early Discoveries and 
Explorations, Las Casas (the Protector of the Indians), De Soto, and 
other notable explorers; Scarft's "Comprehensive History of Texas" 
(1897 : a republication of Yoakum's " History of Texas," with much new 
matter and completed to date) ; Williams's "Sam Houston and the War 



Third 
Act. 



XXll 



INTRODUCTION. 



for Texan Independence;" Foote's "Texas and the Texans ;" Ward's 
"Mexico;" Kennedy's "Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Texas 
Republic;" General Wilcox's "History of the Mexican War;' Ken- 
dall's "Texas Santa F^ Expedition;" General Lew Wallace's "The 
Fair God." 

Geography. 

The great and first object of the teacher should be to fix in the stu- 
dent's mind an accurate outline of the geography of Texas, the boundary 
on the Sabine and that on the Rio Grande, the principal streams, the 
location of all the early towns and missions, the old roads, the several 
harbors, and the general features of the topography of the country, 
especially near the coast, along the Mexican frontier, and on the Loui- 
siana line. The general outlines of Mexican geography should also be 
fully and firmly impressed upon the mind of the student, and the location 
of the principal points in Northern Mexico should be fixed in advance. 




Ruins at Mission San Josii. 



A COMPLETE 



HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



¥¥ 



Eight Periods 
of Texas His- 
tory 



ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT. 

THE History of Texas will be best understood by dividing Preliminary 
it into Eight Periods, preceded by a Preliminary Pe- ^^""'^ 
riod devoted to a General View of early Discovery 
and Exploration in the Western Hemisphere, so as to 
show the relative connection of Texas discoveries and settlement 
with those in other parts of the New World. 

The Eight Periods of Texas History proper are as follows : 

I. The Period of Spanish Discovery and Domination 
in Texas, during which Texas was first discovered and finally 
adopted as a Spanish province of New Spain or 
Mexico. This would extend from 1528 to 1821. 

II. The Period of Mexican Rule, during 
which Texas was one of the States of the Re- 
public of Mexico after the independence of the 
latter from Spain. This period covers the years 
from 182 1 to 1836. 

III. The Period of Revolution from 
Mexico, extending from the first discontent and 
rebellion of the inhabitants of Texas against Mex- 
ican tyranny until the final independence of the 
Republic of Texas, — that is, from 1832 to 1836. 

IV. The Period of the Republic, during 
which Texas was an independent nation, which 
was from 1836 to 1846. 

V. The First Period of Statehood, after 

^ _ . Carved Door at San Jose 

Texas was annexed to the United States, until Mission. 




A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Eight Periods the beginning of the War between the States, - 

of Texas His- n r ±. cr 
tory 1846 to I 86 I. 



-that is, from 



VI. The Period of the Civil War, or Confederacy, 

during which Texas was one of the Confederate States of 
America engaged in war with the United States. This includes 
the years from 1861 to 1865. 

VII. The Period of Reconstruction, covering the time 
during which the State was endeavoring to re-estabhsh her 
government and position as one of the United States, after the 
fall of the Confederacy. This embraces the years from 1865 to 
1874. 

VIII. The Second Period of Statehood, from 1874 to 
1897, including the events since the State restored her own 
government until the present time. 



Explanatory As abovc divided, some of these Periods overlap each other 

a few years, which is unavoidable from the nature and variety of 
the events to be related. Also, under some of these Periods 




The World, Fifteenth Century. 



will be embraced important sub-di\'isions, amounting in them- 
selves almost to independent epochs in our history ; for instance, 
the Period of American Colonization, from 1821 to 1830, 



ANALYSIS OF THE SUBJECT. ^ 

here to be discussed under the head of Mexican Rule. And 
farther 'back, the Mission Period, which is covered by that of 
Spanish Discovery and Domination. 

The Tables of Contemporaneous Events attached to the 
several chapters should be carefully studied and compared with 
the parallel events related in Texas history. 



QUESTIONS. 

Into how many periods may the history of Texas be divided for 
purposes of study? What general period should precede these? For 
what purpose? State the several periods, giving the dates and topics of 
each. 




"Thermopyl/E had her Messenger of Dei-hat, but the 
Alamo had none." (Old Alamo Moiiuiueiit.) 




IPrelinnnar^ IPe^o^. 



Voyages of 
Columbus 



GENERAL VIEW OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION IN 
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE— 1492-1687. 



¥¥ 



A 



FTER his discovery of the West India Islands, in 
October, 1492, Christopher Coknnbus made three 
other voyages to the Western World, — one in 1494, 
one in 1498, and one in 1502. On his third voyage 
he discovered the continent of South America, at a point near 
the mouth of the Orinoco River, thinking then that he had 
found the continent of Asia. On his fourth and last voy- 
age he touched and explored the eastern coasts of Central 
America, hoping to find a strait which would lead him 
through to the Eastern Continent. 

In 1494, John and Sebastian Cabot (kab'-ot), natives 
of Venice living at Bristol, England, sailed under the 
British flag, and discovered Cape Breton, off the coast of 
Labrador. This was the first authentic discovery of the 
continent of North America, and in 1498 the Cabots reached 
the main-land. The same year they sailed down the coast 
as far as Albemarle Sound, and claimed the adjacent country 
in the name of England. 

Anicricus Vespucius discovered South America in 1499, the 

Pinion, cabrai Y^^^ after Columbus had landed on the same shores. It was to 

South America that the name of A^ew World was first gi\'cn. 

In 1499, Vicente Yanez I'inzon ( \e-cen'-ta yiin-yaz pen-thon') 

4 




Amcncus 
Vespucius, 



THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 



5 



1492 

TO 
1687 



discovered Brazil ; and in 1500 Pedro Alvarez de Cabral (padro Preliminary 
al-var-az' da ka-briil') sailed along the coast of that country for period 
some distance south of the Amazon River. 

After these first discoveries, Spain, France, Portugal, Eng- 
land, and Holland fitted out many expeditions to the New 
World, and began to plant colonies in different parts of the 
country. The principal ones of these will be briefly noticed, 
leaving, however, the details of Spain's discoveries, as affecting 
Texas, to the next Period. 



I.— THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 

Spain was the first country to discover the New World, Spanish dis- 
and, with the neighboring kingdom of Portugal, it was the explorations 
leading power in the early explorations. Her expeditions were 
mostly directed /iSSf%^ >'«*''^'"'~x towards the 

coasts of Cen- i ^^ ff/^ > ^|^ tral America, 

Mexico, the Ip'^^m Ff^fl *^"^^ °^ ^^''" 

ico, the West ^^ J^^ W "^'m Indies, and the 

eastern shore of >w|^S^^^^' ^ \U"^^^'^ North America 
as far north as I'^Vh^P' \%^4^^^ Virginia. 

When Lo- ^ lumbus re- 

, . , . Ferdinand and Isabella. 

turned from his first voyage, 

Pope Alexander VI. issued a "bull," or papal decree, dated 
May 4, 1493, by which he assumed to grant to Spain all the 
countries it might discover west of a certain line drawn around 
the earth from pole to pole, running one hundred leagues west 
of the Azores or Cape de Verde Islands, and to Portugal 
all lands east of that line. This was called ' ' The Line of ^'"^ of De- 
Demarcation," and it was changed by the convention of Torde- 
sillas (tor-da-sel'-yas), on June 7, 1494, so that it should run 
three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape de Verde 
Islands. As can be seen by a reference to the map, or to a 
globe, this order of the Pope gave to Spain all of what are 
now the United States, except, perhaps, the eastern portion of 
New England, and all of the West Indies, Mexico, Central 
America, and South America, 'except Brazil and a small part 
of the continent south of that country. Hence it was that all 
explorations made by the Spaniards in the New World had 



marcation 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Preliminary 
Pkriod 

1492 

TO 
1687 

Honduras and 
Yucatan 




Florida 



for their object the discovery and settlement of the territory- 
included in this extensive gift from the head of the Church of 
Rome. 

In 1506, Vicente Yanez Pinzon, who had commanded one of 
the vessels in the first voyage of Columbus, and Juan Diaz de 
Solis (hvvon de'-az da soVles), sailed along the bay of Honduras 
and in sight of YucataqA- In i.sio. a Spanish colony was planted 
on the Isthmus of Darien ; and in 15 13, Balboa (bal-bo'-aj 
crossed that isthmus and discovered the Pacific Ocean, which, 
he called the ' ' South Sea. 

The first mention of the main-land of North America 
near to Cuba occurs in a map made at Lisbon, Portugal, 
by one Cantino (can-ten'-6), in 1502. It was then thought 
to be an island, and was called by the natives of the Baha- 
mas, " Bimini" (be'-me-ne). In 151 1, Panfilo de Narvaez 
(pan-fe'-l6 da nar'-va-ath) conquered the island of Cuba. 

In 1512, Ponce de Leon (pon'-tha dala'-6n) was granted 
permission by the king of Spain ' ' to proceed to discover 
and settle the island of Bimini." He sailed from Porto Rico 
(p6r'-to re'-c6) in March, 1513, and discovered the east 
coast of the peninsula on Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513. 
F"rom which fact he called the country " Florida," the Span- 
ish name for Easter Sunday being pascii'a florida. From that 
time the Spaniards named all the main-land north of Cuba and 
east of the Mississippi River, Florida. 

Ponce de Leon landed on April 2, 15 13, at a point near the 
mouth of the Saint John's River. He then sailed southward 
around the point of the peninsula, discovered and named the 
islands known as the Martyrs and Dry Torlugas (tor-tb'-gaz), 
and finally landed in a bay on the western coast of Florida, 
which is called by his name to this day. He afterwards explored 
the Gulf coast as far probably as Cedar Keys and Appalachee 
Bay, and returned to Porto Rico in September, 15 13, still believ- 
ing that the land he had visited was an island, and that he had 
not really reached Bimini. In 1521, De Leon made a second 
voyage, but it was a failure, and he died without knowing that 
he had discovered the main-land. In 15 16, a celebrated pilot, 
Diego Miruelo (de-a'-go mer-o-a'-lO), sailed along the western 



THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 



1492 

TO 
I6S7 




coast of Florida to a bay which was long called by his name, and Preliminary 
which is now known as Pensacola Bay. kriod 

In 1517, Francisco Hernandez de Cordova (ar-nan-dath da 
c6r'-d6-va) attempted an expedition in the same direction, but 
was driven by storms to Yucatan, where he landed at a point 
to which he gave its present name of Cape Catoche (ka-t5'-cha). 

In 15 18, Juan de Grijalva (hwon da gre-hal'-va) sailed 
from Cuba and reached the island of Cozumel (koz-o-mel'), 
whence he went to the main-land of Yucatan and explored its 
shores. He was told that it was an island, separated from 
the continent by a strait, and he called what he supposed to 
be the continent. New Spain. He reached and explored the 
coasts of Central America and Mexico ; named two rivers, — 
one for himself, which is now the Tabasco River, and the 
other for his companion, Alvarado. He finally went up the 
coast as far as Vera Cruz, at the mouth of which harbor he 
named the two islands of San Juan de Ulua (o-lo-a) and 
Sacrificios (sac-re-fec'-e-6z). 

From thence he sailed still farther north to the mouth of 
the Panuco (pan-o'-ko) River, near where the city of Tam- 
pico (tam-pe'-ko) now stands. He was the first Spaniard 
who landed in Mexico and opened trade with the natives. He 
returned to Cuba in 15 19. 

The same year Hernando Cortez (ar-nan'-do kor'-tez) sailed Cortez 
from Cuba and landed in Mexico. After two years of warfare 
and desperate adventures, he conquered the country in 1521, 
from which date it remained a Spanish province until 1821. 

In 15 19, also, Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda (pe-na'-da) was Pineaa 
sent by Francis de Garay (ga-ray'), Spanish governor of Jamaica, 
to discover and explore a passage through to the west ; it still 
being the idea and desire to find a strait leading to India and 
"the land of sweet spices in the far east." Pineda struck the 
western coast of Florida near Ponce de Leon Bay, and tried to 
sail eastward around Cape Sable. The winds and waves pre- 
vented this, and he went northward and westward, exploring 
the eastern, northern, and western shores of the Gulf of Mexico, 
from Ponce de Leon Bay around to the mouth of the Panuco 
River, in Mexico, to which stream he gave its Spanish name. 



A Missionary 
Priest. 



8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



PRIil.lMINAKV 

Pkkiod 

1492 

Til 
I6S7 



He landed at various points along the coast during this voyage, 
and laid claim formally to the adjoining country in the name of 
Spain. His voyage lasted nine months, and when he reached 
the Panuco River he was met by the troops of Cortez, who had 
in the meanwhile landed in Mexico and was engaged in subduing 
and exploring the country. Pineda turned back on his course, 




.M^ 




DiscoveA's the 
mouth o\ the 
Mi 



louth oX th 
lississippi 






Map of the Gulf of Mexico, 1520. 

(From Wiiisor's " Narrative and Critical History of America," by permission of the 

publishers, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) 

again coasting the Gulf shores. He discovered the mouth of 
the Mississippi River, and explored the stream for some distance, 
linding Indian villages on its banks. To this mighty stream 
Governor Garay gave the name of Rio del Espiritu Santo (re'-o 
del es-per-e-tu san-to), by which name it is designated on his 
maj) and all the early Spanish maps. He also called the country 
whose shores Pineda had traversed, Amichel (ii'-mech-el'), and 
it is shown on his map, sent to Europe in 1521, as extending 
from the mouth of the Panuco River around the Gulf to Pensa- 
cola Bay. 



THE SPANISH IN AMERICA. 



9 



i'reliminary 
Period 



1492 

10 
1687 



On the Atlan- 
tic coast 



In 1 52 1, the emperor, Charles V., made a grant of this 
country to Garay, and in 1523 he fitted out a considerable 
fleet with which he sailed to the coast of Mexico. He reached 
the mouth of the Rio de las Palmas (las pal'-mas), a small 
stream near the Panuco, now called Rio Santander, on July 25, 
1523, but failed to establish his colony at that point. Proceed- Garay's expe 
ing southward to the Panuco, he was confronted with the forces 
of Cortez, to whom he was obliged to surrender. He died 
in Mexico, and with him vanished the so-called province of 
Amichcl. 

While these events were happening in the south and along 
the Mexican Gulf, the Spaniards were not idle on the eastern 
coast of the continent. In 1520, Lucas Vasqucz de Ayllon Ayiion 
(lo'-kas viis'-kaz da il'-yon) secured permission to explore the 
Atlantic shores north of the St. John's River. He continued his 
efforts until 1526, examining by his officers and in person most 
of the coast as far north as Virginia, landing in South Carolina, 
and finally attempting to found a colony at a place which he 
called San Miguel de Guandape (san me-gel' da gwan-diip'-a). 
This point was at or very near the spot where the English after- 
wards located the colony of Jamestown, Ayllon died at this 
place on October 18, 1526. 

In 1524, Stephen Gomez (go-maz'), a native of Portugal, Gomez 
was sent out by the Spanish government to sail to Newfound- 
land and Labrador, with orders to examine the coast southward 
in search of a strait through to the west. He explored the 
whole coast from Cape Race to Florida, whence he proceeded 
to Cuba and thence home to Corunna, in Spain. Gomez saw, 
described, sketched on maps, and gave names to the most 
prominent features of the Atlantic sea-board, among which it is 
easy to recognize Massachusetts Ray, Cape Cod, and the Con- 
necticut, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers. In spite of this well- 
established fact, as late as 1536 Sebastian Cabot said that it was 
still doubtful if the land south of Newfoundland was a continuous 
continent. 

In 1520, Magellan sailed around the southernmost point of Magellan 
South America into the Pacific Ocean, to which he gave its 
name on account of its freedom from storms. He returned to 



lO 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Preliminary 
Period 

1492 

TO 
1687 

De Narvaez 



Pizarro, 



Cortez on the 
Pacific coast 



Spain through that ocean, being the first navigator to sail around 
the globe. 

In 1527, Panhlo de Narvaez, the same who had conquered 
Cuba in 151 1, and whom Cortez had so signally defeated in Mex- 
ico in 1520, was commissioned to explore and settle the country 
on the Gulf of Mexico from the Cape of Florida to the Rio de 
las Palmas in Me.xico. He attempted the task, was shipwrecked 
near the mouth of the Mississippi in 1528, and the survivors of 
his expedition lived for six years on an island somewhere on the 
western shore of the Gulf. Four of them finally reached Mexico 
in 1536, having travelled by land across what is now the State 
of Texas. From 1527 to 1535, Pizarro (pe-zar'-ro) and his 
followers conquered Peru in South America, and in 1547 the 
conquest of Chili (che'-le) was completed by Valdivia (val- 
dev'-e-a). 

In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto made the attempt to conquer the 
main-land of North America. His expedition led him through 
what are now the States of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and 
Mississippi, and in 1542 he died on the banks of the " Father of 
'Waters." His companions endeavored to reach Mexico by land, 
and in doing so travelled into Arkansas, the Indian Territory, 
and Northern Texas. Finally, in 1543, they returned to the 
Mississippi and sailed down the river to its mouth, whence they 
proceeded in boats to the mouth of the Panuco River in Mexico, 
coasting the shores of Texas in the journey. 

After his conquest of Mexico, Cortez gradually explored the 
vast empire he had subdued, and extended his discoveries along 
the western coast of that country as far north as the Gulf of Cal- 
ifornia, which was called the Vermilion Sea, or the Gulf of Cor- 
tez. He tried to establish a colony on that coast, at a place 
called Topolovampo, which failed. In 1540, the Viceroy of 
Mexico sent Coronado (ko-ro-na'-THo) to explore the country 
to the northward, in search of a land called " Cibola" (se'-v6-la), 
or " Ciguatan" (se-gwa-tan'), where there were said to be Seven 
Great Cities and a civilized race of natives. Coronado travelled 
north into what are now Arizona and New Mexico, discovering 
the villages and dwellings of the Zuni (zbn-ye) and Moqui 
(mo'-ke) Indians, the ruins of which are now so interesting. He 



The SPANISH IN AMERICA. 



I I 



crossed the Grand Caiion of the Colorado River, spent the win- 
ter near where Albuquerque (al-bu-ker'-ka), New Mexico, now 
is, and heard of a distant, but highly civilized, country called 
" Ouivira" (ke-ve'-ra). He spent many months trying to find 
these fabled regions, going as far north and east as the Platte 



Preliminary 
Period 

1492 

TO 
I6S7 




Pueblo of the Zunis. 



and Missouri Rivers, and south into portions of northern and 
northwestern Texas. He found no such cities as had been 
described, and returned to Mexico in 1542. 

In 1542-43, Cabrillo (ka-brel'-yo) exi)lored the Pacific coast Cabriiioand 
as far as Oregon. In 1582, Antonio de Espejo (es-pa'-ho) made ^^P^J" 
an expedition to New Mexico and spent several years in explor- 
ing that region. In 1583, Cristobal Martin (kres'-to-val' mar- 
ten') also visited New Mexico. 

In 1596, Sebastian Viscaino (ves-ca'-e-no) sailed along the 
California coast nearly to Oregon. In 1598, Juan de Onate (on- onate 
ya'-ta) made the first permanent settlements in New Mexico, 
founding the town of Santa Fe (san-tii fa). 

East of the Mississippi River, after Ayllon's attempt to estab- 
lish a colony in 1526 and De Soto's expedition in 1541-42, the 
Spaniards continued their efforts to get a foothold in that region. 



12 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkki.iminarv 
Period 



1492 

TO 
1687 



These expeditions were usually sent out by the viceroys of Mex- 
ico, and were accompanied by Catholic missionaries. In 1561, 
one of these expeditions, under Villafane (vel-ya-fan'-ya), took 
possession of the country in the name of Spain, at Santa Elena 
(a-la'-na), now Port Royal Sound, and sailed around Cape Hat- 
teras into Chesapeake Bay. The next 
year the French H2iguc7iots planted a 
colony at Santa Elena. In 1565, Pedro 
de Menendez (man-en'-daz) was made 
governor and captain-general of Flor- 
ida, with orders from Philip II. of Spain 
to settle the country and to destroy 
the Protestant colony founded by the 
French. The colony at Port Royal 
had failed, and the Hiigue^iots had es- 
tablished another on the St. John's River, in Florida. Menendez 
San Augustine founded the town of San Augustine in September, 1565, it being 
the oldest European town in the United States. In the same 




Gate, San AuiarsTrNE. 



.f TIERA DE AYLLON V/' 

■'^> TIERA DEGAKAY ^ 



■^^.TRAFFALGAR 
C.DE S.ROMAN 




MARDELSUR 



Map by Ribero, 1529. (From Winsor's " America.") 

month he captured the French fort on the St. John's and put 
its inhabitants to the sword. This was the first battle between 



THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. I 3 

» 

white men within the present Hmits of the United States. Men- Preliminary 
endez buih Fort San Mateo (ma-ta'-6) on the ruins of the Pi^'' 
French settlement. In 1570 and 1572 he tried to plant colo- '492 

TO 

nies on Chesapeake Bay, and explored the Potomac and Rap- j^g 

pahannock Rivers, but his efforts came to nothing. — 

The foregoing outline of early Spanish discoveries and settle- 
ments sufficiently indicates the general features of their efforts to 
occupy the territory which they claimed by right of discovery 
and by the grant of Pope Alexander VI. 

II.— THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 

The French began their voyages to that portion of North 
America along the coasts of Newfoundland in 1503. In 1506, 
tliey explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in 1524 Verazzani, Verazzani 
an Italian in the service of the French, explored the coast from 
Nova Scotia to North Carolina, naming it New France. In 
1534, Jaccjues Cartier (kar'-tya) sailed up the St. Lawrence 
River and continued his explorations in that region for 
several years, founding the city of Quebec in 154] 
In 1562, Admiral Coligny (ko-len'-ye) established 
French colony, composed of HiLgiienots, in Sout 
Carolina, which failed and was removed to the St. 
John's River, in Florida, in 1564. It was de- 
stroyed by the Spaniard Menendez in 1565. In 
1604, Sieur de Monts, a French Huguenot, founded 
Acadia, which first extended from Philadelphia to 
Cape Breton, but was afterwards confined to New 
Brunswick, Cape Breton, and the surrounding islands. '' 

In 1608 and 1609, the French explored the Great Lakes, 
and established hunting-posts and trappers' lodges all through 
the wild country along the St. Lawrence, giving to it the name 
of Ca>iada. In 1669 and 1671, Sieur de La Salle (la sal') 
explored the Ohio and upper Mississippi Rivers. 

About the year 1670, the news derived from the Indians led the 
French voyagers in Canada to attempt to explore the Mississipj^i 
River and to find its mouth. In 1673, Joliet (zho'-lya) and Mar- Joiiet and 

. . / •• 1 / > r 1 1 r 1 A 1 T-> ■ Marquette 

quette (mar-ket ) got as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River. 
In 1680 La Salle built Fort Creveca-ur (krav'-ker) on the Illinois, 




H 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Preliminary 
Period 

1492 

TO 
1687 

La Salle 



His expedition 
to the mouth 
of the Mis- 
sissippi 



Loses one 
vessel 



Is lost in the 
Gulf of Mexico 



Lands in 
Texas, f eb- 
ruaiy 18, 1685 



A second expedition under La Salle went to a point near the mouth 
of the Arkansas, and sailed down the Mississippi to its mouth. Ig- 
norant of the fact that Pineda and De Soto's followers had visited 
the same spot nearly a century and a half before this, La Salle 
claimed all the ^^^^^^ country watered 

permanent colony ^^MfmjT jLi :^ ^t the mouth of 

the Mississippi. "' This noble 

, Thk SiKi k I)k La Sali.k. . 

r renchman was a native of Rouen, 

in Normandy, and his full name was Robert Cavelier, Sieur de 
La Salle, although he is known in history by the latter title, or 
simply as La Salle. He was high in the royal favor, and on his 
return to France, with the aid and encouragement of Louis XIV. , 
he fitted out a naval expedition of four ships, for the purpose of 
proceeding by sea to the mouth of the great river. In the com- 
mand of this little fleet he was compelled to share his authority 
with one Beaujeu (bo'-zhe), between whom and La Salle there 
existed ill feeling from the first. They sailed from Rochelle 
(ro-shel') in July, 1684, with three hundred persons on board, 
consisting of soldiers, seamen, missionaries, girls, and workmen. 
As they approached America, one of the smaller vessels, with 
considerable stores on board, was captured by the Spaniards at 
sea, and La Salle was detained at Santo Domingo for three 
weeks by sickness, besides other delays. In his former visit to 
the mouth of the Mississippi, he had made a mistake in calculat- 
ing the latitude of the place, and now, after he had entered the 
Gulf of Mexico, he was uncertain as to his proper course. He 
passed the mouth of the river, but tliinking he was yet east of it, 
he continued to coast westwardly, until he reached a point beyond 
what is now called Corpus Christi (kris'-te) Bay, on the coast of 
Texas, before he discovered his error. He then started back, 
and on February 18, 1685, he entered with one of his vessels 



THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 



15 



into what is now known as Matagorda Bay, where he landed. Pkkliminaky 



Pkriod 



La Salle's 
colony 



La Salle still thought he was on or near one of the mouths of 

the Mississippi, but he named the bay St. Bernard, or, as the ^^92 

TO 

Spaniards afterwards called it, San Bernardo. On February 20, jgg_ 

1685, in trying to get his large ship into the bay, it was run ashore 
and sunk, with nearly all the provisions and ammunition of the 
expedition, although some of the stores were afterwards recov- 
ered. La Salle proceeded to establish camps along the western 
shore of the bay, while he sent out exploring parties to find out, 
if possible, exactly where he had landed. They found the country 
full of all sorts of wild game, and the Indians they met at tirst 
seemed friendly; so that the wanderers felt much encouraged in 
spite of their mistakes and misfortunes. In a few days one of 
La Salle's men was killed by the Indians, as a consecjuence of 
his own rash conduct, and on March 12, 1685, Beaujeu sailed 
away to France with quite a number of men and all of the can- 
non-balls, leaving La Salle with eight useless cannon. 

Discontent soon arose among those who were left in this Difficulties of 
strange land, and they began to quarrel among themselves and 
to rebel against La Salle's authority. He took sixty men and 
explored the surrounding country, discovering a river, which he 
named Lt's Vd'-chcs (the beeves), from the great number of buf- 
faloes he found on its banks. The Spaniards afterwards retained 
this name in its Spanish form, La Vaca (va'-ka), which the river 
is called to this day. 

Some miles up this stream. La Salle found a spot which 
seemed suitable for a permanent location for his little colony. 
This place was near what is now known as Dimmit's Point, and La 
Salle at once removed to it and began to erect houses and to lay 
out the lines of a fort. He called the settlement Fort St. Louis, Fort st. Louis 
in honor of the king. In July, 1685, sickness broke out among 
the colonists, and many of them died. Still, the little band 
remained successful to a certain extent. They had brought 
chickens, hogs, and cattle from Santo Domingo, and they 
planted crops of grain, all of which prospered. In October of 
that year, La Salle, with a small party, undertook another expe- Explores the 
dition inland, exploring as far east as the Colorado Ri\er, and 
satisfying himself finally that he was very far from the Mississip})i. 



country 



i6 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Preliminary 
Period 

1492 

TO 
1687 



During his absence, his only remaining vessel, the Belle, disap- 
peared, and he returned to find his settlement cut off from all 
communication with the world, alone in a savage wilderness, and 
two thousand miles from the nearest French post on the Illinois 
River. He at once determined to reach that post by land, as he 







SiTh' oi' La Salle's 1-\>ki. 



La Salle tries 
to reach the 
Illinois 



Returns to 
Fort St. Louis 



knew that his old friend, De Tonti, was there. He left the 
colony at Fort St. Louis in charge of the faithful Joutel (zho'- 
tel), who was the historian of the expedition, and in April, 
16S6, with twenty men, set out for Fort Crevecoeur, on the Illi- 
nois. The party travelled in a northeasterly direction, and, on 
the tenth day, reached the Colorado River, having met some 
Indians on the way, mounted on horses and wearing boots and 
spurs, which showed that they had been trading with the Span- 
iards in Mexico and New Mexico. La Salle' s party had much diffi- 
culty in crossing the swollen streams which they encountered, two 
days being consumed in getting across the Brazos, near where the 
town of Columbia now stands. Continuing their journey, they 
were kindly treated by the Indians whom they met, one of these 
giving La Salle a horse. When they reached the Neches 
(na'-chez) River, La Salle was stricken with fever and lay sick 
for two months. On his recovery it was discovered that the 
ammunition was nearly all gone, and they had to return to the 
Lavaca for a fresh supply. Only eight men reached the Fort 
in October, 1686, having been absent about six months. La 
Salle found the inhabitants of the Fort reduced in numbers, but 
still hoi)cful. It had been discovered that the Belle W3,s wrecked 



THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 



17 



His second 
trip 



at the lower end of the bay, her crew barely escaping. They preliminary 
were all now in the Fort, and the scene was enlivened by a t-Rioo 

wedding- between one of the colonists and a French maiden. ^-^92 

On January 12, 1687, La Salle started again for the Illinois, jgy- 

taking with him twenty men, including his brother, two nephews, 
Father Anastase, Joutel, Duhaut (du-ho), De Marne (de marn), 
Heins (hinz), Lietot (le-to), Tessier (tes-sya'), Saget (sLig'-a), 
and Nika (ne'-ka), an Indian hunter from Canada. About 
twenty persons were left at the Fort, under command of Sleur 
Barbier (bar'-bya), the recently married man. La Salle car- 
ried with him about five thousand dollars in money and six thou- 
sand dollars' worth of goods. This second journey was more 
prosperous and rapid than the first ; they found plenty of game, 
and were well treated by the Indians. Reaching the Neches, 
they camped in order to dry some buffalo meat, and La Salle 
heard of a Frenchman named Rutel, whom he had lost while on 
the Mississippi in 1682, and now sent for him. Rutel had been 
living among the Indians for live years, but he gladly joined the 
party of his countrymen in the hope of regaining his native land. 
La Salle sent some of his men to dig up some beans and corn he 
had buried near there on the former trip, and to attend to the Murdered by 
drying of the meat. A quarrel arose among them, and at night '^ °w '"e" 
Duhaut, Lietot, Heins, Tessier, and De Marne murdered Saget, 
Nika, and Moragnet (one of La Salle's nephews). Fearing 
punishment for the cowardly deed, they determined to kill La 
Salle, and when he came to inquire for them, two or three days 
afterwards, Duhaut lay in wait and shot him dead. This was 
March 20, 1687, and thus the founder of the first real European 
colony in Texas fell, assassinated by his own men, and was 
buried in the bosom of the wilderness on the banks of the Neches 
River. 

La Salle was an able, ambitious, brave, and enterprising man, 
but he was proud, haughty, and obstinate, and his memory has 
never had the honor his merits and courage deserved. His 
murderers soon fell out among themselves, and Duhaut and 
Lietot were shot down. Heins assumed La Salle's uniform and 
put himself at the head of the Indians, whom he led in warlike 
attacks against the neighboring tribes, and doubtless he himself 

2 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'RELl.MINAKY 
I'ERIOD 

1492 

TO 
1687 



La Salle not 
the discoverer 
of Texas 



fell in some savage battle. Joutel, Father Anastase, Tessier, De 
Marne, Barthelemy, and the brother and nephew of La Salle 
pursued their journey towards the Illinois, and at the mouth of 
the Arkansas they met a relief party sent out by De Tonti. De 
Marne was drowned in Red River, Barthelemy remained on the 
Arkansas, and the other five went back to France by way of 
Canada. The fate of those who remained at the Fort on the 
Lavaca is not certainly known. Some of them were killed by 
Indians, some died in camp, and the others were no doubt cap- 
tured by the Spaniards or rescued by Spanish missionaries. 

From this attempt by La Salle to colonize Texas — which was 
the result of a mistake — came the French claim to the country, 
and it was also afterwards claimed by France as part of Louisiana. 
But, as' will be hereafter more fully shown, as well as from what 
has already been said, it is very clear that the French were by 
no means the first explorers on the lower Mississippi River, nor 
in Texas. A century and a half before La Salle's expedition, the 
Spaniards had visited the country, had explored its coast, and 
made maps of the Gulf shore and of the principal rivers, reason- 
ably accurate, and easily recognizable at this time. 



The English 
111 America 



III.— THE ENGLISH AND DUTCH IN AMERICA. 

After the discoveries by the Cabots, in 1494 and 1498, Eng- 
land made no further efforts to explore or to colonize in the 
New World for many years. In 1579, Sir Francis Drake, a 
celebrated English navigator, sailed over the Pacific Ocean, 
touched the coasts of California, and anchored for a time 
in the bay of Old .San Francisco. He called that country 
New Albion. Drake was the second person to sail en- 
tirely around the globe, as he returned to England around 
the Cape of Good Hope. In 1583, Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, under the sanction of Queen Elizabeth, 
made an unsuccessful attempt to plant a,n English 
colony in Newfoundland. His half-brother. Sir 
Walter Raleigh, ol)tained royal patents to large 
(luantities of land in America, and in 1584 he sent 
out two vessels, which explored Albemarle and 
Pamlico (pam-lG'-ko) Sounds, and named that 




THE ENGLISH AND DUTCH IN AMERICA. 



19 



Prki.iminary 
Period 



1492 

TO 
1687 



country Virginia. The three following- years (i 584-1 587) 
Raleigh fitted out other ships and tried to establish settlements 
on Roanoke Island. In 1602, Bartholomew Grisnold sailed from 
England to the coast of Massachusetts, discovering and naming 
Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Elizabeth Islands. 

The London and Plymonth Companies followed this 
up for several years, with trading voyages to the coasts 
of New England, and they organized movements for 
colonizing Virginia. The English king granted the 
country along the eastern part of North America, 
from North Carolina to Massachusetts, to these 
two companies, it being divided into North and 
South Virginia. In 1607 the first English colony 
was established at Jamestown, Virginia, and in 
1620 the Plymouth Colony was founded in Mas- 
sachusetts. From these centres of settlement, 
colonization spread, and in time developed the 
thirteen original English colonies, vOut of which the 
United States were formed in 1776. 

In 1609, Sir Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of Henry Hudson 
Holland, explored the eastern coasts of North America, sailed 




Y -1 ^x 



V^. 



^&..o.. ■"•'"'"'0 c . . . 




Map showing Routes of Early Navigators. 



20 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

into New York bay and up the Hudson River, which was named 
for him, and laid claim to the whole country from Delaware to 
^"^92 Connecticut, under the name of the Nezv Netherlands. Neither 

TO 

j5gy the English nor the Dutch ever explored in the region of Texas, 

and neither of those countries at any time asserted any claim to 
this territory. Even in those portions of North America where 
they did make their earliest discoveries, it is seen, from the dates 
given, that Spain had preceded both England and Holland in dis- 
covery, exploration, and attempted settlement. 



QUESTIONS.— Preliminary Period. 

How many voyages did Columbus make to the W^estern Hemisphere? 
Give the dates of each. What did he discover on his second voyage ? 
What on his first? What on his third? What coasts did he touch and 
explore on his fourth and last voyage ? What was he searching for ? Who 
were the Cabots ? What discoveries did they make, and when ? Who 
discovered South America, when, and what name was given to it ? Who 
were the first explorers on the coasts of Brazil, and when ? Wliat Euro- 
pean countries fitted out expeditions for the exploration and settlement 
of the Western Continent ? 

What country or countries were the first to discover and explore the 
New World? To what parts of the Western Continent were the expedi- 
tions mostly directed ? What Pope issued a decree in regard to the owner- 
ship of the New World? What was the decree, and what "line" did it 
establish ? What was the date of the decree, and when, where, and how 
was the " line" changt?d? Explain this papal decree and the effect of it 
as to the respective possessions of Spain and Portugal. Draw the " Line 
of Demarcation" on a globe or map. 

What Spaniards first sailed near Honduras and Yucatan, and when? 
When and by whom was the first colony planted on the Isthmus of Da- 
rien ? When and by whom was the Pacific Ocean discoxered, and what 
was it called ? When was the main-land of North America near Cuba first 
mentioned, how, and by whom ? What was it supposed to be, and by 
what name was it called ? Who conquered the island of Cuba, and when ? 
Describe by whom, under what authority, when, and how Florida was 
discovered. How came it to be called " Florida," and to what extent of 
country was the name applied ? When and where did Ponce de Leon first 
land? Describe his subsecjuent movements, the places he discovered and 
named, and where he next landed. How far did he explore before he 
returned, and what did he think of the country he had seen? When did 
he make his second voyage, and what was the result ? Who discovered 
Pensacola Bay, and when ? Describe the expedition of De Cordova and 



QUESTIONS. PRELIMINARY PERIOD. 21 

Its results. Who discovered the island of Cozumel, and when ? To what Preliminary 
was the name of Nezu Spain first given, by whom, and why? How far Hkriod 

did Grijalva explore, what rivers and islands did he discover and name, 14^3 

and to what point did he finally reach ? Who was the first European to to 

land in Mexico? When did Grijalva return to Cuba ? Who conquered 16S7 

Mexico, when, and what was its position from then until 1821 ? What was 
the object of Pineda's expedition, by whom was it sent, when, and de- 
scribe the route he took and the coasts he explored ? What Mexican river 
did he name ? When and by whom was the mouth of the Mississippi River 
first discovered, and what name was given to the river ? What did Governor 
Garay call the country Pineda had explored on this voyage ? What was 
the extent of the country? Describe Garay's e.xpedition in 1523, the ex- 
tent of it, and the fate of Garay. What efforts did the Spaniards make 
to settle on the Atlantic coast of North America ? Give the names of the 
persons who made these efforts, the dates of the same, and the locations 
of their landings. Describe the expedition of Stephen Gomez in 1524, 
the coasts he traversed, the places he saw and described, and his return 
to Sjiain. 

Who first gave the Pacific Ocean that name, when, and why? .Who 
was Panfilo de Narvaez, and what was he commissioned to do in 1527? 
What became of him and his expedition? Where did the survivors of De 
Narvaez' s expedition land, where did they finally go, and over what re- 
gion of country ? When and by whom were Peru and Chili conquered ? 
When did De Soto attempt to conquer the main-land of North America ? 
Describe the route he took, the fate of his expedition, and what became 
of him and his men. What efforts did Cortez make to explore and col- 
onize Mexico? Describe the expedition of Coronado in 1540. What 
fabled land did he go in search of ? What tribes of Indians did he en- 
counter? What portions of the country did he traverse, how far did he 
go on his quest for Ottivira, and what was the result of his expedition ? 
Give the dates and localities of the several expeditions of Cabrillo, PZs- 
pejo, Martin, and Viscaino. Who made the first settlement in New Mex- 
ico, when, and where? By whom were these expeditions sent out? 
When and where did the expedition of Villafaiie make its explorations ? 

Who founded the town of San Augustine in Florida, and when ? What 
did he do to the F^rench colony on the St. John's River? What fort was 
built on the ruins of the Huguenot settlement? What explorations did 
Menendez afterwards make ? 

When and where did the French make their first expk)rations in 
North America ? To what part of the country was the name of New 
France given, when, and by whom ? When and by whom was the St. 
Lawrence Ri\er discovered and the city of Quebec founded ? Who estab- 
lished a F"rench Huguenot colony in America, when, and where? Where 
was Acadia, when and by whom explored and named ? When were the 
Great Lakes explored by the French, and what did they call the adjoining 
country ? Who first explored the Ohio and upper Mississippi Rivers, and 



2 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Preliminary in what years ? When and where did Marquette and JoHet make their ex- 
pERioD plorations ? Where did La Salle go in 1680, and what Fort did he estab- 
1402 ''^h ? To the mouth of what river did he sail, and what did he name the 

TO adjacent territory ? Who was La Salle, and from what place did he come ? 

1687 What expedition did he fit out in 1684, under the patronage of what king, 

■ and where did he sail to ? Describe his voyage, where did he stop for 

a while ? What mistake did he make, and to what did it lead ? Where 
did he finally land, and on what date? Where did he think he was, and 
what name did he give to the bay on which he landed ? What did he find 
in the country ? What adventures followed ? Describe his first attempt 
to explore the country. What river did he discover and name ? Where 
did he locate his Fort, what did he call it ? How did the colony fare for 
a time? What did La Salle determine to do, when did he set out on his 
journey, and what route did he pursue ? Whom did he meet with, and 
where had they been? What rivers did he cross, and how far to the 
north did he go on that journey ? When did he return to the Fort, and 
what did he find there ? When did he start on his second journey, how 
many men and what means did he carry with him ? How far did he 
travel, with whom did he meet on the Neches River? Describe the inci- 
dents leading to his death. What was the character of La Salle ? What 
became of his men ? On what do the French base their claim to prior 
discovery and ownership of Texas ? What may be said of the validity 
of the claim ? 

When did the English make their first discoveries and explorations 
in America ? When did Sir Francis Drake make his voyages to the New 
World, where did he land, and what course did he take on hfS return to 
England? Where did Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempt to found an Eng- 
lish colony ? Describe the voyages and adventures of Sir Walter Raleigh 
in America, what country did he attempt to settle, and what name did he 
give it ? When did those events occur ? When did Bartholomew Gris- 
nold sail to America, what places did he discover and name ? What two 
English companies made early settlements in North America, and in what 
parts of the country respectively did they found their colonies ? When 
and where was the first English colony founded ? When and where was 
the next one founded ? Into what did these colonies de\'elop in the course 
of time? 

When and where did the Dutch make their first explorations and settle- 
ments in the New World ? What connection did their colonies have with 
the region of Texas ? 

Topical Analysis. 

Study and investigate the following topics : 

1. Priority of discovery and exploration among the several European 
nations that attempted the settlement of North America. 

2. Priority between Spain and France in the region of Texas. 

3. Characteristics of the Colonial Systems of the Spaniards, French, 
English, and Dutch. 




CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS. 2^ 

4. Motives that prompted the several nations named, in their early PRELtMiNAitv 
expeditions to America. Period 

5. The part that Religion played in the early discovery, exploration, j^qj 
and colonization of the New World. to 

6. The comparative success of the Spaniards, French, English, and 1687 
Dutch as colonizers of a new country, as shown by their operations in 
America. 

Parallel Readings. 

Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico;" H. H. Bancroft's "History of 
Mexico," "North Mexican States and Texas," "Arizona and New 
Mexico," and "California ;" George Bancroft's " History of the 
United States;" Francis Parkman's "Pioneers of France in 
the New World," "Jesuits in North America," and "Dis- 
covery of the Great West ;" Winsor's " Narrative and Critical 
History of America," Vols. I. to IV. ; Irving's "Knicker- 
bocker's History of New York." 

Spanish SrANOARn. 

Geography. 

The pupil should be required to locate clearly on the map of North 
America the respective localities of the earliest discoveries, explorations, 
and settlements by each of the nations mentioned in this period, and 
a contrast and comparison of their extent, duration, and subsequent 
changes should be instituted. Consider the relative size of the first 
Spanish, French, English, and Dutch settlements, their locations, their 
alterations liy conquest or purchase since, and their present condition as 
to being owned by the same countries that originally founded them. 

¥¥ 

CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1450-1 528. 

Preparatory and Parallel to Preliminary Period. 

1450-1550. — Transition period from mediaeval to modern history. De- 
cline of feudalism. Rise of the great European monarchies. Estab- 
lisliment of standing armies. Beginning of wars of conquest and 
dynastic succession in Europe. Use of gunpowder in war. Doctrine 
of " Balance of Power" adopted. Revival of learning, and the begin- 
ning of the Reformation. 

1450.— First metal type cast for printing. 

1453- — Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks and the fall of 
the Byzantine Empire. Cannon first used in war. 

1455-1485- — The " Wars of the Roses" in England between the liouses 
of Lancaster and York. 

1455- — First complete book j^rinted by Gutenberg and Faust, at Mentz, 
being the Bible known as the " Mazarin Bible." 



TO 
1687 



24 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 

PRELIMINARY 1463-1487. — Puituguese navigators explore the coasts of Africa, cross the 
i'EUR)D equator and discover the Cape of Good Hope. 

1492 1474— First book printed in England by Caxton, being "The Game and 

Playe of the Chesse." 

1475-1564. — Michael Angelo flourishes in Italy under the patronage of the 
Medicis. 

1477-1576. — Titian achieves his fame as a painter in Venice, where he 

lived and died. 
1483-1520. — The period of Raphael's life-work in Italy. 
1485. — Battle of Bosworth Field and death of Richard 111. 
1491. — Conc]uest of Granada and expulsion of the Moors from Spain. 

Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and 

Isabella. 
1498. — Vasco da Gama sails around Africa to India. Trade opened with 

the East Indies, and commerce is transferred to the Atlantic Ocean 

from the Mediterranean Sea. 
1500. — Charles V. born at Ghent. 
1509. — Henry VIII. ascends throne of England. 
1511. — Rise of trade in Western Europe, and the foundation of the great 

navies of Europe. 
1516.— Kingdom of Spain founded under Carlos I., afterwards the 

Emperor Charles V. 
1517-1521. — Martin Luther denounces the corruptions of the Catholic 

clergy and the .sale of indulgences by Pope Leo X. Beginning of the 

Rcfoniiatioii in Europe. 
1519-1520.— Carlos I. of Spain elected Emperor of Germany as Charles 

v., defeating Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France. 
1521. — Luther excommunicated by the Pope of Rome. 
1525-1544-— Four great European wars are waged, participated in by 

Henry VIII. of England, Charles V. of Germany, Francis 1. of France, 

the Pope of Rome, and Soliman, Sultan of Turkey. 
1529. — " Diet of Spires" meets and forbids further religious discussions 

and changes, against which Luther and his followers protest, from 

which act came the name Protestants. 
1530. — Fall of Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VII I. 's minister. 








iljiruauiici ([lorli^ 



IPcrtob II. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 
1 528-182 1. 



¥¥ 



CHAPTER I. 
Characteristics of the Spanish Colonial System. 

IN order to projjerly understand the events to be related in 
this Period, the student should have a clear idea of the 
laws, ijovernment, institutions, and social conditions which 
existed in the Spanish colonies in the New World in the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Texas was a part of New 
Spain, beino- a province or state of Mexico, under Spanish rule, 
until 1 82 1, and the history of both countries is the same until 
that date. Hence, before entering- upon the details of Texas 
history, the reader should thoroughly understand the form of 
government and the state of society which ])revailed in Spanish 
America during that time. Such knowledge will explain the 
course of events, and throw light upon the entire character and 
condition of the institutions and population of New S])ain, and 
will also ser\'c as a key to the solution of nearly all the social and 
political difficulties with which we shall have to deal in later 
times. 

At the time of the discovery of the West Indies by Columbus, 

25 



Importance of 
the subject 



26 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pf.riod I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1 82 I 




Spanish Seal. 



Council of the 
Indies 



P\T(linan(l and Isabella were king and queen of Spain, and under 
their wise and liberal rule that kingdom became the foremost 
power in Europe. Isabella died in 1504, and Ferdinand in 15 16. 
Their daughter, Joanna, rightfully succeeded to the throne, but 
she was incapable of reigning because of mental weakness, and 
her son, Charles, became king. He is known in history as 
Charles I., of Spain, and Charles V., Emperor of Ger- 
many. For several years after he came to the Spanish 
throne, his minister. Cardinal Ximenes (he-ma'-naz), 
governed affairs in Spain, as Charles was really a for- 
eigner and not popular among the Spaniards. The 
Emperor resigned in 1556, and was succeeded by his 
son, Philip II., the husband of "Bloody" Mary, 
queen of England. 
Philip was a cruel, narrow-minded bigot and tyrant, in- 
\'olved his country in continual wars, and under his manage- 
ment Spain's glory and power rapidly declined. 

On account of the fact that the first Spanish discoverers 
of America believed that they had really found a portion of 
India, all the Spanish possessions in the Western Hemisphere 
were called by the general name of The Indies, and in 151 1 King 
Ferdinand established a board composed of eminent soldiers, 
statesmen, lawyers, and churchmen, for the government of all 
the Spanish-American colonies. This celebrated body of men 
was called the "Council of the Indies." It was composed of a 
president, who was supposed to be the king himself, four secre- 
taries, and twenty-two councillors. In 1524 the Emperor Charles 
reorganized this board and enlarged its powers, until it became 
almost al)solute in its authority, even to the exclusion of the king 
himself. It appointed all the ofificers in the colonies, made all 
the laws and regulations for the government of both the Span- 
ish and nati\e j)opulation, and exercised unlimited and arbitrary 
I)ower over men and provinces in the Indies. From 15 17 to 
1547, the head of this Council, who was called " Patriarch of the 
Indies," was Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca (hwon rod-re'-gwaz 
da fon-sa'-kii), Bishop of Burgos, commonly referred to as Fon- 
seca. ■ This man was supj^osed to be a pious Catholic bishop, 
Init his conduct shows him to have been a selfish, malicious, am- 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



27 



Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 



bitious, and cruel tyrant, whose efforts were directed towards. period i. 
preventing the discoveries of those times, and he did all he 
could to thwart the generous humanity of such noble men as 
Las Casas (ka'-sas), " the Universal Protector of the Indians." 

The Council of the Indies professed to provide for the humane 1821 

treatment and religious training of the Indians, but the regula- 
tions which it adopted for the colonies and for the collection 
of taxes and money from the natives, rendered it impossible to 
protect the people from cruelty, tyranny, and suffering. Its 
laws and ordinances were administered in the colonies by courts or 
commissions called aiidiencias reales (au-de-en-se'-iis ra-al'-az), 
or Royal Audiences, appointed by the Council upon nomination ^^oya' 

A !• f • • Audiences 

by the kmg. The Audience was both a court of justice and a body 
of civil and political authority, and its powers were supreme, 
subject only to the home Council. It was composed of a regent 
or president, three judges, two attorneys ox fiscales (fes-kiil'-az), 
a reporter, and a constable or alguazil (iil-gwa-zel'). 

At first the Audiences were the direct representatives of the 
royal authority, but, on account of their frequent disputes and 
disagreements, it was concluded to establish a personal repre- viceroys 
sentative of the king as the head of the colonial government, 
whose court should in some degree contain all the features of 
regal authority and splendor, and take the place of the distant 
sovereignty of the Spanish monarch. This person was called 
the Viceroy, and he was the head of the Royal Audiences, whose 
members thus became his ministers and judges, constituting at 
once a viceroyal cabinet and a supreme court for the colonies. 
The first viceroy of New Spain was appointed in 1535, and his 
government was finally established in 1537. His name was 
Antonio de Mendoza, and his residence was in the City of Mexico, viceroy Men- 
The name of New Spain had first been given to Yucatan by 
Grijalva in 15 18, and it was finally applied to all of the main- 
land from the Isthmus of Panama to Vancouver's Island on the Extent of New 
Pacific coast, and around the Gulf of Mexico, including Central ^^'" 
America, Mexico, Upper and Lower California, Texas, New 
Mexico, and even extending to Florida and the Spanish dis- 
coveries on the Atlantic coast of North America. Generally 
speaking, however, the name New Spain applied more particu- 



I52S 



l82I 



28 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



larly to Mexico and its various states and provinces, from Panama 
on the south to Texas on the north, and its rulers were spoken 
of as the Viceroys of Mexico. Cortez had been called governor, 
captain-general, and chief-justice, but Mendoza was the first 
person to receive the title of Viceroy. 

Next to the Royal Audiences in authority came the Cabildos 
Cabiidos ( kii-x-cl'-dos), or towu couucils, whose members formed the 
municipal government of the various cities, towns, and villages. 
They were composed of Ri'oidores (ra-zhe-d(5r'-az), or alder- 
men, and other persons appointed by the king or the Council 




of the Indies, and they in turn elected every year two Alcaldes 
(al-kiU'-daz), or magistrates, from among the people. These 
Cabildos had no power to make laws, but simply to execute 
those municipal and police regulations framed by the higher 
authority of the viceroys, the Audiences, and the Council of the 
Indies. The Alcaldes were the local judges who administered 
Ayuntamiento justicc auioHg the people. The Aynntamicnto (a-yon'-ta-me- 
en'-to) was an assembly composed of the magistrates, regidores, 
and other ofii|^b of a municipality, generally including those 
of more than one town or city. The Cahildo was the term for 
the form of local municipal government, while the Ayuntamiento 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



29 



was the general council of the municipality. The latter term 
occurs frequently in the history of Texas. 

As will be seen, all these offices were filled by native Span- 
iards, and they were disposed of by open bargain and sale under 
the most corrupt and unjust practices. 

Besides these principal forms of colonial government, there 
was a perfect horde of petty officials, — constables, tax-gatherers, 
revenue officers, and agents, — and the whole system was further 
complicated by a mixture of military and church government, 
with the most arbitrary and unequal privileges to special classes 
and particular individuals. The great body of the laws was 
contained in Royal Decrees, Ordinances, and Regulations issued 
from Spain by the Council of the Indies, which were sometimes 
modified by the viceroys and local tribunals. As these laws 
appear in print now, they seem to be most exact, liberal, wise, 
and wholesome ; but their administration was rendered cruel, 
corrupt, and ruinous by the character of the men who executed 
them, and by the very necessities of the system they were in- 
tended to support. 

When the Romans conquered Spain, in the year 206 B.C., 
they established a system in that country under which, for three 
centuries or more, the inhabitants were reduced to a condition 
of slavery. They were forced to till the fields and work the 
mines, to furnish the supplies for Roman armies, and pay the 
expenses of Roman extravagance and luxury. The Span- 
iards repeated the system in the colonies of the Indies, in 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Charles V. and 
Philip II. and their successors were continually at war with 
foreign nations, and often involved in civil commotion, 
and these enormous expenses, added to the continual 
demands of the Catholic Church for funds to support its 
magnificent establishment, required an immense quan- 
tity of money which the American colonies were expected 
to furnish. The motive and object of the whole colonial 
system were the obtaining of gold and silver, and to furnish a 
market for Spanish productions. The native population were 
treated as so many slaves, to be worked in the mines under- 
ground, and in the fields above. Soon after the discovery of 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
IS2I 



Character ot 
laws 



A Roman 
parallel 




Spanish Belle. 

Slavery of th? 
Indians 



\o 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
IS2I 




Spanish I'.eau 



Spanish 
monopoly 



Foreign 
tyranny 

Gachupins 



Privileged 
classes 



Fueros 



Colonial 
servitude 



the West Indies, the system of rcpartitiiioitos (ra-par'-te-me-en'- 
toz) and cnconiiendas (en-ko-me-en'-daz) was adopted, by which 
whole districts and villages were granted to certain Spanish 
officers and leaders, together with a certain number of Indians, 
who were owned with the land. This established the worst 
form of human slavery, and its abuses and cruelties render the 
history of those times a record of wretchedness and crime. 
The mines were worked by natives under Spanish task- 
masters, and nothing was allowed to be raised on the soil, 
or manufactured by native labor, that could be imported 
from Spain. This created an absolute monopoly for Span- 
ish productions, and forced the inhabitants to buy all they 
consumed and used from the mother country. No other 
;,^ nation was allowed to trade with the Indies, and only 
certain Spanish ports were permitted to send out car- 
goes to America. Exorbitant prices and ruinous duties 
were charged for everything that came in, and the pro- 
ducts of the mines, besides being taxed, were drained 
from the colonies to enrich the nobility, the crown, and 
the church of Spain. Her supremacy as a naval power enabled 
her to enforce these laws during the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries, and it was not until late in the eighteenth century 
that they were somewhat modified. 

All the offices in New Spain were filled by Spaniards, and the 
natives were simply forced to toil, to obey, and to pay taxes. 
The native Spaniards were called GacJmpins (gatsh-u'-pens), 
and the prejudice against them runs through all the subsequent 
history of Spanish America. Being foreigners and masters, en- 
gaged in enriching themselves and gathering money for their 
royal master at honie, their rule was corrupt, cruel, and unjust. 
There were also certain privileged classes, who were exempted 
from the general laws of the country by special charters, called 
fueros (fo-a'-roz). To these belonged the clergy, the profes- 
sions, corporations, the military, revenue officers, engineers, 
marines, and many others, who were subject only to the rules of 
their own class. 

Thus the whole country was a workhouse for Spain, ruled 
by foreign influences, without the right of local self-government. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
I82I 



Excessive 
taxes 



and denied freedom of opink)n, conduct, or business. Of the 
one hundred and seventy viceroys in the New World, all but 
four were Spaniards or foreigners ; of six hundred and ten cap- 
tains-general and governors, all but fourteen were natives of Old 
Spain. This complete subjection to foreign tyranny, added to 
the monopoly by Spain of all trade, commerce, and manufac- 
tures, rendered the condition of the colonies well-nigh intoler- 
able. Every species of expensive and vexatious tax was laid 
upon internal as well as external trade. The barest necessaries 
of life were taxed out of all reason, and licenses at high rates 
were required for pursuing the commonest occupations of life 
and business. Only travellers, clergymen, and paupers were ex- 
empt. This promoted smuggling, cheating, and perjury among 
the people. The king demanded one-fifth of all the gold and 
silver produced in the colonies ; he claimed a monopoly in salt, 
gimpowder, and tobacco ; and he openly sold both civil and re- 
ligious offices. By the decrees of Popes Alexander VI. and 
Julius II., the king of Spain was made the head of the Spanish 
Catholic Church, and he exercised independent, absolute author- 
ity over all church affairs, appointing all church officers, found- 
ing cathedrals, monasteries, hospitals, and other charitable and 
})ious establishments, for which he demanded ample compensa- 
tion. Tithes were collected upon everything, for they enabled 
the Church to pay the king for its pri\'ileges and to enrich itself ; 
until, when it was finally secularized in Mexico, in 1867, it owned 
one-third of the wealth of the entire Republic. Religious indul- 
i^ences were freely sold for the privilege of doing certain things, 
— some trivial, some serious, — such as eating eggs in Lent, for 
a passport through purgatory, and for committing theft or mur- 
der. The Holy Inqicisition was imported to the New World, Holy inquis 
and exerted its tyranny over the minds of men, so that they 
could only read and think what the Church permitted. At the 
close of the eighteenth century th<'re were only three printing- 
presses in all Spanish America, — one in Mexico, one in Peru, 
and one at Cordova ; and they were all under government con- 
trol. All books and papers were subjected to the inspection of 
the Inquisition, and occasionally a heretic was burned at the 
stake. A poll-tax of from four dollars to fifteen dollars was 



Church cor- 
ruption and 
tyranny 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

10 
1S21 



The system 

without 

remedy 



levied upon every Indian, and, by a ejystem which required him 
to buy onlv from certain persons, he was robbed by the author- 
ities in everything- he used, ate, and wore. 

The justice and benevolence of kings and viceroys could not 
reacli nor remedy these minor, but myriad, abuses, and the evils 
of the system once set in operation were beyond the control of 
the go\-ernment ; for they were concealed by the corruption that 
originated and extended them. It was the influence of all these 
things that made Spanish America what it was in 1800, and is 




!• Mexico.1 



Its influence 
and results 



Its contact 
with Ameri- 
can system 



t\ en yet. Rexolution and anarchy are the necessary results 
of injustice, cruelty, monopoly, and slavery continued through 
centuries of misgovernment and tyranny. 

It was this system, as exhibited in the laws, institutions, and 
political temper of the Mexican people, that confronted the col- 
onists who came to Texas from the Ihiited States in the early 
part of this century. InsjMred with all the sentiments and tra- 
ditions of American and P^nglish law and liberty, it could not be 
expected that they would submit to the exacti<Mis and injustice 



' Tile place where the Holy huiuisiljoii sat in Mexico. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



of a government, which, though repubhcan in name and form, 
was yet administered in the spirit of the Spanish colonial system 
of the three preceding centuries. 

As soon as the Spaniards completed the conquest of Mexico, 
the country was divided, for the purposes of political and mili- 
tary government, into the three kingdoms of Mexico, New Gal- 
icia (including Zacatecas and Guadalajara), and New Leon ; the 
colony of New Santandcr ; and the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, 
New Biscay (which included Chihuahua and Durango), Sonora, 
New Mexico, and the two Californias. In 1776 this arrangement 
was abandoned, and the viceroyalty was divided into twelve In- 
tcndancics : Merida, Oajaca, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, Valla- 
dolid, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, New 
Biscay (including Chihuahua and Durango), and Sonora ; and 
the three provinces of New Mexico, Lower and Upper Califor- 
nia. The intendancy of San Luis Potosi embraced the state of 
that name and New Leon, New Santander (Tamaulipas), Coa- 
huila, anci Texas. Each intendancy was subdivided xwio siibdele- 
gaa'du'-cs, governed by subdelegates. 

A still broader division separated the country into New Spain 
proper and the Internal Provinces (^/as provincias internas), 
which last included all of that territory lying north and north- 
west of the old kingdom of New Galicia or the states of Zaca- 
tecas and Guadalajara. The Internal Provinces were again 
divided into the Eastern and the Western ; Sonora, Durango, 
Chihuahua, New Mexico, and the two Californias constituting 
the Western Internal Provinces, while Coahuila, Texas, New 
Leon, and Tamaulipas formed the Eastern. 

An intendancy was ruled over by an ofificer called the Intend- 
ant, whose powers were supreme in his jurisdiction, being both 
civil and military ; but there was also usually a commandant, 
who exercised the duties of general-in-chief of the army while in 
operation in that intendancy, and there was a commandant- 
general for the Internal Provinces. The several states and 
provinces also had their governors or political chiefs, who had 
immediate supervision over their respective localities, subject to 
the superior authority of the intendant ; and the whole system 
was governed by the viceroyal court in the City of Mexico, 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I 82 I 



Political divi- 
sions of Mex- 



Intendancies, 
provinces, etc. 



Internal 
Provinces 



Intendants 



34 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. which in turn was responsible to the Council of the Indies or the 
kiUiJ' in Spam. 

Domination ,-> i 

It is difficult for one accustomed to the institutions of repub- 
lican oovernment to understand the curious mixture of the civil 



1528 



TO 



1821 and military power, with the military in the ascendant, which 

prevailed in the Spanish possessions of America ; but it should 
alwavs be borne in mind as a constant and controlling factor in 



Mixture of 
civil and mili 



tary authority the lustory of Mcxico, past and present. 



QUESTIONS. 

Of what country was Texas a part until 1821 ? Under whose rule? 
What is important and necessary to understand in connection with Texas 
history ? Who were the king and queen of Spain in 1492 ? When did 
thc'v die? Who succeeded to the throne of Spain? What titles did he 
licar? What famous man was his prime minister? When did Charles V. 
resign the throne ? Who succeeded him ? What was the character of his 
successor? What did the Spaniards call their discoveries and possessions 
in the New World, and why? How were those possessions governed? 
When was the "Council of the Indies" established, and by whom? How 
and by whom was it afterwards changed ? How was it composed, and 
what were its powers and duties ? Who was its chief ofhcer for many 
years, and what was he called ? What was his character ? Who was Las 
Casas? What were the methods of the governnient by tlie "Council of 
the Indies," and what was its character? Describe the various means 
enployed by the "Council" for the government of the colonies in the 
New Workl. What were the "Royal Audiences," and how composed? 
What were their powers at first, and wliat officer afterwards presided 
over them ? Who was the first viceroy of New Spain, and where did he 
reside? What was included in the term " New Spain" ? What body was 
next in authority to the "Audiences" ? How was it composed? What 
were its powers and duties? What was an alcalde? What v\'as the 
Ayuntamiciito f What was the difference between the Ayuntaniieuto and 
the Cabildo ? How were the offices in New Spain held and disposed of ? 
Wiiat other officers were tiiere, and wliat was tlie character of tiie colonial 
govc-rnment thus administered ? What constituted the Laws of the Indies ? 
What difference was there between tlie laws themselves and the manner 
in whirli they were administered? Draw a parallel between the manner 
in whicli Rome governed Spain after the conquest of that country and 
the manner in which Spain governed her colonies in the New World. 
What caused tiie oppressions laid upon tiie Spanish colonies in America, 
and what were the main motive and object of the whole Spanish colonial 
system ? What was the system of rcparlimioilos and oicoinicmtas, and 



SPANISH DISCOVErV AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. ^i 

what did it produce ? What system of inonopoHes and taxation did Spain Period I. 
practise towards her colonists and the natives of New Spain ? By wliom Spanish 
were all offices in New Spain filled, and what were native Spaniards Pqm'natio 
called? What ware /lie ros, and what privileged classes did they give 1528 

rise to ? What was the result of the Spanish colonial system upon the to 

colonies? What proportion of offices were held by native Spaniards 182 1 

during the continuance of the system ? Describe some of the excessive 
taxes levied upon the inhabitants of the colonies. What relation did the 
king of Spain bear to the Spanish Catholic Church, and by whose 
authority ? What was the result ? Describe some of the methods of 
corruption and tyranny employed by the king and the Church. What 
was the effect of the //o/y Inquisition in America ? W^hy did not the king 
and viceroys remedy the evils of the colonial government ? What influ- 
ence has the S]:>anish colonial system exerted upon the subsequent history 
of Spanish America ? What did its influence have to do with the Texas 
revolution from Mexico ? 

After the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, how was the country at first 
divided? What change was afterwards made, and when? What was an 
iiitcndancy f In what intendancy was Texas situated? How were the 
intendancies divided ? What was the governor of a subdivision, or sitb- 
ddcgacion, called ? How was the country further divided into two great 
di\'isions ? How were the Internal Provinces divided, and in whicii of 
these divisions was Texas located ? How was an intendancy governed ? 
How were the several states and provinces governed? What was the 
supreme government of the entire system ? In what important particular 
did this system of government difTer from the republican institutions of 
the United States ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The motives and methods of the Spanish coK^iial system ; its 
abuses, corruptions, and tyranny. 

2. The relations of the Catholic Church to the Spanish contiuest and 
colonization of New Spain. 

3. The evils of a government in which the civil, military, and ecclesi- 
astical authority are all concentrated in one hand. 

4. The disastrous effects of the Spanish colonial system on the subse- 
(luent history of Spanish America, as shown in Mexico, Central and South 
America, and the West Indies. 

5. The geographical division of New Spain into states and provinces. 

6. The political divisions into kingdoms, intendancies, internal jirov- * 
inces, sulxlelegacions, and the methods of government in each. 

Parallel Readings. 

Brantz Mayer's " Mexico : Aztec, Spanish, and Republican," Book I., 
Chaps. X., XIII., and XIV., and Book IV., Chap. I. ; H. H. Bancroft's 



1528 

TO 

IS2I 



36 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Works, " History of Mexico," Vols. I., II., and III. ; Winsor's " Narrative 
and Critical History of America," Vol. I., Chaps. III. and V. ; Prescott's 
" Conquest of Mexico." 

Geography. 

Fix in the mind of the pupil the geographical division of Mexico into 
states and provinces as the territory existed at the time of the conquest 
and until the beginning of this century. Then the political divisions 
should be clearly defined, so as to understand the subsequent use of 
the terms inteiidancies, intendants, suhdelc_s;ates, conniiandants, internal 
provinces, etc., as they so often recur in the history of Texas during its 
connection with Mexico. 




Spanish Cannon. 



CHAPTER II. 



Period 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Early Spanish Discovery and Exploration in Texas and 
Adjacent Territory. 

WE have already noted the expeditions of Grijalva, Pi- 
neda, and Garay, in 1518, 1519, and 1523 ; and also 
the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. When Pineda 
returned to Jamaica from his nine months' voyage 
around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, he made a map of his 
route and of the coasts he had explored. This was sent by Gov- 
ernor Garav to Spain in iS2i, and demonstrates the truth and Grijaiva, 

. . Pineda, Gar.^y 

accuracy of Pineda's observations, as the outlme of the Gulf 
coast and its rivers is substantially the same as on the maps 
of the present day. 

After Garay' s unfortunate expedition, the Spaniards do 
not appear to have made further explorations along the 
coast north of the Panuco River for several years ; but 
they were engaged in extending their settlements in the 
interior of Mexico and along the Pacific coast as far as 
Lower California, exploring the interior as far as the 
modern State of Sinaloa (sen-a-lo'-a). These expeditions 
were undertaken by Cortez, Diego de Guzman (de-a'-go 
da goz'-man), Nuiio de Guzman (non'-yo da goz'-man), 
and others, and were continued more or less successfully 
from 1 52 1 to 1536. During these incursions towards the 
north, the Spaniards continually heard of a rich and . 
populous country still farther north, which was said to 
contain inhabited and walled cities, ci\ilized people, , , „, 

' 1 r ' An Indian Warrior 

and much wealth in gold, silver, and precious stones. 

This far-off country was sometimes called Cibola (se'-vo-lii), 

sometimes Oiiivira (ke-ve-ra), sometimes Cigicatan (se-gwa- 

tan') ; and always the " Seven Great Cities" were the point of 

search, 

37 




Cibola and 
the " Seven 
Great Cities" 



38 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkrioo I. The Stories of those fabled regions dazzled the imaginations 

Spanish ^^^ ^l^^^ adventurcrs with visions of untold wealth and splendor, 

Domination ii r i • 

— , to be found somewhere in the mystic north. In all of their 

TO explorations in the New World, the Spaniards were haunted by 

1821 the idea of finding a passage by water through the continent 

from east to west, furnishing a short route to India. This delu- 

•• Straits of sion appears in all of the narratives of those and even later times, 

'^"'^" under the names of "the secret of the Strait," the "Northern 

Mystery," and the "Straits of Anian." 
Nunode j,^ 1527, Nufio de Guzmau was governor of Panuco, and in 

his hunt for riches and slaves he claimed to have crossed the 
lower Rio Grande del Norte into what is now Texas. He speaks 
of having captured an Indian who belonged to a tribe called 
Tcjas (ta-yas), living farther north. Tejas is the Spanish 
First mention form of Tcxus, and this is the first mention of the name in 

of Texas 1 • ^ 

history. 

In June, 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from Spain, with 
authority from the emperor, Charles V. , to conquer and colonize 
the country from the Cape of Florida to the mouth of the Rio 
de las Palmas, being the same land that Pineda and Garay had 

Expedition of named Amichcl. De Narvaez, it will be remembered, was the 
same man who had conquered Cuba in 151 1, and whom Cortez 
had defeated, putting out his eye, at Zempoalla, in 1520. He 
now styled himself "Governor of Florida, las Palmas, and Espi- 
ritu Santo," — the last name being the one by which Pineda and 
Garay had designated the Mississippi River. After many delays 
and difificulties, he landed at what some historians claim to have 
been Tampa Bay, others Appalachee Bay. Leaving his ships to 
follow the coast, he started with a large force of men and horses 
to explore the interior. He was very far mistaken in his Calcu- 
lations as to where he was at the time, thinking that he was near 

"il!'''"'"" ^'^^ mouth of the Piuuico and las Palmas Rivers. After many 
wicks of suffering and adventure among the swamps and forests 
of I'lorida and Southern Alabama, he finally reached a baysome- 
whei-c on the northern coast of the Gulf, east of the Mississippi 
River. His shii)s were lost, and he constructed five rudely-built 
boats, into which he crowded his two hundred and fifty men and 
pvu to sea, with no knowledge of his whereabouts and no expe- 



Uc Narvaez 



lures 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



39 



rienced sailor among his crew. This was in September, 1528. Period i. 
They encountered stormy weather and suffered greatly from hun- oy^^^Nlr^oN 
ger and thirst. After being at sea about thirty days, they passed ' 

the mouth of a mighty stream, whose current could be felt far t-o 

out in the Gulf, and whose waters sweetened the brine of the sea, 1S21 

and which, from the description and all the circumstances, was, 
no doubt, the Mississippi. After being tossed about for a week 
longer, pursuing the same westerly course, the boats became scat- 
tered, that in which De Narvaez was commanding was lost, and 
the olhers were shipwrecked on an unknown coast, most of the shipwrecked 
men dying of hunger or being killed by Indians. Among the sur- ^^^^^ 
vivors was the celebrated Alvar Nunez, Cabeza de Vaca (al-viir' 



7 L^.-.i.j>Mex,co I 

'^'•- l,>. Vvv I p \\ ^^ 




Route of Cabeza de Vaca across Texas (1535-36). 
(Dotted lines indicate two possible routes west of the Pecos River.) 

non'-az, kii-ba'-tha da vii'-ka), and several companions, who were 
stranded on an island which they named Malhado, from the mis- 
eries they endured while there. They were held captive by the 
Indians for six years, and underwent great cruelty and suffering. 
At last, Cabeza, Dorantes, Maldonado, and Estevanico (es-ta'- 
viin-e'-ko), the last being a negro slave, escaped in November, 
^535- They had previously wandered down the coast south Escapes and 

r AT 11 1 11 1 1 • • -It- travelsinland 

irom Malhado, and when they set out on their journey mland, it 
was from a point near Espiritu Santo Bay, if not actually from 
that place, which is at the mouth of the Guadalupe or the San 
Antonio River. The exact locality of Malhado Island will never 
be certainly known, but there is good reason for supposing it to 



Cabeza de 
Vaca 



40 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
182 I 



Traverses 
Texas 



Reaches 
Mexico 



De Soto's 
claims 



De Nizza's 
expedition to 
Cibola 



have been the same as Galveston Island, and it was certainly on 
the Texas coast. 

Cabeza and his companions travelled westward and north- 
ward through Texas, spending eight months with a native tribe, 
crossing the Pecos River and western plains to the Rio Grande, 
which they struck near Presidio del Norte, or perhaps as high 
up as the neighborhood of El Paso. In their travels through 
Texas they met many Indian tribes, some of whom dwelt in 
houses and used clothing and buffalo robes, and by all of whom 
they were treated most kindly. They heard of cities in the far 
north, which were no doubt the towns of the pzicblo tribes of 
Arizona and New Mexico, but they did not go in that direction, 
as has been supposed by some. After crossing the Rio Grande, 
they passed through what are now the States of Chihuahua 
(che-wiih-wah) and Sonora, reached the Yaqui (ya-ke) River, 
and finally found the Spanish settlements on the Rio Petatlan, 
now the Rio de Sinaloa, where they arrived in April, 1536, 
having been separated from their countrymen for eight years. 
The account of this remarkable expedition was at once reported 
by Cabeza de Vaca to the Audience and Viceroy in the City of 
Mexico, and he also prepared and published a narrative of it in 
Spain, in 1537. He himself was afterwards made governor of 
the province of La Plata in South America. 

The return and account of their wanderings by these men 
served to still further excite the curiosity and desire of the Span- 
iards to explore and conquer the distant lands to the north and 
east, where fabled cities gleamed with unknown wealth and splen- 
dor. The interest excited by Cabeza de Vaca's report of his 
trip through Texas and Northern Mexico led indirectly to the ex- 
pedition of De Soto to Florida, in 1539. With the then false 
notions of geographical locations, De Soto actually claimed that 
Cib( )la and Ouivira, with their ' ' Seven Cities, ' ' were included in his 
grant to conquer and colonize Florida ; but this was too absurd, 
and but little attention was paid to his idea that those fabled lo- 
calities were part of his rightful dominions as conqueror of Florida. 

But on Mr.rch 7, 1539, the Viceroy Mendoza sent a priest 
named Marcos de Nizza (mar-kos da nez-zii), with the negro 
sla\-e who had returned with Cabeza de Vaca and a laree com- 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



41 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
I82I 



pany of Mexicans, to explore the country to the north of Sinaloa. 
The fabulous accounts given by Nizza on his return leave us in 
doubt as to what to believe about his journey into the unknown 
land. Starting from San Miguel they travelled north, keeping 
near the coast until they entered what are now probably Ari- 
zona and New Mexico, crossed mountains and deserts, found 
friendly tribes in rich and populous villages, and heard of the 
great country called Cibola in the far north. Nizza says they 
actually came in sight of the land and saw its large cities, with 
houses three stories high, but that the hostility of the natives 
prevented him from entering and possessing the country. He, 
however, laid formal claim to it in the name of Spain. It is evi- 
dent that, if he really saw what he professed to have discovered, 
the district was that of the pueblo (pwa'-blo) tribes in Arizona 
and New Mexico, now known as the Zuni (zon'-ye) and Moqui 
(mo-ke) Indians. When Nizza returned with his wonderful ac- 
count of his expedition, in September, 1539, Viceroy Mendoza 
at once ordered Francis Vasquez de Coronado, the then governor Coronado 
of New Galicia in Mexico, to set out and explore the country 
visited by the monk, while a fleet of ships was sent along the 
coast northward under command of Pedro de Alarcon (al-iir'- 
kon). Coronado started in February, 1540, and marched as far 
as the Little Colorado River, discovering the villages of the 
Zuni and Moqui Indians, which turned out to be 
Cibola, — at least the Spaniards never found any other 
He explored a large part of Arizona and New 
Mexico, discovered the Grand Caiion of the 
Colorado, and spent the winter at a place / 

called Tiguez, which was probably at or near , ' 

the present site of Albuquerque. Coronado 
was greatly disappointed, for the country 
was arid and by no means what Nizza 
had represented it to be. In April, 1541, 
he started from Cicuye (se-co''-ya), now 
Old Pecos (pa-kos). New Mexico, to find 
a wonderful land called QuivirUy which 

was said to be in the east. His expedition travelled east and 
northeast, encountering many and vast herds of buffalo with In- 



visits Arizona 
and New 
Mexico 




Zuni Spinning. 



42 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



PERion 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
I82I 




ZuNi Weaving 



Further Span- 
ish explora- 
tion 



Isleta or 
Yslcta 



dians hunting them. The Indians hved in tents made of skins 
and had many dogs. At one time he travelled into the Panhandle 
of Texas and traversed portions of northwestern and northern 
Texas, where he met Indians who told him of having seen and 
heard of Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. He fell in with 
a tribe called Tejas (ta-has) or Teyds, who had a village named 
Cona (ko-na), and was told that Qnivira lay forty days' march 
to the north. Returning, he struck the Pecos River below 
Cicuye, and crossed salt marshes and lakes in the land of the 
Tejas. These, from the description, may have been the 
salt lakes of San Elisario and that region. Coronado 
then changed his route, going again east and north, 
probably traversing the Indian Territory and Kansas, 
and finally reaching a large stream, which was either 
the Platte or the Missouri River. Here he found 
Qnivira, or a place by that name, which proved to 
, be a collection of mud huts thatched with straw, whose 
inhabitants were nomadic savages. He returned to 
Tiguez in August, 1541. The following autumn and 
winter he spent in New Mexico and Arizona, explor- 
ing all the pueblos in that region and endeavoring to 
pacify and colonize the country. Coronado finally returned to 
Mexico in the summer of 1542, a disappointed and discredited 
man. 

After Coronado' s and Alarcon's expeditions, Cabrillo ex- 
plored the Pacific coast as far as Oregon, in 1542-43, and in 
1596 Viscaino sailed on the same coast as far as Cape Mendocino. 
In 1582, Espejo went to New Mexico and succeeded in estab- 
lishing permanent colonies there in 1 599. Onate likewise figured 
extensively in the early settlement of New Mexico, founding 
Santa Fe in 1598. There were continual expeditions to and 
from New Mexico and Arizona in the years following Coronado' s 
first visit there, and most of these crossed into Texas at different 
times, El Paso- del Norte (nor'-ta) being the usual place for 
crossing the Rio Grande. It is a mistake, however, to suppose 
that the old town of Isleta or Ysleta (es-la'-ta) in Texas existed or 
was visited in the time of Coronado. There was a town by that 
name in New Mexico, Isleta del Norte, at a very early date, and 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



4. 



is perhaps mentioned in the accounts of Coronado's expedition. 
But Isleta in Texas was founded in 1682, by Otermin, as a refuge 
for the Tiguez Indians, who were driven out of New Mexico by 
the great Indian war prevailing there among the pueblo tribes. 

In the meantime, the internal settlement of Mexico pro- 
gressed with more or less success. From 1542 to the end of the 
century, mines were opened, towns built, convents and missions Progress of 

11-11 • • -1 1 IT 1 • 1 1 settlement of 

established, and the beginnings of agricultural life laid through- Mexico 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 




Map of the North Mexican States in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth 

Centuries. 



out the northern States of New Spain. At that time the present 
States of Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sinora, and Coahuila 
(ko-a-we'-la) constituted what was called the kingdom of Nueva 
Viscaya (nwav-a ves-ky-ii) or New Biscay, and these, together 
with the provinces of New Leon, San Luis Potosi (lo-es po- 
to-se'), and Tamaulipas (ta-mau-le'-piis) or New Santander, in 
Mexico proper, and Texas, New Mexico, and Upper and Lower 
California, beyond the Rio Grande del Norte, made up the por- 



44 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
1S2I 



Catholic 
missions 



tions of New Spain whose histories are more particularly con- 
nected with each other. 

The principal feature in the settlement of all this country was 
the spread of the Catholic Missions, and the history of the North 
Mexican States and Texas during the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries is composed almost exclusively of the annals of the 
missions and their accompanying garrisons and villages ; so 
that it will be well to understand that great system of religious 
work in New Spain. It was a well-organized system for evan- 
gelizing the savages and for laying the foundations of coloniza- 
tion, and its relics, as seen in the ruins of its ancient temples, 
constitute one of the most romantic and interesting features of 
Spanish America. 



QUESTIONS. 

What expeditions on the Gulf coast of Mexico and Texas occurred 
in 151S, 1519, and 1523? When was the first map of the Gulf of Mexico 
made, and by whom ? How did it compare in accuracy with modern 
maps of the same region ? What explorations did the Spaniards conduct 
in Mexico from 1521 to 1536? Who were the principal explorers in this 
field ? What country did they hear of in the north ? Wliat was the 
country called, and what were the current ideas about it? What was 
meant by the "secret of the Strait," the "Northern Mystery," and the 
"Straits of Anian" ? When and by whom was the first expedition into 
Texas said to have been made? What tribe of bidians did he encounter? 
What name is derived from those Indians, and when did it first occur in 
history ? When and whence did De Narvaez sail, with what authority, and 
to conquer what country ? Who was De Narvaez, and what titles did he 
assume ? At what point did he first land in America ? Give an account 
of his route and adventures on the main-land. Also, give an account of 
his last voyage, in attempting to reach the Rio de las Palmas. When, 
where, and how did he finally perish ? What became of his men ? Where 
was Malhado Island ? Wliat celebrated man was among the survivors of 
the Narvaez expedition? Give an account of his adventures on the coast 
of Texas. Wlien did he escape to the interior, and who were his com- 
panions? From what point on the Gulf coast did they probably start 
inland, and through what regions did they subsequently travel ? Describe 
what they saw and heard during their travels. Where did they finally 
reach the Rio Grande, and what route did they follow from there? When 
and where did they finally reach tlie Spaniards in Mexico? When and 
by whom was a narrative of this expedition and adventure written and 
published? To what did that account lead? Give an account of the 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



45 



expedition of Marcos de Nizza. When was it made, through what Period I. 
country did he pass, and what did he claim to have seen and heard? Spanish 
What region and people did he probably see or hear of ? When was the omination 
expedition under Coronado started, and who was to aid him, and how? 1528 

How far did he proceed northward, what did he discover, and where did to 

he spend the winter? Where did he go in the following spring, and what ^^^^ 

did he see and hear? What tribe of Indians did he meet? Give the 
prolxible route of his march in search of Quivira. What did he find? 
i)n his return from Quivira, what did Coronado do ? At what dates and 
by whom were subsequent explorations made on. the Pacific coast and in 
New Mexico and Arizona ? Did any of these expeditions cross Texas at 
any point, and, if so, where and to what extent ? What mistake is often 
made concerning the town of Isleta? Who founded Isleta, Texas, when, 
and for what purpose ? What was done in Mexico during the last half of 
the sixteenth century ? Name the principal divisions, states, and pro- 
vinces of New Spain at that time. Which of them are most nearly con- 
nected with the history of Texas ? Draw an outline map of Northern 
Mexico and Texas, New Mexico, and the Californias, as they were known 
at the close of the sixteenth century. What was a prominent and con- 
trolling feature in the settlement of New Spain during the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The exploration of New Spain by Cortez, the Guzmans, Coronado, 
Espejo, Cabrillo, and Oiiate during the sixteenth century. 

2. The extent to which Mexico was settled, and the states of that 
country tiiat were then established by the Spaniards. 

3. The early exploration of the Gulf of Mexico, the extent to which 
its geography was known at that time, and the first European exploration 
in Texas by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. 

4. The origin of the name of Texas, and when it was first used. 

5. The civilization of the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, 
and its first discovery by the Spaniards. 

6. The legendary accounts of Cibola, the ' ' Seven Cities, ' ' and Quivira. 

7. The delusion among the early explorers and navigators as to a 
passage by water through the American continent to India, as shown 
l)y tlie continual search for the "secret of the Strait," the "Northern 
Mystery," or the " .Straits of Anian." 

Parallel Readings. 

Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History," Vol. II., "The Early 
Cartography of the Gulf of Mexico and Adjacent Parts," page 217, Chap- 
ter VII.. " Early Explorations of New Mexico ;" H. H. Bancroft's Works, 
"Arizona and New Mexico," and " North Mexican States and Texas." 



46 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1821 



Geography. 

Compare the map of Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico in the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries with that of the present time. Study the extent 
to which explorations had been made to the north of the Rio Grande, 
and the states and provinces that were then claimed by the Spaniards and 
considered to be under the government of the viceroyalty. Fix intelli- 
gently in the mind the location and extent of the regions inhabited by 
what are called the Pueblo Indians in Arizona and New Mexico. Locate 
the region traversed by Coronado, and the points at which the expedi- 
tions from Mexico crossed the Rio Grande into Texas at that early date. 





I k'' ^ ^ 



Indian (iiKi.s with Water-Jars. 



CHAPTER III. 



The Catholic Missions of New Spain. 

SPAIN'S conquests in the New World were professedly 
made for the extension of the Christian rehgion, and 
the Crown itself was considered as exercising its power 
for the glory and strength of the Church. So that, 
wherever the arms of the Spaniard were carried, they were ac- 
companied by the missionaries of the Catholic faitli, and the 
occuj^ation of a country was not deemed complete or beneficial 
unless it was founded on the prosperity of the priesthood, in 
saving souls and civilizing the 
habits of the natives. Hence, we 
find everywhere the missionaries 
and their establishments at first 
constituting the pioneers in the 
work of colonization. While a 
district of country was in process 
of being subdued, so as to admit 
of the residence and labors of the 
priesthood in the conversion of 
the natives, it was said to be a 
land of war {^tierra de g2ierra), 
and the government of such a ter- 
ritory was in the hands of the mili- 
tary authorities, who directed their 
efforts to the protection of the 
missionaries and the gradual sub- 
jection of the Indians. When 
things had progressed to the point 
of settling the native population in 
villages and converting them to 
Christianity, so as to make them smnish missionariks kolnpinc. 

47 



Period I. 

Spakis)! 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 

Methods of 
Spanish colo- 
nization 




1528 

TO 



^g A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

I'KKion I. in some degree a stable and peaceable community, the country 
Spanish ^^^,^g ^^^j^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^j ncace (tierra de paz), and the ordinary 
forms of colonial government under civil rules were supposed to 
take the place of the military government of the earlier times. 
1821 This condition of affairs led to several bad results. In the 

first place, the gentle rule of religion is not well suited to the 
Objections to harsh mcthods of war, and the strange mixture of gospel niercy 
th!s^rnish° ^^ ''"'^ ^^^^ crucl couduct of military authority could not fail to 
Catholics confuse and disgust the Indians. Then the priests themselves 

could not always reconcile their consciences to the necessity of 
warfare, which was actually required to keep the natives in sub- 
jection. The missionaries were seeking to save souls and to con- 
vert the savage to the gospel of peace, while the soldiers were 
bent on breaking the spirits of a fierce and warlike people by 
force and fear. The two policies were naturally inconsistent, 
and the history of those times shows that there was a continual 
clash between the religious teachers at the missions and the rude 
ofificers of the garrisons as to the proper course to be pursued 
in subduing the natives. The Spanish system of evangelization 
was the reverse of that of the intelligent mis- 
sionaries of the present time. Now, we seek to 
educate and civilize the heathen to the point of 
being able to understand and accept the truths 
of religion ; then, they demanded his religious 
conversion first and educated him after- 
^js^^'^^ wards. The true character of the system 
and its results are shown in the very language 
of the times. 

The Indians who had been converted and 

compelled to stay in villages, or to till the 

soil, were called reduced Indians {Indios redn- 

^^ ^K^ ^P|=^ «</<?5-), signifying that they were conquered 

rather than converted ; while the tribes who 

Indios Bravos. maintained their native freedom and refused the 

yoke of the Church, were styled brave or wild 

Ev.isofmiii- Indians {Indios bravos). Another serious trouble arising from 

tary and eccU- ,1 ■ 1 1 r ,. 

kiasticai ^"'^ method of setthng and governing the country was the in- 

powcr evitable power which the military obtained over the civil and 




SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



49 



political institutions of the land. The army having been edu- 
cated to know and exercise its authority in the conquest of the 
territory, and having been used to support the Church in its 
missionary labors, never surrendered its authority to the civil 
government of the colonies. It was this mixture of the military, 
ecclesiastical, and civil power, with the balance in favor of the 
military, that renders the history of the Spanish possessions in 
America so confusing and unsatisfactory, and its dangerous in- 
fluence on political and personal liberty has been demonstrated 



Pkriod I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1 82 I 




Indiof Keducidos. 



throughout all the subsequent experience of New Spain. In 
fact, we have here demonstrated, in the rude society of those 
early days, the operation of those two forces which are a curse 
to the liberties and prosperity of any country when allowed to 
dominate its institutions, and which h;\ve been more than all 
things else the cause of the political and social misfortunes of 
both Old and New Spain, — the Army and the Church. 

The monks of the Order of St. Francis, or Franciscans as The work of 
they were called, were the first missionaries of New Spain. After ^^^•^^"""'^'scan 

' monks 

the conquest of Mexico in 1521, until 1590, these holy friars 

3 



.o 



A COMPLKTe: history of TEXAS. 



Pkkmod 1. 

Sl'ANISH 

Domination 
1528 

TO 
I82I 



founded the convents and stations which became the centres of 
colonization and the sources of civihzation among the natives. 
They accompanied every expedition, and amid the cruekies of 
savage warfare, their churches and chapels were the only redeem- 
ing features in the otherwise wretched picture of Spanish con- 
quest and tyranny. Some of them were hard, grasping, and 
worldly ambitious, and beneath many a cowl and cassock 
breathed a warrior's spirit and a miser's greed. But in the 
main they were pious and kindly men, whose earnest desire was 
the conversion of the heathen, and whose lonely lives were de- 
voted .to healing the wounds inflicted by the Spanish conquerors' 
cruelty and injustice. 

From 1554 to 1590 the Franciscans labored earnestly in New 
Biscay, and extended their establishments through Durango, 
Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua, New Leon, Tamaulipas, and Coa- 
huila. Their headquarters were at Zacatecas (zac-ii-ta'-kas) and 
Durango, and during the period named they established ten 
stations east of the Sierra Madre mountains. These were the 
beginnings, though not part, of the extensive system of Catholic 
missions which afterwards prevailed throughout all the prov- 
inces of Northern Mexico and the 
Californias. 

It was in the year 1590 that 
the members of the Society of 
Jesus, called Jesuits, first appeared 
in the missionary held of Northern 
Mexico. They were at first sup- 
ported by the patronage and au- 
thority of the government, and 
with great zeal they began to im- 
prove on the humble start which 
the Franciscan monks had made 
towards Christianizing and civil- 
izing the native tribes. It was 
under their management that the 
viissioii system was first organized 
and mainly extended. Their prin- 
.\.M.ii-..M ca 1111:1. KAi. 01 zacatkcas. cipal coUegcs and convents were 




SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



51 



at Guadiana (gwa'-de-an-a), and later at Guadalajara (o;vv;i-d;i- 
lii-har'-a), Zacatecas, Durango, and San Luis Potosi. From 
these centres of missionary life were sent out the men who 
dared the perils of an unknown wilderness, and the warfare of 
savages excited to "hostility by the ravages and cruelty of the 
Spanish soldiers. 

The first object of the missionaries was, of course, the con- 
version of the Indians to Christianity, and then it was sought to 
teach them to dwell in houses and villages and to till the soil. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 




Ground Plan of an Old Mission. (D stands for door, W for window.) 
(Being the actual plan of the Mission San Juan Capristaii, San Antonio, Texas.) 



In this work the aid of the soldiery was needed, both for the 
subjection of the mission Indians and for protection against 
wild tribes. Hence, the mission system was partly religious and 
j)atriarchal, and partly military. A mission usually consisted of 
a church or chapel for worship, and a collection of cloisters and 
cells for the monks, out-buildings for stock and storage, and a 
considerable quantity of irrigated land for farms and vineyards. 
The buildings were of stone and adobe (ii-dob'-a) or sun-dried 
bricks, and the church itself was often of an imposing and beau- 
tiful architecture, its statuary and ornamental finishings frequently 



Plan and 
buildings of an 
old mission 



C^2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period I. being the work of Spanish artists brought from beyond the seas. 

Domination ^^^ various buildings Were generally arranged around a hollow 
; square or quadrangle, facing inward, with the church in one 

TO corner or in the centre of one side and facing outward — all en- 

1821 closed by a high, massive wall, which enabled the establishment 

to resist all ordinary hostile attacks when the inhabitants were 
housed and the gates closed. Connected with each mission, or 
sometimes within its walls, was a garrison of soldiers (^presidio), 
and near by was usually a village or town {villa), composed of 
Spanish colonists and such Indians as had consented to adopt a 
permanent abode and submit to the regulations of municipal 
government. Around such establishments was a more or less 
extended tract of mission lands, which were allotted to the In- 
dians as they became sufficiently redziced to consent to cultivate 
the soil ; and the holy fathers themselves generally had a choice 
spot of ground cultivated as garden, orchard, and vineyard. 
The mission lands were usually irrigated and often brought to a 
high state of cultivation, as the remains of the ancient aaqidas 
(a-sa'-que-lis) or ditches and drains attest to this day. 

Methods of The methods of missionary work performed by these estab- 

lishments consisted in allotting to each a more or less extendetl 
district of country, and throughout this the priests founded sta- 
tions, where the Indians were collected into native settlements 
{pueblos), and visited regularly by their religious teachers. 
These visitations made up the labor of the various missions, and 
the whole system was governed according to a well-organizetl 
plan administered by the ecclesiastical authorities, aided and 

Confusion in protected by the military, as has been before explained. It 

the names of gi-,Qyi(j be bome in mind that the name of one of these estab- 
lishments was sometimes susceptible of several \ariations. The 
mission proper was usually designated by some sacred name 
or invocation, as some saint or religious hero ; the \illage 
{villa) attached to it was often known by another name ; while 
the military post {presidio) maintained for the protection of 
both mission and village would, perhaps, have still a different 
name. This mixture of titles is liable to cause confusion, espe- 
cially when taken into consideration with the further fact that a 
mission might be founded at one place and be afterwards aban- 



missions 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



53 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



doned and removed elsewhere, still retaining the original name 
of its sacred invocation. 

New Biscay, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 
included the several states before named, but it gradually came 
to signify more particularly Chihuahua and Durango, with the 
city of Durango as its capital. Coahuila, in the seventeenth 
century and before, extended from the Bolson de Mapimi (bol'- Coahuiia 
son da ma-pe'-me) to the Rio Grande, and late in the eighteenth 



1528 

TO 
I82I 




LoKKuxik AND Cloisters of an Old Mission. 



century (1785) the districts of Parras ([)ar-ras') and Saltillo Csal- 
tel'-yo) were attached to it. 

In 1582, the P'ranciscan friars estal)lished a convent at Saltillo 
in the present State of Coahuila, padre (pa'-dra) Lorenzo Gavira 
(ga-ve'-ni) being at the head of it. In 1586, the village {vi//a) 
of Saltillo was founded under a regular municipal government. 
Soon afterwards the natives rose in revolt against the missiona- 
ries, and in 1592 the latter called on the viceroy for aid. An 
expedition under Captain Urdinola, with a large command of 
Tlaxcaltecs (the tribe who had so bravely resisted and afterwards 
aided Cortez), came to the rescue and founded a town near by. 
From these Tlaxcaltecs came many of the leading families of 
Coahuila and New Leon. 

In 1598, the Jesuits f(-)undL-d a mission at Parras, in what is 
now called Coahuila, which prospered for a time, but \\ as almost 
broken up by a trouble between the Indians and certain Span- 



Missions at 
Saltillo and 
Parras 



54 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pi;riod 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Troubles in 
Durango and 
Chihuahua 

Jesuit 

mi-iions 

des'royed 



iards who tried to monopolize the land and water in the vicinity. 
Nothing of importance occurred at Saltillo or Parras from 1600 
to 1640, as the natives were mild and life peaceable there. In 
the west, however, there were serious revolts and severe fighting 
near Durango. These troubles arose in the mission districts of 
the Jesuits, while the Franciscans fared better ; which difference 
probably occurred from the fact that the latter depended more 
on individual piety and Christian labor, and less on the support 
of the military force. 

In 1645-46, the missions were taken from the Jesuits by the 
bishop and given to the common clergy. This was said to have 
been done by the influence of certain wealthy Spaniards, who 
hated the Jesuits because the latter had befriended the Indians 
against the monopoly of water and other oppressive acts. The 
movement resulted in the abandonment of mdiny pueb/os and the 
loss of much that had been accomplished. 
By the year 1700 the mission Indians had 
been dispersed in the Parras district, ex- 
cept the Tlaxcaltecs who came in 1592. 

On all the old maps of New Spain or 
Mexico, there is to be noticed a wide and 
indefinite tract of country extending from 
below the Rio Grande, north and east, as 
far as New Mexico, and including a good 
portion of what is now Texas. To this 
vague territory was given the title of 
Apacheria (a-pach-er-e'-a),— -that is, the 
land of the Apaches. That country was 
the refuge and hunting-ground of the 
various wild tribes of Indians who in- 
habited the mountain fastnesses of North- 
ern Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona, 
anci whom the Spaniards designated by the general name of 
the largest and most warlike band, — the Apaches. Near the 
middle of the seventeenth century these Indians began to show 
signs of a general and fierce hostility towards the Spanish sol- 
diers and settlements. The priests of the missions claimed 
that all the trouble arose from the cupidity and cruelty of the 




Indian Warrior oi- thh Apacheria. 



Beginning of 
Ind an wars 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



55 



I'eriod 1. 
Spanish 

DOMINAl ION 

1528 

TO 
IS2I 




secular officials and their desire to make slaves of the natives, 
which was probably true. At any rate, once aroused, the hos- 
tility grew and did not spare the missions in the general war- 
fare upon everything Spanish. In 1644, the Tobosos attacked 
the missionary establishments in Coahuila, and were driven out 
and across the Rio Grande by the troops. Thus began the 
Apache wars on the Rio Grande, which have continued for two 
centuries and have scarcely yet been entirely subdued. In 1645, 
the Conchos (kon'-choz) rebelled in Chihauhua and Durango, 
and drove out the missionaries. In fact, the remainder of that 
century in Chihuahua was little else but the record of repeated 
Indian outbreaks, resulting in the establishment of numerous /' 
garrisons on and near the Rio Grande to check the invasions ^' 
and revolts. El Paso, on the Rio Grande, was thus founded 
in 1663, by Captain Andres Garcia (gar-se'-ii). Two great 
uprisings occurred in Durango, in P680 and 1690. In New 
Mexico, since the conquest of that country in 1599, the 
missions had greatly prospered, and many native piwblos- 
were converted. But in 1680, under Governor Otermin, 
a great Indian revolt began, nearly all the Spaniards and Fran- Indian revolt 
ciscans were murdered and driven south to El Paso. It was at '" ^^ 
this time that the old Texas town of Isleta was founded. The 
reconquest of the country was begun in 1692, by Governor Var- 
gas, and completed in 1696, after which New Mexico remained 
submissive to Spain. 

In the meanwhile, in spite of savage raids and the general 
terror of the times, the holy fathers faltered not in their pious 
work. In 1660, missionaries established a station at the Junta 
de los Rios ( hun'-ta da los re'-6s), or juncticMi of the Conchos 
and Rio Grande, which was broken up two years later. In 1683, 
when the Spaniards had taken refuge at El Paso from the Indian 
rebellion in New Mexico, a native of \.\\q. Jumanas (hu-miin'-iis) 
tribe came to El Paso and asked for a friar to convert his jieople. 
He told of the province of the Tejas, which he described as a very 
fertile and beautiful country. In the same year a mission called 
Guadalupe (gwa-da-lo'-pa) was established on the river below 
El Paso, but it was broken up by the natives the next year. In Missionary 
1684, three Franciscan monks were sent down the river from El to^^in Texas 



Missions on 
the Rio Grande 



56 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KRIOD I. 
SrANISH 

Domination 
1528 

TO 
I 82 I 



Missions in 
New Leon and 
Coahuila 



Paso by Governor Jironza (he-ron'-za), and they re\ived the 
mission at the mouth of the Conches. Padre Antonio Acebedo 
(a-sfi-ba'-do) remained there to teach, while the other two, — 
Nicolas Lopez and Juan de Zavaleta, — with an escort of soldiers, 
went east into the plains of Texas and across the Pecos River, 
then called the Salado (sa-la'-THo or sa-la'-5), many days' 
journey, and, as they claimed, within twenty leagues of the Tejas 
I ndians. 

In 1697, the mission Nombre de Dios (de'-6s) was founded 
about one league from the present city of Chihuahua, at first 
called San Felipe de Chihuahua. 

Turning now to Coahuila, where the Franciscans mainly 
operated, we find that from 1670 to 16"]^ padre Juan Larios and 




Map ok Coaiuii.a in i hk Skvkntkknth and Eighteenth Centuries. 

other Franciscans founded the mission of San Miguel de Aguayo 
(li-gwi'-yo), near Nadadores, and the mission at Nadadores was 
founded in 1676. These were continued for several years, and 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



57 



in 1687 the viceroy established the villa (vel'-ya) and presidio Period i. 

Spanish 
Domination 



(pra-sed'-e-6) of Santiago de Monclova, often called in those Spanish 



days Villa de Coahuila, or simply Coahuila, being the modern 
Monclova, — half a league from San Miguel. In 1688, Father to 

Manzanet (man'-zan-a) established a mission near Monclova, i'^2i 

and Francisco Hidalgo (e-diil'-go), Francisco Estevez, and 
Father Escaray joined him. They also founded the Mission Father 
Dolores (do-lo'-raz) at Boca de Leones (la-6n'-az), near Lam- '^^"^^"'^^ 
pazos, in New Leon. Manzanet' s mission was called San Sal- 
vador, or Santiago, and it was in the Candela valley. In 1688, 
padre Francisco Penasco founded the Mission Nombre de Jesus 
(he-siis') Peyotes (pa-yo'-taz), forty or fifty leagues from Mon- 
clova, at a point called San Ildefonso, which was broken up and San iidefonso 
revived in Texas under the same invocation. Other missions 
near there were the San Bernardino, the San Buenaventura 
(bwa-na-ven-to'-ra), besides San Miguel and Nadadores, already 
mentioned. 

In 1691, Manzanet and Hidalgo came to Texas. San Juan Sanjuan 
Hautista ( bau-tes'-tii) was founded near the Sabinas (sa-ben'-iis) ^^"^'^'^ 
in 1699, but was abandoned. In 1700, Hidalgo, with the as- 
sistance of Fathers Antonio Olivares (o-le-viir'-az ) and Marcos 
Guerena (gwa-ran'-yii), re-established it near the Rio Grande, 
and it is usually classed as a Texas mission. Olivares then Father ou- 
came on to the Rio Frio (fre'-6), in Texas, where he engaged ^^"^^^ 
in active work. Bishop Galindo (gii-len'-do) came to cheer 
them on, in December, 1700. 

This lengthy and somewhat tedious account of the labor. Value of this 
names, and locations of the Mexican missions may seem unim- 
portant, but it will be found to serve two useful purposes : it 
indicates the extent of Spanish exploration at the close of the 
seventeenth century ; and it throws valuable and indispensable 
light on the operation of the same character of missionary estab- 
lishments in Texas, whose annals constitute almost the entire 
record of Texas history during the eighteenth century. 



missions 



58 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

S.-ANISH QUESTIONS. 



Domination 



— " What was the professed object of Spanish conquest in the New 

World ? Who were pioneers in the work of Spanish colonization in Amer- 
182 1 ica ? What was the relation betv\een the Army and the Church in the work 

— of exploration and settlement? What was meant by a " land of war," 

and by a " land of peace" ? Give the Spanish words for each. Describe 
the methods of governing each. What bad results flowed from this 
method of colonizing the country? What was the difference between the 
methods of colonizing and Christianizing the heathen employed by the 
Spanish missionaries, and those used by modern missionaries ? What was 
meant by reduced Indians, and by brave Indians ? Give the Spanish words 
for each. WHiat other evil results, politically and socially, did this mix- 
ture of military and religious power produce ? What two powers or in- 
fluences have always predominated in Spanish America, and with what 
effect upon the country and people ? Who were the Franciscans ? What 
did they do in New Spain ? What were the general character and services 
of these missionaries ? When and in what portions of New Spain did they 
first labor ? Where were their headquarters, and of what system were they 
the forerunners ? Who were the Jesuits ? When did they first appear in 
Northern Mexico? What great system did they found and organize? 
Where were their principal colleges and convents ? What was the first 
object of the missions? What next? What was the character of the 
mission system ? Describe the usual location, arrangement, and buildings 
of an old Spanish mission. What was the presidio? What was the 
villa? What relations did these bear to the mission? What about the 
mission lands and their cultivation ? What was an accquia ? Describe 
llie usual methods of missionary labor. What were "stations" and 
" jMieblos" ? How were the various nu'ssions, presidios and villas, named, 
and to what did this often lead? What territory was included in the Mex- 
ican kingdom of New Biscay (Nueva \'iscaya) ? What were the limits 
of Coahuila in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? When and by 
whom was the first convent established at Saltillo? When was the villa 
of .Saltillo founded ? Describe what soon happened, and what celebrated 
native tribe sent colonists to Saltillo. When and by whom was the mis- 
sion at Parras established? What occurred in that district for the next 
forty years ? What troubles arose in Durango, and why ? What was 
done with the missions in 1645-46? With what results? What was meant 
by the Apachcria, and where was it ? What occurred among the Indians 
about the middle of the .seventeenth century, and what cau.sed it? De- 
scribe the progress and efTectsof the Indian wars in Northern Mexico dur- 
ing the latter half of the seventeenth century. When, by whom, and for 
what pnr|)ose was Kl Paso del Norte founded ? What occurred in New 
Mexico in 16S0? When and how was Isleta founded? What error is 
often made in regard to that \Aaqk. ? W'hen and bv whom u as New Mexico 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



59 



reconquered ? What missionary stations were established on the upper Rio 
Grande in the seventeenth century? Give the names, dates, and location 
of each of these stations and missions. Who were the Jumanas, and what 
message did they send to El Paso in 1683? What was then told of the 
Tejas Indians and their country ? When and by whom was the first mis- 
sionary tour made into Texas, and how far did it go ? Describe the loca- 
tions, and give the names and dates of founding of the several missions 
in Coahuila in the latter half of the seventeenth century. By whom were 
they respecti\ely founded ? What celebrated missionary fathers came to 
Texas at the close of the seventeenth century ? What missions did they 
establish, when and where? 



Period I. 
Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Topical Analysis. 

1. The military and religious elements in the conquest and coloniza- 
tion of the New World by the Spaniards. 

2. The evils of the blending of military and religious policies in the 
government of the country, and its effects then and since upon the coun- 
try and people. 

3. Disagreements between the priests and soldiers as to the treatment 
of the Indians. 

4. The Spanish methods of Christianizing and civilizing the natives, 
by first compelling them to accept the Christian creed and then teaching 
tiiem the arts of civilized life, contrasted with modern methods of mis- 
sionary work. 

5. Division of the country into land of ivar and land of peace, and 
of tile natives into Indios bravos and Indios reducidos ; meaning of the 
terms, and the light they throw on the system practised by the Spaniards. 

6. The Franciscans and the Jesuits : contrast their character and 
methods of labor, and the results upon the Indians ; their respective influ- 
ence and fields of usefulness in the Mission Period. 

7. The territory covered by the mission system at the close of the 
seventeenth century ; States of Northern Mexico embraced in its field of 
labor. 

8. The names, locations, and dates of founding of the first mi.ssions 
on the Rio Grande and in Texas. 

9. Names and character of the early missionary fathers in Mexico and 
Texas. 

Geography. 

Trace on the map of Mexico the limits of Spanish occupation and 
settlement in New Spain in the seventeenth century ; outline the kingdom 
of New Biscay and the provinces lying north of it ; locate the various 
early missions in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Texas, and New Mexico, and 
trace the routes and stations of the first missionary labor along the Rio 
Grande and into Texas. 



6o 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Parallel Readings. 

Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and Republican;" Win- 
sor's "Narrative and Critical History of America," Vol. II., Chap. V., 
" Las Casas and the Relations of the Spaniards to the Indians," Vol. 
Vlll., Chap. IV., "Spanish North America;" H. H. Bancroft's Works, 
\'ol. X\'., " North Mexican States and Texas." 




A Mexican Fakmhk. 



R 



CHAPTER IV. 
The Spanish Occupation of Texas. 



EVIEWING the prominent events of early Spanish period i. 

Spanish 
Domination 



exploration, it is seen that, at the date of La Salle's Spanish 



tra^j^ic death on the Neches, in 1687, the facts reijard- 

. . . 152S 

ing the preceding history of Texas were briefly the -j^,, 



following : Pineda, Cabeza de Vaca, and perhaps Nuiio de Guz- 182 1 

man, were the first Europeans to visit Texas, — the first coasting 

and mapping its shores in 15 18, the second traversing its terri- Review of tha 

tory from the Gulf to the Rio Grande in 1535. Coronado and P""'='Pf' "f- 

J u^u dents oi early 

the followers of De Soto had entered its boundaries, one from Spanish ex- 
the west and the others from the east, in iS40 to iS42. At that p"*"^*'""'" 

' •->' ^'^ Texas 

time the country had no fixed name, -ascertained boundaries, or 
practical interest for the Spaniards, nor did it acquire such until 
about the close of the seventeenth century. From 1581 to 159S 
the Spaniards frequently crossed Texas soil on their trii)s to and 
from New Mexico, while Espejo, Sosa, and Humana ( o-man'-ya) 
travelled east and northeast to the buffalo plains and along the 
Pecos River. Onate, in his search for Quivira, entered the 
territory, and from that time until 1654 many expeditions of 
priests and ofificers were made from New Mexico into portions 
of Texas, some of which met, traded, and fought with native 
tribes and entered the land of the Tejas Indians. The country 
had given no indications of mineral wealth, and that alone was 
sufficient to render its immediate or permanent occupation a 
matter of indifference to the gold-hunting Spaniards. But 
Spanish missionaries had founded stations and preached Chris- 
tianity as far as the Pecos and beyond, while Spanish troopers 
had hunted along its streams and chased the buffalo on its 
prairies long before 1685. In that very year, Penalosa ( pan'-yii- 
lo'-sii), the late governor of New Mexico, was in London and 
Paris, trying to organize an expedition to explore and conquer 

6i 



62 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod I. 

Spanmsh 

Domination 

1528 

TO 

1821 



Father Pare- 
des's account 
of Texas, 1686 




A Mkxican Cart. 



Origin of the 
name "Texas" 



New 

l^hilippincs 



tlie wonderful country he claimed to have discovered, and which 
included the fertile domain of the Tejas Indians. 

In 1686, Viceroy Laguna called upon Father Alonzo Paredes 
(par-a'-daz), for many years a missionary in New Mexico, for a 
report as to the region where Texas lies. Paredes' s report is 
the first and most authentic account of the notions which then 
prexailcd in regard to this country. He denounced as false and 
delusi\'e the ideas about the wealth, magnificence, and civiliza- 
tion of the regions to the east and northeast. His idea was that 
there were Indian tribes, engaged in agriculture, 
living in a strip fifty leagues wide along the Gulf, 
with the wild Apaches farther west and reaching 
to New Mexico ; that between the two, from the 
Rio Grande or the Colorado northward, 
there were superior tribes, including 
the Tejas. His descriptions are so 
confused as to distances and the names 
and locations of streams, that but little 
can be made of them ; but he locates the Tejas (the same as, or 
a kindred tribe to, the Cenis or Asi?iais) between the Brazos 
or Coloratlo and the Trinity Rivers, the Jiima7ias, Apaches, and 
other tribes, west and northwest, and Quivira immediately north 
of these, perhaps in the region of the present Indian Territory. 

There have been many fanciful and fictitious accounts of the 
origin of the name Texas. It is plainly derived from the Tejas 
(ta-has, ta-yas, or tex-as) Indians, that being the name applied 
by the Spaniards to w^hat appeared to be the most influential and 
ci\ilized tribe dwelling within the limits of this province. They 
lived in the east, between the Trinity and Sabine Rivers ; but 
they were the first with whom the Spaniards had peaceable deal- 
ings, and gradually their name was given to the entire pro\ince. 
Whether Tejas was the name by which those Indians called 
themselves, or was given them for some incident or trait con- 
nected with the tribe, is not known ; but the deri\ation of the 
wortl cannot remain in doubt when the facts are considered. 

On the old maps of the Mexican States, the region known as 
the ])rovince of Texas appears to be a part of what was des- 
ignated as Nueva Felipinas (nwa'-va fa-lip-en'-iis), or Nezv 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 6;^ 



Philippines^ just as Coahuila was called Nciv Estreniadura, and period i. 
Taniaulipas was laid down as Ne7v Santandcr ; but these were - punish 

I UOMINATION 

Spanish fancies borrowed from their European home, and soon i 

gave way to the local names of the several native provinces. to 

The next hundred years of the history of this territory is 1821 

little more than an account of the missionary labors of Spanish 
priests, and the efforts of the military garrisons to protect them 

in the work of converting the native tribes. It is usually called '^^^ Mission 

. . . , , Period 

the " Mission Period," and is of great romantic interest, although 
its practical results are not great. 

In 1684, it will be remembered that the Spaniards captured 
one of La Salle's vessels as he was on his way to plant a colony 
at the mouth of the Mississippi. When he started on his first 
journey from Fort St. Louis to find the Illinois, in 1686, he met 
with Indians on the Colorado, whose accoutrements indicated 
clearly their communication with the Spanish occupants of 
Mexico. Then, a short time after the founding of his fort on 
the Lavaca, one of his men, afterwards known as Juan Enrique 
(en-re'-qua), deserted and escaped to Mexico, where he told the 
tale of the French expedition. From these several sources the Spaniards 
Spaniards became acquainted with the threatened occupancy of L^^g°5, , 
Texas by another power. The country had not before seemed expedition 
especially desirable ; but when it appeared that a foreign invasion 
of the territory was on foot, the viceroy of New Spain considered 
it time to assert his ownership in the soil. 

He ordered Governor Alonzo de Leon, of Coahuila, to march De Leon's first 
to Espiritu Santo Bay; and on March 23, 1689, De Leon set xexls'*'°" ^° 
out from Mexico, with the Frenchman Enrique and one hundred 
men, accompanied by Father Manzanet and other friars. He 
crossed the Rio Grande above the mouth of the Salado, traversed 
and gave names to the Nueces (nij-a'-saz), Hondo, Medina, and 
Guadalupe Rivers, and arrived at Fort St. Louis on April 22, 
1689. He was told that four of the survivors had gone north to 
the land of the Tejas Indians, and he found the Fort in ruins, 
with the dead bodies of some of its inmates. He proceeded 
farther north to the Colorado and explored it to near its mouth. 
Word was sent for the absent Frenchmen, and L'Archeveque 
and GroUet, of La Salle's men, appeared, were seized and sent 



64 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OE TEXAS. 



Pkriop 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1821 



De Leon's sec- 
ond expedition 



Mission San 
(Fornierly S: 

Thefirst Texas 
mission, San 
Francisco de 
los Tejas 



Domingo 
Teran, first 
governor of 
Texas 



Missions in 
East Texas 
unfortunate 
and aban- 
doned 



as prisoners to Spain. De Leon returned to Coahuila by the 
same route he had come, reaching there in May, 1689. On the 
day before he left for his return, the chief of the Tejas Indians 
visited the camp and acted in a friendly manner. When the 
viceroy received a report of this journey, he ordered another to 
be made at once, for the purpose of a regular missionary occu- 
pation of the country in the usual way. De Leon set out on this 
second tri}) from Moncloya, in March, 1690, accompanied again 
by Father Manzanet and three friars from Queretaro (ka-ra'- 
tiir-o), and they travelled by the same route as before, reaching 
Espiritu Santo Bay safely. In May the Tejas chief came again 
and persuaded De Leon to go with him 
to the land of the tribe on the Trinity 
River, which the Spaniards accordingly 
did, leaving a camp on the Guadalupe 
at the Bay. The visit was most kindly 
received by the Tejas, and they seemed 
anxious for missionaries. Thereupon 
De Leon and Father Manzanet founded 
among them the first Spanish mission 
in the interior of Texas, calling it Saji 
Francisco de los Tejas. This was June i, 
1690, and the conversion of the province was thereafter by royal 
decree committed to the Franciscans. De Leon left Father 
F"oncuberta in charge of the newly-founded mission, with priests 
to aid him and a small garrison to protect them, and some horses 
and cattle for the support of the establishment. While there he 
captured five Frenchmen and one woman, and heard of others 
among the Indians. He then returned to Mexico and gave a 
most favorable report of the fertility and beauty of the country 
and its desirability as a missionary field. On January i, 1691, 
Don Domingo Teran de los Rios was appointed governor of 
Coahuila and Texas, with instructions to explore and conquer 
the country and to found eight missions. 

Teran set out May 16, with Manzanet and nine Franciscan 
friars, and marched to the Colorado River. An expedition was 
also sent by sea to meet him at Espiritu Santo Bay. Teran 
went lirst to the mission San Francisco de los Tejas, where he 




Francisco de la Espada 
III Eraiicisco de los Tejas.) 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 6S 



found matters not in a very flourishing condition. There had pkriod i. 

Spanish 
Domination 



been sickness, and the inmates had suffered from " freshets and 




snow-storms. ' ' He and the priests founded a new mission near ^ 

there, called Jesus Maria y Jose, or usually simply Santa Maria. to 

In September he met the sea expedition at Espiritu Santo, iSsr 

where it had been waiting since July, whence he sailed for 
Vera Cruz. He left behind a force of soldiers and fifteen mis- 
sionaries to sustain the missions in Eastern 
Texas, but matters went wrong there for sev- 
eral years. The crops failed, sickness pre- 
vailed, the Indians were superstitious and 
claimed that the baptismal water made them 
die, and the missionaries became greatly dis- 
couraged. Finally, in October, 1693, being 

refused proper aid from home and losing heart . b,,^^^^^^. ^^ espada 
in this wilderness of savages, the friars buried 
their mission-bells, and other property not transportable, and 
turned their faces towards Coahuila. For the next twenty-two interval of in- 
years nothing was done in Texas, except that the older missions ^'^ '^' ^ 
on the Rio Grande were still maintained. Both Spain and 
France seem to have suspended any efforts to claim and colonize 
the country, but the French in Louisiana did prosecute some 
trade with the Indians in this province. Spain had acquired a 
foothold in Florida, at Pensacola, and France had settled Loui- French in 
siana and founded New Orleans under D' Iberville, and trading 
parties from the French posts along the western boundary of 
Louisiana began to make expeditions into Texas. It was said 
that one such party travelled across the country to the Rio 
Grande in 1705. 

In 17 13, Governor Cadillac, of Louisiana, ordered Louis st. Denis 
St. Denis (da-ne) to organize an expedition to the old Span- 
ish missions in Texas, for the purpose of buying horses and 
cattle, but this was a mere pretext for exploring the territory 
and establishing trade with the natives. St. Denis, leaving 
Mobile with a force of Canadians in the following year, entered 
the country of the Tejas, where he found great numbers of 
cattle ; and the natives, learning that he was going beyond 
to the Rio Grande, asked him to tell the priest Hidalgo and 

5 



66 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1821 



Colonel l^rantia to come back again, as the Indians wanted the 
missions restored. 

St. Denis reached the Presidio del Rio Grande, where was 
the mission San Juan Bautista, in 17 15, being accompanied by a 
comjxmy of Tejas Indians. On the way they fought a bloody 
battle with Lipan Apaches, on the San Marcos River. Captain 




U "^■■-^A«:-,^*^%,^Xv 



Country Stork on thr Rio Grande. 



Fourth expe- 
dition to Texas 



Six missions 
on the Neches 
and Sabine 



Diego Ramon (ni-nion'), in command at the presidio on the 
Rio Grande, received St. Denis kindly, and in a short time the 
latter went on to the City of Mexico to report his purposes to the 
viceroy. He had stayed long enough, however, at the Spanish 
fort to fall in love with Ramon's daughter, and for a while at 
least he became a very good Spaniard. Upon St. Denis's repre- 
sentations, the authorities determined upon another expedition 
to occupy Texas, and it set out from Saltillo in February, 17 16, 
with Domingo Ramon in command and St. Denis as his assist- 
ant. On their arrival at San Juan Bautista, St. Denis was 
married to the commandant's daughter, and on April 24, 17 16, 
the expedition marched from the Rio Grande to the interior. 
There were with them a number of Franciscans, including the 
celebrated padres Felix Espinosa and Antonio Margil'. 

Reaching the land of the Tejas in July, they established four 
missions and a presidio on or near the Sabine and Neches 
Ri\-ers, and two others the next year. These were : a revi\al 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



^1 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
I82I 



Fickleness of 
Texas tribee 



of the old foundation of San Francisco de los Tejas, near the 
same spot ; La Purissima Concepcion, among the Asinais 
Indians ; the mission of Our Lady of Guadalupe, near Nacog- 
doches ; San Jose Mission ; the mission Dolores, among the 
Aes ; and the mission San Miguel Cuellar de los Adaes ; — 
around which we are told there were congregated more than 
five thousand people "speaking the same idiom." 

These establishments all began prosperously, the Indians 
were friendly and seemed disposed to yield to teaching. But 
from the first the tribes in Texas did not submit successfully 
to the system of dwelling in pueblos or 
villages. They were nomadic and tickle 
in their habits, fond of the chase and 
the horseback raid over the plains, and 
the orderly and permanent life of a set- 
tled habitation did not suit them. To 
curb this roving disposition and properly 
reduce the Indians of Texas, the mis- 
sionaries were constantly demanding in- 
creased military support, and in turn the 
excesses and cruelties of the class of sol- 
diers who came provoked the unmanage- 
able temper of the natives ; so that the 
old priests were in trouble on all sides. 

St. Denis had been reared in contact 
with the Indians, was of an amiable disposition towards them, 
and understood their peculiar habits, so that he was of great 
assistance in enabling the Spaniards to gain a peaceable start 
among the tribes along the Sabine and adjacent rivers. In a St. Denis ban 
short time, however, he was suspected of treachery and accused 
of smuggling, and was arrested and carried to Mexico for trial, 
which resulted in his banishment to Guatemala. He escaped 
from there, returned to Louisiana, and was placed in command 
of the French fort at Natchitoches. 

Martin de Alarcon, governor of Coahuila, was made gov- 
ernor of Texas also, and he entered the province early in 17 18. 
His instructions contemplated that he should introduce a good 
class of colonists, and should bring with him mechanics and 




A Mexican Horsk Tkadkr. 



Governor 
Alarcon 



68 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KRIOI) I. 

Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 
182 I 




Cathkijral de San Fernando (Bexar). 



French attack 
and drive the 
Spaniards 
from the east 



Marquis de 
Ajjuayo in 
Texas 



others capable of instructing and improving the Indians. He 
estabHshed the presidio of San Antonio de Bejar (ba'-har), on 
the San Antonio River, being the first settlement at the location 
of the modern city of San Antonio. The missionaries claimed 
that Alarcon did not fulfil his instructions, but that he had 
brought a worthless and turbulent class of settlers with him, 

and had done more harm than 
good. At this time, also, the 
mission of San Antonio de Va- 
lero was established near the 
presidio of Bejar, under the 
ministration of Father Olivares, 
who brought some of his con- 
verts from the mission of San 
Francisco Solano on the Rio 
Grande. 

During Alarcon' s governor- 
ship Bejar was recognized as 
the capital, and it practically remained so ever afterwards, 
although nominally for a time the capital was located at the 
presidio on the eastern limits of the province, known as Pilar 
de los Adaes. 

In 1719, the Frenchman La Harpe founded a small settle- 
ment among the Nassonite Indians, in what is now Red River 
County. In that year, war having broken out in Europe be- 
tween France and Spain, the French in Louisiana assumed a 
hostile attitude towards both Florida and Texas. In June, a 
force of French and Indians, under St. Denis, seized the mission 
of San Miguel Cuellar de los Adaes, and the priests and soldiers 
retired to Bejar, where for the next two years the Spaniards held 
their only station in Texas. In 17 19, La Harpe made a feeble 
attempt to land a French colony at Galveston or Espiritu Santo 
Bay, but was driven of? by the natives. 

In 1720, the Marquis San Miguel de Aguayo was appointed 
governor of Coahuila and Texas, and he was a man of wisdom, 
skill, and firmness. In 1721, he marched from the Rio Grande 
to the vicinity of the abandoned missions on the Neches and 
Sabine, where he re-established five of them, and founded the 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS 



69 



presidio of Tcjas among the Asinais, near the mission Concep- 

cion. He rebuilt los Adaes and estabhshed the mission of Our 

Lady of Pilar de los Adaes 

in the same neighborhood. 

Aguayo returned to Bejar 

in January, 1722, and very 

much strengthened that 

post. 

In April, he founded a 
I)residio on the site of La 
.Salle's old Fort St. Louis, 
calling it Santa Maria de 
Loreto de la Bahia del 
Espiritu Santo, or simply 
La Bahia, as it was generally known ; and, also, a mission near 
by known as Espiritu Santo de Zuniga, or simply Espiritu Santo. 
Aguayo went back to Coahuila in May, 1722, leaving General 
Almazan' in command in Te.xas as lieutenant-governor. Aguayo 
had greatly improved things in the province. He revived the 
mission work everywhere, started the cultivation of the soil by 




Mission La Bahia del Espiritu Santo. 
(Present site.) 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

lu 
1 82 1 



La Bahia and 
Espiritu Santo 




Mission San Jose dk .\giiavo. 



irrigation around the missions at Bejar, and left the garrisons 
and missions much fortified and encouraged. In 1720, there 
had been established at Bejar, or near by in the valley, a new 
mission, called San Jose de Aguayo, in honor of the Marquis. Sanjosd 



JO 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
1 .82 I 

Removals of 
La Bahia and 
Espiritu Santo 



Villa of San 
Fernando es- 
tablished 



Reduction of 
forts. 



Almazan' was governor from 1722 to 1726, but the country 
did not continue to prosper. The Indian wars began to harass 
the settlers and to make missionary hfe dangerous and uncertain. 
The estabhshments on Espiritu Santo Bay were abandoned and 
removed to the interior in 1725, the presidio of La Bahia and 
the mission of Espiritu Santo being then located in the valley of 
the Guadalupe above Victoria, where their ruins may yet be 
seen. Again, in 1749, these two noted establishments were 

transferred to the San Antonio River, 
near the present town of Goliad, 
where the old church of the fort is 
still used for worship, and the mis- 
sion is occupied as a tenant house 
on a farm. 

Melchor de Mediavilla succeeded 
Almazan', from 1727 to 1730. In 
Aguayo's time he had recommended 
that two hundred families of Tlaxcal- 
tecs and four hundred families from 
the Canary Islands should be brought 
to Bejar, and his suggestion was ap- 
pro\'ed as to the immigrants from 
the Canaries, but great delays had 
occurred in the matter. Finally, in 
1730, the villa or town of San Fer- 
nando, being part of the subsequent 
city of San Antonio, was founded, fifteen families from the 
Canaries were imported, and a regular settlement began at 
that point. In 1727-28, General Rivera visited and inspected 
the missions and garrisons of the province. He found things 
in a reasonably prosperous condition, but recommended a re- 
duction of the military posts and the abandonment of some 
stations. This met with violent protests from the priests, and it 
was the beginning of a long and bitter contest between the mis- 
sionaries and the military, which produced no end of trouble, 
and greatly crippled the labors of the priests among the Indians. 
The presidio of Tejas was abandoned in 1727, and all the 
others were reduced. Thus deprived of adequate protection, 




I OF San Jose Mission. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



71 



the friars in Eastern Texas transferred three of their missions — 
San Francisco de los Tejas, La Purissima Concepcion, and San 
Jose de los Nazonis — to Bejar, where the hist named became San 
Juan Capristano, to distinguish it from San Jose de Aguayo. while 
San Francisco de los Tejas became San Francisco de 1' Espada. 
The priests of the other missions in the east still maintained for 
a while a precarious existence along the Trinity, Neches, and 
Sabine, under the protection of the small garrison at Pilar. 



Pkriod 1. 
Spanish 

domina'i ion 

I52S 

TO 
I82I 




The Apaches were very fierce and warlike in those years, and Apache wars 
under the governorship of Sandoval, in 1734, there was continual 
war with the bands of that tribe. In 1735, the French removed 
their fort of Natchitoches from its former location to the west 
bank of the Red River, which pro\oked loud protests from the 
Spaniards, who claimed that river as the boundary. 

From 1736 to 1760 there was a succession of governors, — 
Frantjuiz', Orobio, Wintuis'sen, Boneo, Larios, Espriella, Bar- 
rios, — all of whom had trouble with the missionaries, owing to 
the insolence of the soldiers, the reduction of militar\' protection, 
and the generalh^ worthless character of the men who were sent 
to govern the country. 



72 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

ro 
1 82 1 



Mission San 
Saba 

San Javier 

missions 



In 1740, the Marquis de Altamira (al-ta-me'-ra) was sent to 
visit and inspect the condition of affairs in Texas, which he did, 
giving a very satisfactory history of all the events that had oc- 
curred to that date. In the mean time the Apaches, who were 
the hereditary foes of the Comanches (k5-man'-chaz), being 
threatened with destruction by the latter, proposed peace and 
missionary residence as a protection. After much discussion as 
to the location of the proposed Apache mission, it was finally 
established on the San Saba River, and called the mission San 
Saba, in 1756. In 1744, a mission called San Ildefonso was 
founded on the San Javier (hii'-ve-ar or ziiv'-i-er) River, the ex- 
act location of which is not known, but believed to have been 

some one of the upper tributa- 
ries of the Nueces or the Colo- 
rado. Near it were also estab- 
lished Candelaria and San 
Ja\'ier. These were unfortunate 
and involved in disaster from 
the first, until, becoming very 
feeble, they were removed to 
the San Marcos River, in 1753, 
and in 1756 they failed alto- 
gether. 

Contraband trade was car- 
ried on extensively between Texas and Mexico and Louisiana, 
and frequent disputes arose as to the boundary. In 1755, a 
mission called Arco.quisac (ar-ko-ke'-sac), with the accompany- 
ing presidio of San Augustin de Ahumada, was established on 
the Trinity River, southwest of Nacogdoches. In 1763, the 
Sevoi }'i'ars' War in Europe was concluded, one of the results 
being that France ceded to Spain the city of New Orleans, on 
the cast side of the Mississippi River, and all of the territory of 
Louisiana lying west of that stream, which extended indefinitely 
to the north and west. This ended the boundary dispute for 
nearly twenty years. 

In 1758, the Comanches attacked the mission San Saba and 
destroyed it, murdering most of the inmates. To punish this 
outrage. Colonel Diego Ortiz Parilla (par-el'-ya), in 1759, at the 




Mission San Juan Capristano. 



Arcoquisac 
and San Au- 
gustin de Ahu 
mada 



Louisiana 



Mission San 
Saba de- 
stroyed 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



head of five hundred men and a large force of Apache alhes, period i. . 
undertook a campaiq-n against the Indians. He came upon the oo^^nIt"on 



U/? 



^(^Jc,v 



'^''.,/ 





1 


/-. 






v5 






r^ 


( 










'1 


s \ , 





1755. 

(Befoie French and 
Indian War.) 




1528 

TO 
1821 



> 



[.'■""^k.. 






V V N 1-- !) 






"^ \^.'^' 1: 1; V. \\ I r o 1: ^ 



1763. 



,N 



:V 



After cUiso of ^ 
iicli ami Indian fes 



V 



C VLF OF Mr.XlCO 



^ 

^M-^ 



\i-i 



W.ir.) 



4 \\ 



.Maps showing Changes in Territory Owned by Different European Nations 
DURING Eighteenth Century. 



hostile camp in the San Teodoro region on the upper Red 
River, where the Indians were gathered to the number of 
six thousand, armed with guns, lances, and sabres, and 
floating the French flag. They at once sallied out to 
meet Parilla's army, and the Spaniards fled in a panic, 
leaving their artillery behind them, and completely terror- 
ized by the Indians. This success made the wild tribes 
bolder than ever, and for several years they raided the 
whole country. Parilla's expedition had cost sixty thou- 




74 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
'..S2I 



Marquis de 
Rubi 



Governor 
O'Conor 



sand dollars. Governor Martos came in 1760, and Felipe de 
Ravago succeeded Parilla in the military command. After re- 
peated disasters and growing discontent, all the missions in 
the west were abandoned a few years later. In 1765, Hugo 
O'Conor became governor, and 
in 1767 the Marquis de Rubi (ro- 
be) visited all the northern prov- 
inces of Mexico on a tour of in- 
spection, reaching Texas in August 
of that year. His report was ex- 
haustive and intelligent, and his 
recommendations were bold and 
reasonable. He advocated unre- 
lenting war upon the wild Indians, 
the abandonment of Arcoqui'sac, 
los Adaes, and the missions among 
the Aes and at Nacogdoches, and 
the establishment of a line of forts, 
with La Bahia and Bejar as the base 
of operations. Governor O'Conor 
adopted as far as possible these 
ideas, fortifying Bejar and pacify- 
ing the Indians by fear, they calling him the "Red Captain." 
He travelled extensively over the pro\'ince and was very popu- 
lar, showing the good sense, tact, and ready courage of his 
Celtic origin. He retired from office in 1770, being succeeded 
by the Baron de Ripperda', who also recommended vigorous 
measures and a warlike policy. But the home government did 
not respond to these suggestions, and, on account of the con- 
tinued Indian wars and the general insecurity of affairs, there 
was a strong disposition at this lime among the colonists to 

abandon the province alto- 
gether. As it was, the gov- 
ernment seems to ha\'e de- 
cided to practically abandon 
its establishments in East- 
ern Texas and confine its 
aid to La IJahia and Bejar. 




Window of Mission San Josii. 




FAC-SlMll.li Ol- Kll'l-KKUA'S SlONATURIi 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



75 




In 1770, De Mezieres, the Spanish commander in Louisiana, 
made an effort to reduce the Indians aloni);^ the Sabine and Red 
Rivers, and visited Texas to confer with the authorities here on 
the subject. He reported the number, names, and characteris- 
tics of the various tribes with whom he had come in contact in 
that region, but the names and localities are so confused and 
vague as to be almost unintelligible. 

Between 1772 and 1778, all the missions and presidios in 
the east, except at Nacogdoches, were practically suspended 
and their inhabitants removed to Bejar and La Bahia. In 1778, 
General Croix, the commander of the 
Internal Provinces of Northern Mexico, 
came to Texas and made a thorough 
inspection of affairs here, and Father 
Lopez, the president of the Texas mis- 
sions, in 1783, prepared a report of 
their condition at that date. In 1772, 
Don Antonio Bonilla (bo-ner-ya). an 
officer in the Spanish army of Mexico, 
wrote a brief summary or coynpend of 
the events in Texas from 1689 to 1772, 
compiled from official sources. In the hurrying events of those 
times. Father Juan Augustin Morfi kept historical memoirs of 
the progress of affairs in Texas, to the date of his death in 1783. 
From these sources, together with the Marquis de Altamira's 
report of Texas history during the years preceding 1740, the 
facts related in this chapter have been mainly collected. 

According to all the authorities, there were in Texas, at the 
close of the century, the following Spanish settlements, being 
composed of the missions and presidios and attached villages : 
The presidio of San Antonio de Bejar, with the neighboring villa 
of San Fernando, and, near by, the missions of San Antonio de 
Valero, San Jose de Aguayo, La Purissima Concepcion de Acuna, 
San Juan Capristano, and San Francisco de 1' Espada, the three 
last named having been originally founded in Eastern Texas and 
removed to Bejar, the mission Espada being the old mission of 
San Francisco de los Tejas. In addition to the Bejar establish- 
ments, were these : Presidio of La Bahia, originally founded at 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Removal of 
eastern mis- 
sions and pre- 
sidios 



Old Stone Fori ai Naci 
(Built in 177S.) 



GDOCHKS. 



Sources of in- 
formation on 
those days 



State of Span- 
ish occupation 
of Texas at the 
end of century 



76 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



old Fort St. Louis and removed twice, the last time to the San 
Antonio near Goliad ; and attached to it, the mission of Espiritu 
Santo, also removed h'om its original location on the bay of that 
name ; the mission Rosario, near to La Bahia ; the mission Re- 
fugio, the last of the Texas missions, established in 1791 ; the 
mission at Nacogdoches, being the original mission of Our Lady 




Map of Texas in Ek;ii i i;i:n i h Ckntl'rv. (Showing 
location of Spanisli missions and presidios.) 



Failure of the 
missions 



of Guadalupe, founded in 17 16, and combined with that of Bu- 
careli. All the others had been suppressed or abandoned, and 
the century's labor in the missionary field seemed to have been a 
mournful failure. The number of natives converted since 1690 was 
ten thousand, and at no one time had there been o\'er two thou- 
sand reduced Indians. In 1783, there were about four hundred 
and sixty mission Indians in the several establishments named. 



SRANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



11 



while the total number of S{)anish soldiers and settlers in the 
province was about two thousantl six hundred. The missions 
were all secularized — that is, deprived of government aid and 
protection — in 1794, by Pedro de Nava, and the country passed 
entirely into the hands of the civil and military rulers of Mexico. 
The Mission Period had ended, and little remained to attest the 
long years of suffering and sacrifice, save the noble lives of many 
of the priests, and the stately and enduring temples they erected 
in this far-off wilderness, whose melancholy but imposing ruins 
still preserve their memories. 

It will be observed that in the foregoing account and list of 
the early missions, no notice is made of the historic Alamo 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
182I 




ral'-a-mo), so dear and sacred to Texans. The origin and 

mutations of that establishment are involved in some confusion 

and doubt. The Alamo was originally not properly speaking a The origin of 

mission, but was rather a chapel or parish church attached to the ch^urch™ 

missionary foundation of some larger establishment. It appears 

to have had at one time some connection with the mission San 

Antonio de Valero, and was probably built by Father Olivares 

to accommodate the converts he brought from San Francisco 

Solano. It also appears to have had some attachment with San 

Jose de Aguayo, and the solution of the matter would seem to 

be that this church was a sort of independent or overHow chapel 



yg A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period 1. for the missions near Bejar, being used in connection with any 
Spanish ^^^ ,^jj ^^j ^.j^^^^^ jj^ j,^I^q^ outside the missions themselves, and 

Domination t i- i i i 

— ^, perhaps as an auxiUary to the latter. It did not always stand 

TO where its interesting ruins are now ; it was at one time located 

1821 near San Pedro Springs, then removed to the military plaza of 

the \'illa de San Fernando, and finally to its present place on the 
Alamo plaza, outside the limits of the village. A tablet in the 
front wall of the chapel as it now stands bears the date 1754, 
but the removal occurred in 1744. The word Alamo means 
in Spanish, poplar, and hence the name of the establishment 
in English would be the Poplar Church. It ceased to be used 
as a parish church in 1793, and the outer walls, stockade, and 
other buildings were destroyed after or during the siege in 1836. 
the chapel proper being all that is left. 

The last years of the eighteenth century were barren of 
important events in Texas. The culmination of momentous 
policies and transactions in Europe was hastening a crisis for 
Spain, that was destined ere long to leave her helpless at home 
Coming events and shorn of all her possessions abroad. The formation of an 
independent and powerful confederacy of free states in the 
regions north of Texas, animated by tlie hereditary traditions 
and principles of English liberty and law, reinforced by a new 
doctrine of popular sovereignty, soon set in operation a train of 
influences that were to exert a controlling weight in the future 
development of this thinly settled, outlying pro\'ince of Mexico, 
and eventually to enroll it among the co-equal States of the 
great Union of the North. 




The Gkanarv ap Mission San Jos6. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 79 



QUESTIONS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



At the time of La Salle's death, by whom and to what extent had the ^^2^ 

Spaniards explored the rej^ion of Texas ? Give the names of tlie to 

explorers, and the dates of the various explorations that had been made 1S21 

in that region, prior to 1685. What name, if any, was then given to 
Texas, and what was known of the country? Why was it not perma- 
nently occupied by the Spaniards at an earlier date ? Who made a report 
in regard to Texas in 1686, and by what authority? What was the sub- 
stance of his report? What Indian tribes did he locate, and where? 
What is the true origin of the name Texas? Where did the Tejas Indians 
live ? What was the region of Texas called on the old maps of Mexiccj 
or New Spain? In what did the history of the country consist iox the 
next hundred years after La Salle's death? What is that period usually 
called? How did the Spaniards learn of La Salle's visit to Texas? 
What did the viceroy of New Spain then do ? When did the first Spanish 
expedition for the occupation of Texas set out, from what place, under 
whose command, and who accompanied the expedition? Where did De 
Leon cr(«s the Rio Grande, and what Texas rivers did he cross and 
name? When did he reach the location of La Salle's fort on Lavaca or 
Espiritu Santo Bay ? Whither did he go from there ? Whom did he send 
for, and what did he do with them ? Who visited De Leon before his 
return to Mexico? When did De Leon make his second expedition to 
Texas, for what purpose, and with what companions ? Where did he first 
go on that expedition ? Who came to see him there, and what did he do 
in consequence? When, where, and by whom was the first Spanish 
mission in the interior of Texas founded, and what was it called? De- 
scribe what was done in regard to that mission. Whom did De Leon 
capture while among the Tejas Indians ? What did lie report on his return 
to Mexico ? Who was the first Spanish governor of Coahuila and Texas ? 
When was he appointed, and with what instructions ? Describe his coming 
to Texas. What did he find at the Tejas mission ? What new mission did 
he found near there, and what did Teran then do ? What became of these 
missions on the Trinity? What occurred during the next twenty-two 
years ? What jjortions of the country were then claimed by the Spanish 
and French ? To what extent did the French explore Texas ? By whose 
authority, when, and under whose command was a French expedition fitted 
out to Texas ? Describe the route and adventures of St. Denis. What 
point did he finally reach, and what occurred there ? Where did he go from 
tiiere ? With what results ? Describe the Spanish expedition to Texas 
under St. Denis and Ramon. When did it enter Texas, and who accom- 
panied it? How many missions did they establish? Give the names, 
locations, and dates of the founding of each. What were the character 
and habits of the Indians of Texas, and what was the consequence? 
What can you say of St. Denis's influence among the Indians? What 



go A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

happened to him ? Who was the next Spanish governor of Texas, and 
when did he come? What were his instructions? What noted presidio 
did he estabhsh, and when? What did the priests say about this 

'528 governor? What mission was at this time estabHshed at Bejar, and by 

'° whom? What places were the first capitals of Texas? Who was La 

1821 Hari)e, and when and where did he first attempt a settlement in Texas? 

What occurred in 1719 between France and Spain, and what happened in 
Texas as the result ? When and where did La Harpe attempt another 
settlement? Who was the next governor of Coahuila and Texas, when 
was he appointed, and what was his character? Describe his administra- 
tion and labors in Texas. Wliat important garrisons and missions did he 
establish and restore? What presidio and mission did he establish at 
and near the location of old Fort St. Louis ? What noted mission was 
founded and named for him, when, and where was it located ? When did 
Aguayo return to Coahuila, and in what condition did he leave Texas ? 
Who succeeded him, and for how long? What was the condition of 
Texas during that time? Describe the changes that occurred in the 
locations of the presidio and mission on Espiritu Santo Bay, with dates of 
changes. Who succeeded Almazan, and how long was he governor? 
What had Aguayo recommended in regard to colonists ? What town or 
villa was founded in 1730, and who were its first inhabitants? Who 
visited the missions in 1727-28, what did he find and recommend, and 
what ensued? What occurred in 1727? W1iat missions were transferred 
from Eastern Texas in that year, to what place, and what were their new 
names after the transfer? What troubles with Indians occurred during 
those years? What did the French do in 1735? What governors ruled 
in Texas from 1736 to 1760, and what was the condition of things among 
the missionaries? Who visited Texas in 1740, and what did he do? 
When, where, and for what purpose was the San Saba Mission established ? 
When and where was the San Ildefonso Mission founded, and what other 
missions were located near it ? What were the history and fate of those 
missions? What sort of trade was carried on between Texas and 
Louisiana, and what dispute then arose ? When and where was the mis- 
sion of Arcoquisac founded? What presidio was established near to it? 
What occurred in Europe in 1763, and with what results in America? 
Wlit^n and how was the San Saba Mission destroyed ? \\' hat expedition 
was undertaken to punish the Indians, with what experience and results? 
Describe what occurred in Texas in 1760 and the few following years. 
Who became governor in 1765? What celebrated man visited Texas in 
1767, and what did he do and recommend to the government of New 
Spain ? Describe the character and administration of Governor O'Conor. 
Who succeeded him, and when? What was the conduct of the home 
government, and its effects in Texas? Who was De MezitJr^s, and what 
did he do ? What occurred to the missions in Eastern Texas between 
1772 and 1778? Who visited Texas in 1778 and 1783? What did they 
do ? Who was Bonilla, and when and what did he write ? Who 



Spanish 
Domination 



TO 

1821 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 8 [ 

else wrote an account of those times in Texas ? At the close of the Period I. 
eighteenth century, what Spanish settlements were there at and near 
Bejar ? Give the names and locations of the other missions and presidios 
in Texas at that time. When and where was the last mission founded in 1528 

Texas ? How many Indians were converted since the first mission was 
founded in 1690? How many reduced Indians were there in and around 
the missions at any one date during that period? In 1783, how many 
mission Indians were there in Texas, and how many Spaniards ? When 
and how did the Mission Period end ? What was meant by secularizi7ig 
the missions? What can j-ou say of the general results of the Mission 
Period? What mission is peculiarly dear to Texans? What was the 
Alamo originally, properly speaking? How, when, and by whom was it 
probably built? In connection with what missions was it at first used, 
and how? Describe its location at different times. When was it 
removed to its present location ? What, if anything, is there to indicate 
when the present chapel was built ? What does the word " Alamo" mean 
in English ? When did the Alamo cease to be used as a church ? When 
and how were the original mission buildings destroyed, and what is the 
building that still stands? What occurred in Texas during the last years 
of the eighteenth century ? What were the condition and prospects of 
Spain at that time ? What important events had occurred in other por- 
tions of North America, and what influence did they have on the future 
destiny of Texas ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. Extent of knowledge of Texas at the beginning of Spanish occu- 
pation in 1690 ; why it had not been more thoroughly explored and occu- 
pied ; causes of the effort by the Spaniards to occupy it in 1690. 

2. The Mission Period, how inaugurated ; date and location of the 
first Te.vas mission ; subsequent missions and their difficulties ; early 
missions first established in Eastern Texas among the Tejas and allied 
tribes. 

3. Beginning of Indian wars, troubles between priests and soldiers as 
to management of Indians. 

4. Founding of the presidio and town of Bejar, and the subsequent 
establishment of the capital of Texas there ; removal of missions from 
Eastern Texas to that point. 

5. Contraband trade with French in Louisiana and expedition of St. 
Denis to Texas ; beginning of the dispute between Spain and France as 
to the eastern boundary of Texas. 

6. Territorial changes in North America caused by European and 
Indian wars ; Louisiana acquired by Spain in 1763, and gradual growth of 
trade across Texas to Mexico from New Orleans and Mobile. 

7. Feeble and unsuccessful attempts to colonize and civilize Texas 
during eighteenth century ; gradual reduction of garrisons and concentra- 
tion of missions around Bejar and in Western Texas. 

6 



82 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pkriod I. 8. The practical failure of the Mission Period as a means of convert- 

Spanish jpg ti,g natives, or of setUing the country ; contrast the results of the 
oMi NATION 5pjjj-,j>^|i methods of colonization with those of the English, in North 
1528 America. 

"•"^ 9. Influence of the American Revolution upon the future destiny of 

ib2i Mexico and Texas, beginning to show itself at the end of the eighteenth 

century. 

Geography. 

The map of Texas during the eighteenth century should be tlioroughly 
studied, and all missions, presidios, and towns founded during that period 
should be located on that map and compared with the map of Texas at the 
present time. The student should be required to make an outline map of 
the province of Texas, and to locate thereon every Spanish settlement 
and missionary station mentioned in this chapter, showing its relative 
position in connection with the modern geography of the State. 

Parallel Readings. 

H. H. Bancroft's "North Mexican States and Texas;" Winsor's 
" Narrative and Critical History," Vol. VIII., Chap. IV., "Spanish North 
America;" ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897) ; Park- 
man's "Jesuits in America." 




Aqukduci at Mission San J;:an. 



CHAPTER V. 



The Indian Tribes of Spanish Texas. 

CERTAIN errors that have obtained in regard to the 
American Indians should be corrected. It has been 
customary to write and think of them as nomadic, — 
without fixed homes and wandering at will over the 
face of the country. This is a mistake. There may have been 
a timevvhen such a condition existed as to the whole Indian race 
in North America ; but it was before the white man discovered 
this continent. There have been times in the history of single 
tribes, and of groups of tribes, when such a condition existed, 
since the Ej^u'opeans came ; but it was always temporary and un- 
usual, — produced by tribal wars and revolutions, or by the con- 
tact and conquest of the white man. The Indians, as a rule, had 
fixed homes and a permanent territory within which each tribe, 
family of tribes, or portions of a tribal family customarily dwelt. 
This district was often extensive and indefinite in its boundaries, 
and within its limits the natives were accustomed to wander 
widely and frequently. Sometimes it was necessary to change the 
residence of the tribe at different seasons of the year in order to 
find water and game, and for other necessary reasons ; and there 
was an annual or semi-annual migration for that purpose. With 
the introduction of horses by the Europeans, the means and the 
inducements for travelling great distances were multiplied, and 
the tribal movements became correspondingly more frequent and 
extensive. The knowledge and use of fire-arms, likewise, ren- 
dered the Indians more restless and movable, by offering temp- 
tations to war and the chase. These two influences — the horse 
and the gun — were very powerful among the tribes of the west 
and southwest, w^here contact with the Spaniards brought them 
into use among the Indians very soon after the conquest of 
Mexico. But these facts were exceptional. The Indian tribes 

a3 



Period I. 

Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 
IS2I 



Popular errors 
about Indians 



Sedentary, not 
nomadic 



g^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period I. were generally sedentary, and not nomadic ; or, rather, most 



Spanish 
Domination 



1528 

TO 



of them were migrato?y, that is, nomadic within certain cus- 
tomary limits. 

Another error is, that the Indians were very numerous. In 
1 82 1 proportion to the territory occupied, this was not true. Their 

permanent homes, were usually in desirable spots, along the 
Not numerous streams, in fertile valleys, where fishing and hunting were good, 
and when all were gathered there in their villages, the numbers 
seemed large. The white settlers generally sought the same 
localities for the same reasons, and, seeing many Indians there, 
they assumed that the whole country was populated to the 
same extent. Again, the colonists would frequently meet mem- 
bers of the same tribe in different parts of the country at different 
times, and, not distinguishing them, the same Indians were counted 
two or three times. 
Other traits Other important facts to be observed are, that the several 

American tribes, instead of speaking kindred dialects of one 
common language, really spoke entirely distinct tongues, 
which are evidences of their distinct family origin ; that among 
all these tribes, property, including land, was owned and 
held in common for the whole tribe, and not in severalty 
among the individuals composing it ; and that, when first 
discovered by the white men, none of the tribes had pro- 
gressed far enough in agriculture to have abandoned the hunter 
state. 

These general observations apply to the Indians of Texas, 

as well as to all others found on this continent. 

Classification Rcccnt rcscarch into the history and traits of the American 

Indians has led to many modifications in their naming and 

classification. Language has come to be recognized as the 

only sure basis for a correct scientific test of race kinship, and 

upon real identities of speech the arrangement into tribes, groups, 

and families is founded. Tried by this standard, the present 

state of knowledge divides the tribes of North America, north 

Linguistic of Mexico, '\Vl\.o fifty -cig Jit distinct lingnistic families. Of these, 

American ^^^ following/^?/r/r<f;^ were represented among the Indians found 

Indians in Texas at the time of its first exploration and settlement, or 

who came here soon afterwards : the Adaizan, Algonquian, Atha- 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 85 



pascan, Attakapan, Caddoan, Coahuiltecan, Iroquoian, Karan- 
kawan, Kiowan, Muskhogcan, Shoshonean, Siouan, Tafioan, 
and Tonkawan. 

It will be understood that these families of tribes are grouped 
according to the identity or constant similarity of dialect prevail- 
ing among the several tribes composing the family, however 
widely scattered. Some of the families are represented by a 
single tribe, while others include a great variety and number of 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 




Map of Indian Tribes of Texas. 

bands, living in different parts of the country, called by different 

names and popularly supposed to be distinct divisions or nations 

of Indians. Besides the regular family groups of native tribes independent 

above named, there were originally located in Texas several 

tribes which became extinct so early that they were not classified, 

and they should be first disposed of, as mdcpcndent tribes ; 

although, no doubt, they bore a family relationship to some one 

of the great family groups, as above arranged by the students of 

the subject. 

Chief among these independent tribes were the Cenis (sa'-nes) Cenis, Tejas, 
or Asinais. the Tejas, the Aes (a'-az), the Bedais (be-da'-iz), ^" ^^ 



86 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
182 I 



Adaizan 
family 



and some other smaller bands. They probably belonged to the 
Adaizan or Caddoan family, but the traces of their languages are 
so completely lost that it is impossible to speak with certainty 
in regard to them. Of these the Cenis or Asinais had villages 
along the Neches and Trinity Rivers, where La Salle found them 
in 1685 and 1686. They appear to have been a gentle, hos- 
pitable, kindly race, engaged to some extent in agriculture and 
comparatively permanent in their settlements. In 1689, De 
Leon met with them in his visit to the Tejas, who lived in the 
same vicinity and were the same or a kindred tribe. D' Iberville 
mentions them in his list of tribes in 1699, ^"^ as late as 17 14 
St. Denis visited among them and was kindly treated. They 
were included in the missionary district of the missions of San 
Francisco de los Tejas, Nacogdoches, Adaes, and Aes. Nas- 
sonites, Neches, Senais, and Nasonies are but variations of the 
same name as Cenis or Asinais. This tribe disappeared in the 
eighteenth century, and with it the neighboring and kindred 
ones of the Aes, B^dais, and the Tejas. 

Recurring to the several regular linguistic groups or families 
of Indians in Texas, both in early and later times, we may con- 
sider them in alphabetical order. 

I. The Adaizan Faviily. — This was represented by the single 
small tribe of the Adaes (ii-da'-az), located between the Neches 
and the Trinity Rivers, in the neighborhood . of the mission 
named for them. The name of this tribe came from a Caddo 
word meaning ' ' brushwood, ' ' which sufficiently indicates that 
they were accustomed to dwell in the timbered sections of the 
country. The same Indians were seen by Cabeza de Vaca in 
1530, during his capti\ity on the Texas coast, and he called 
them "Atayos. " The mission dc los Adaes was founded in 
17 15, and, with certain interruptions, continued until 1790, when 
all the eastern missions were moved to Bejar. At this time 
fourteen families of the Adaes were carried to San Antonio and 
given a (]uantity of irrigated mission land, known for many 
years as the field of the AdaeseTios. These families were ab- 
sorbed among other tribes around Bejar, while the remnant on 
the Sabine had dwindled to thirty persons in 1820, and is doubt- 
less entirely extinct. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 87 



2. The Algonqiiian Family. — As is well known, the Algon- 1'i:riod i. 

Spanish 
dominai ion 



quin tribes constituted one of the most powerful and extensive 



uroups of American Indians, and their history in their old homes „ 

' ' • . 152b 

along the St. Lawrence and through the eastern and middle to 

]:)ortions of the Union is full of romance, tragedy, and adventure. 182 1 

None of this family were originally found in Texas by the 

Europeans ; but the two tribes of the Kickapoo and Delaware Aigonquian 

came later, as the result of the general westward movement of ^""^ ^ 

the Indians, caused by the spreading settlements of the whites 

and consequent disturbances among the natives. This probably 

occurred in the eighteenth century or about the close of that 

period, as neither the Kickapoos nor Delawares are mentioned 

until 1813. Austin's colonists in 1822 found the Kickapoos Kickapoos 

on the Trinity, living in villages, with their 

hunting-parties scattered from the coast to - ^~- 

Red River. They were at first friendly, 

and some of the bands remained so ; but 

their chiefs seemed to act independently of 

any tribal responsibility, and many bloody 

battles occurred in after times between the 

Texans and Kickapoo warriors. The Dela- 

, , , , , Indian Pipks. 

wares, on the other hand, were always 

friendly, and their services as guides, peacemakers, interpreters, Delawares 

and rescuers of captives among the hostile tribes, were invaluable 

to the colonists in Texas, to the army of the revolution in its 

campaigns, and to the Rangers in their frequent Indian battles. 

The tribe was usually found with the kindred Kickapoos and 

the Cherokees, along the Trinity and Neches, and later on the 

Brazos and Colorado. 

3. The Athapascan Faiiii/y. — The Texan branch of this Athapascan 
family was widely separated from its kindred, the home of the ^'^' ^ 
other portion of the group being in the northeastern part of the 
Dominion of Canada, along the Mackenzie River, and extending 
to the borders of Alaska. When this remote separation occurred 
is not known. The great representative of the family in Texas Apaches 
was the Apache, under which name were often included other 
distinct tribes of the same stock, as Lipan (le-pan') Apaches, 
Mescalero Apaches, Chiricahua (che-re-ka'-wii) Ai)aches, etc. ; 




88 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Lipans 



Attakapan 
family 



Caddoan 

la m i 1 y 



the Lipans, Mescaleros, and Chiricahuas being really separate 
tribes belonging to the same great confederacy, of which the 
Apaches were the leading spirits. The Apaches and Lipans 
originally inhabited from Central Texas to the Colorado River 
in Arizona ; the Lipans occupying the eastern portion of this 
district, from the Comanche country along Red River to the Rio 
Grande on the south, and to the Gulf on the east, their central 
locality being near Bandera Pass, fifty miles northwest of San 
Antonio. In after times the Lipans, under their 
liefs, Castro and F/acco, rendered distinguished aid 
to the Texans as scouts, trailers, and allies in the 
wars with other tribes. Owing to the treacherous 
and cruel murder of their chief F/acco by a white 
man, they became desperate foes, and their sub- 
sequent history is full of tragic interest to the 
frontier. The Apaches ranged from the 
Pecos to the Rio Grande, their real home 
being in the mountains of Mexico, New 
Mexico, and Arizona. They were a fierce 
and warlike tribe, and almost incessantly 
at war, with Mexico first and afterwards 
with Texas and the L^nited States. The 
Comanches were the hereditary foes of 
both the Lipans and Apaches, and it will be 
remembered that the Apache mission of 
San Saba was destroyed by the Comanches 
in 1758. The tribe of the Apaches at times professed a dis- 
jjosition for peace and civilization, but invariably relapsed into 
savagery, and their later history is a bloody and ferocious record, 
as well in Texas as in Mexico and the United States. 

4. F/ic Attak'apan' Family. — The name of this linguistic 
group is from a Choctaw word meaning "man-eater." They 
were located in early times along the Louisiana and Texas boun- 
dary, very few of them living or coming into Texas. They seem 
to have had some connection with the Karankavvas, who li\'ed 
farther down the coast, and the tribe is now extinct. 

5. The Caddoan Family. — This was a large and powerful 
group, including the Pawnees, of Nebraska, and the Ricarecs or 




y\N Ai'Afni'; Inijian. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 89 



Aricaras, of Dakota and Montana. In Texas it was represented period i. 

Spanish 
Domination 



by the loniesor Tachies, Nabadaches or Nacogdoches, Wichitiis, 
Kechais or Keechies, the Caddos proper, Wacos, Towash, Ana- ' 

darkos, and Tawakanas or Tehuacanas. The name Caddo meant to 

"chiefs" or "chief men." In Texas, the Caddoan tribes occu- 1821 

pied the northeast and most of the eastern part of the province, 
while some of them, like the Wichitas, extended westward to 
the country along the mountains and rivers of the upper Cross- 
Timbers. The Caddos proper were in Louisiana and just across Location 
the line in Texas. The Keechies were located on the Trinity 
and east to Red River ; the Wacos on the Brazos near the 
city which preserves their memory ; the Tawakanas farther 
east, where the Spanish form of their name is perpetuated in 
the Tehuacana Hills and Springs ; the Towash had a village 
high up the Brazos ; the Ionics or Tachies roamed the upper 
Trinity, with the Anadarkos in the same locality ; and the Na- 
badaches or Nacogd6ches dwelt around their famous mission in 
Eastern Texas. 

The Caddo tribes thus covered all Texas east of the Brazos, 
except near the coast, and they figured early in the history of 
the country. They were closely associated with the Delawares, 
Kickapoos, and Cherokees, after the latter came to Texas, and 
many of them were often engaged in war against the whites. 
One band of them was friendly until the cowardly murder of their 
chief, Ca)ioma, by the white men, converted them into enemies. 

6. T/if Coahuiltecan (c6-a-wel'-ta-kan) /Y^;;///)'.— This group coahuiitecan 
is named for the State of Coahuila, in which they originally ^'"^ ^ 
partly lived, and sometimes they are spoken of as Tejanos 
(ta-ha'-n5s). There were many of these tribes in southw.estern 

Texas, along the Rio Grande and in the neighborhood of Be- 
jar and La Bahia, extending into Tamaulipas, New Leon, and 
Coahuila. Among them maybe mentioned the Jaranamas (hiir- 
an-ii'-mas) or Aranamas, who were mission Indians of Espiritu Aranamas 
Santo and La Bahia, Anii'quas, Tacomas, Pataca'les, Pajal'ates, 
Tamaquez, Cotonames, Vena'dos, and many others, some of 
whom were probably merely totem clans. 

7. The Iroqiioian Family. — Of this formidable and historic iroquoian 
group, the only representative in Texas was the Cherokee tribe, ^'"' ^ 



90 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



PkRI(i|> I. 

Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Karankawan 
family 



Karanka%vas 




KidWA ("mil 



Muskhogcan 
family 

Alibamus and 
Cushattas 



— perhaps the most interesting- and civilized, as it has been 
the most important single tribe, in American history. When, 
in consequence of treaties and cessions between the United 
States and the Cherokee Nation, the latter was largely removed 
west of the Mississippi River, from 1818 to 1833, bands of 
Cherokees came into Texas, and the relations of the Republic 
and State of Texas with them constitute an important chapter in 
our sulwequent history. 

8. The Karankawan Family. — This family was composed of 
the single tribe of the Karan'kawas in Texas, who dwelt on San 
Bernard or Matagorda Bay and the adjacent coast. They were 
a ferocious, brutal, and degraded tribe, said to be cannibals, 
and it was with them La Salle first came in contact when he 
landed at the mouth of the Guadalupe River. They were 
physically very large, armed with long bows, and hideously dec- 
orated with painting and tattooing. There were but a few hun- 
dred of them, but they were a terror to the early settlers, and 
committed many murders among the colonists. By reason of 
their ferocity and isolated position on the coast, they remained 
in existence until 1847, when the remnant of the tribe crossed 
the Rio Grande and disappeared into Mexico. The 
missions of Espiritu Santo, Refugio, and Rosario 
labored in vain to convert the Karan'kawas, but 
they remained to the end savages and brutes. 

g. TJw /\i'o7('a7i Faini/y. — The Kiowas (ki-5- 
was') really had no fixed abode in Texas, their home 
being on the Platte and Arkansas Rivers. They 
were the common allies of the Comanches, and were 
always found associated with the latter in Texas and 
elsewhere ; so that the history of the one tribe is 
practically the history of the other. 

10. The Mnskhoi^can Family, which takes its 
name from its principal tribe, the Muskhogee or 
Creek, was represented in Texas by the Alibii'mu and 
the Cushiit'ta or Koasati tribes, with perhaps a few Seminoles. 
The Alibii'mu were in Eastern Texas, on the Neches and extend- 
ing to the Trinity, and but litde is known of them in history, as 
they bore no conspicuous part. There is a remnant of the tribe 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



91 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
I82I 



living^ in Polk County. The Cushiit'tas lived on the lower Trinity, 
and the mission and presidio of Arcoqui'sac were built among 
them. They laid out the old " Cushat' ta Trace," or road, from 
East Texas to La Bahia, which was a great highway for trade 
between Louisiana and Mexico in the earlier years of this cen- 
tury and the close of the last. The Cushiit'tas were brave allies 
of the Americans and Mexicans in the revolutionary expedi- 
tions which occurred in Texas from 18 11 to 1820, and they were 
always a friendly race. A remnant of them still survives in San 
[acinto County. 

1 1 . The Shoshon' ean Family. — To this linguistic group belong shoshonean 
the Bannocks, L^tes, and Shoshon'ees proper, from New Mexico *^^™''>' 

to Oregon, and in Texas they were represented by that most 
warlike and indomitable of all our Lidian foes, — the Comanches. 
The Comanches extended from the head waters of the Arkansas Comanches 
and Red Rivers east and south into Texas. 
The tribe was a confederacy of hostile bands, 
ha\ing separate chiefs and called by differ- 
ent names. They had no general name for 
the whole tribe, but preferred to be called 
Naiini — "live people," — and their depre- 
dations for a hundred years certainly entitle 
them to that description. The Comanches 
had lived in the location where they were 
first discovered for many years, perhaps 
centuries. When they became possessed 
of horses and fire-arms, their roving and v. 
warlike disposition made them dangerous 
to the whole frontier, and, perhaps, for 
rapid marauding, skilful manoeuvring on 
the plains, and expert horseback fighting, 

tliey have had no equals in the annals of sa\age warfare. We 
shall meet with them often in the subsequent history of Texas. 

12. The Siou' an Faiiii/v, which includes the Sioux (so) siouan family 
proper, Dakotahs, Winnebagoes, Osages, and other great tribes 

of the east and north, had in Texas a small representative in the 
Biloxis, who were located on the Louisiana line, reaching over Biioxis 
into Eastern Texas. They were unimportant, their influence 




A Co.MANCHE Indian. 



92 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
182 1 



Tanoan family 



Teguas 



Tonkawan 
family 




ri.ACIIX), CllIKK Ol' 
TONKAWAS. 



Fate of Texas 

Indians 



being blended with that of th(i other small tribes in that locality. 
Their powerful kindred, the Osages, in the north towards Mis- 
souri, had considerable influence on the conduct and disposition 
of the Indians in Louisiana ^nd Texas. 

13. The Tanoan Family were what are known as pueblo 
Indians, — that is, they dwelt in permanent villages {pueblos) 
built of stone and adobe, and pursued agriculture and other 
peaceful occupations. These tribes were originally located in 
New Mexico and Arizona, but in the great Indian revolt of 1680 
-82 some of them were driven south into Texas and remained 
here. Among these were the Teguas (ta'-waz) or Tiguex (te'- 
gwaz), who founded the old village of Isleta, near El Paso, and 
the Carizos (ka-re'-soz) or Keri'sas, who located on the lower 
Rio Grande in what are now Zapata and adjoining counties. 
These tribes were peaceable and industrious, and a few of them 
are still left along the Rio Grande, retaining the traits of their 
Zufii and Moqui brethren in the north. 

14. The Ton' kazvaji' Family. — This family in Texas was con- 
spicuous in the single interesting tribe of the Ton'kawas', a name 
signifying, in the Caddo language, "they all stay together." 

They are first mentioned in 17 19, as roaming over 
Western and Southern Texas, and the white people 
found them camped on the old road from Bejar to 
Nacogdoches. There were about five hundred of 
them, and they were always friendly and serviceable 
to the white settlers, although they would steal 
horses and commit small offences. Their great 
chief, Placido (pla-se'-do) was a noble specimen of 
Indian manhood, — brave, wise, and faithful, — and 
liis many services and heroic death deserve to be 
remembered by all Texans, as a redeeming figure 
in the long and bloody array of Indian celebrities of 
our early history. 

The foregoing outline sufficiently exhibits the 
names, localities, and traits of the principal Indian 
tribes whose history is blended with the settlement and devel- 
opment of Texas. Most of them passed away with the advent 
of the American colonists, and their "short and simple annals" 



Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. g^ 

faded into the momentous chronicle of the white man's conquest Period i. 
and supremacy over the land of their fathers. Those who re- 
mained to contest the victory and harass the victors, will further 
appear in the history of the frontier struggles and Indian hos- 
tilities of later Texas. 182 1 



QUESTIONS. 

What error generally prevails as to the American Indians being noma- 
dic in their habits ? What were the real facts in this regard ? What is the 
distinction between nomadic, migratory, and sedentary ? Under which 
head did the Indians come, and explain why? How did the use of horses 
and fire-arms affect the habits of the Indians in this respect? What, if 
any, difference was there between the Indians of the west and southwest 
and those of the eastern part of the continent in this regard? What error 
has existed, and how did it arise, as to the numbers of the original In- 
dians of the country ? What were the true facts ? What important facts 
are to be noted in regard to all the Indians in the matters of language, 
rights of property, and pursuits of the various tribes ? What is the true 
test of kinship among the Indian tribes ? Tried by this test, how many 
groups or families of American Indians north of Mexico have been classi- 
fied? Give their names. How many of these are represented in the 
history of Texas, and which were they ? How many tribes does it take 
to constitute a linguistic family ? What can you say of certain early tribes 
in Texas that did not belong to any of the families named ? Who were 
the Cenis or Asinais, where did they live, and what was their character? 
By what early explorers and at what dates were they met with ? What 
became of them ? Name the other independent tribes of Texas, where 
did they live, and what became of them ? By what tribe was the Adaizan 
family of Indian tribes represented in Texas? What did the name signify, 
and where did they live, and what became of them ? At what early date 
and by what explorer were they seen, and what did he call them ? What 
mission was founded among this tribe, and when ? What can you say of 
the Algonquian family? What tribes of that family once lived in Texas, 
and when did they come here ? Where did they originally settle in Texas, 
and what were their habits ? What relations did the Kickapoos bear to 
the white men in the subsequent history of the tribe ? Where did the 
Delawares live, and what were their character and relations to the white 
men ? What can you say of the Athapascan family and its separation ? 
What principal tribe of this family roamed in Texas ? How were the 
Apaches divided? Where did the Lipans and Apaches originally live in 
Texas? What two noted Lipan chiefs figured in Texas history? What 
event made the Lipans hostile to whites in Texas? Where was the real 



94 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. home of the Apaches, and what has been their character since known to 

Spanish the white race ? With what tribe were they always at war ? What tragic 

to.M^TioN ^^^^^ resulted from this ? What has been the record of the Apaches in 

1528 Texas history ? What is the origin of the name of the Attakapan family ? 

'^° Where did the principal tribes of this group live ? What powerful tribes 

^_^ are embraced in the Caddoan family of Indians? What does the word 

"Caddo" mean? What tribes of that linguistic group lived in Texas? 
What localities still preserve the names of tribes of the Caddoans in 
Texas? In what parts of the State did these tribes live? With what 
other tribes were they always closely associated ? What caused them to 
become enemies of the white men ? What is the origin of the name of 
the Coahuiltecan family ? Where did they live and what tribes did they 
include ? Of what linguistic family were the Cherokees the only repre- 
sentative in Texas? When and under what circumstances did they first 
come to Texas? What importance have they had in our history? Who 
composed the Karankawan family and where did they live? What were 
their habits and character ? What relations existed between them and 
the whites, and when did they begin ? What became of the Karankawas? 
To what family did the Kiowas belong? What can you say of them? 
What tribe gives its name to the Muskhogean family of tribes ? What 
two tribes of that family lived in Texas, and in what part of the State ? 
W^hat mission and presidio were built among the Cushattas by the Span- 
iards ? What famous road did they lay out ? What valuable aid did they 
render theTexans? What has become of them and the Alibamus? What 
famous tribe represented the Shoshonean family in Texas ? Where did 
they live? What can you say of their character and history? What tribes 
are included in the Siouan family or group ? Hou- were they represented 
in Texas ? Who constituted the Taiioan family, and to what class of In- 
dians do they belong ? Where did they live and what was their character ? 
What historic town did they found ? Who were the Tonkawas ? What 
does the name mean ? What were their relations to the whites in Texas ? 
What noted chief belonged to this tribe, and what can you say of him? 
Wiiat has become of most of the Indians of Texas ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The general character, habits, and mode of living of the North 
American Indians ; effect produced upon them by the advent of the white 
man, as mixlifying their pursuits and traits of character. 

2. Language as the basis for classifying them into families or groups 
of kindred tribes, although often widely .separated ; the error of supposing 
that tribes speaking different dialects and living widely apart belong to 
different nations or races of Indians. 

3. The Indians of the plains as horsemen and warriors, and their great 
dissimilarity to the tribes of the Atlantic coast ; the western Indian was 
and is very unlike his brethren of the east. Causes of this. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



95 



4. The original independent tribes of Texas, now extinct, but vvlio 
constituted the first inhabitants of the country ; their peaceful and hos- 
pitable disposition, and comparative advancement in settled life. 

5. The various tribes and bands of Indians who once roamed over 
Texas, their wars and gradual extinction. Consider their relations to 
their kindred tribes in other parts of the continent, and discuss the causes 
of the extinction of the American Indian, even under favorable surround- 



ings. 



Geography, 



Study closely the Indian map of Texas, and compare it with the mod- 
ern maps of the State, so as to locate the original homes of the Indians. 
An interesting study can be made of the various rivers, creeks, moun- 
tains, lakes, cities, and towns in Texas whose names preserve the mem- 
ories of the early Indian inhabitants. Also, study on the map of North 
America the distribution of the several linguistic families or groups of 
tribes, so as to observe their wide separation in many cases. 

Parallel Readings. 

Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-6, Paper by Director 
of the Bureau on "Indian Linguistic Families of America north of Mex- 
ico;" ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. 1., Chap. 
X\'I1I., " Indian Tribes of Texas," by M. M. Kenney. 



F^ERIOD I. 

Spanish 
Domination 

152S 

TO 
I82I 




Indian Wkapons. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Pkriod I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1821 



Napoleonic 
wars 



France 
regains 
Louisiana 



United States 
buys the terri- 
tory 



Texas in- 
cluded 



Events in Texas and Mexico resulting in the 
Revolution of 1821. 

THE opening of the new century witnessed rapid and 
radical changes in the map of Europe, extending in 
their results to the possessions of the European powers 
in the New World. Napoleon was in the first stage 
of his magnificent career. During the year 1800, the lightning- 
like successes of the French armies, signalized by the crossing 
of the Alps, the recovery of Italy, the victory of Marengo, and 
the final triumph of Hohenlinden, humbled the Bourbons at the 
feet of the First Consul. In 1763 the weak and wretched Louis 
XV. had surrendered to Spain the last foot of French territory 
in North America. On October i, 1800, by the treaty of San 
Ildefonso, the prowess of Napoleon regained from Charles IV. the 
splendid domain of Louisiana, " with the same limits it originally 
had in the hands of France or might have acquired in the hands 
of Spain." But it was not for long that this extensive territory 
was to be owned by the ambitious Corsican. Pressed by the 
combined powers of Europe, and plunged into deadly conflict 
with Great Britain, he must have money, and on April 30, 1803, 
he sold it to the United States for fifteen millions of dollars. It 
was a bold and patriotic act of Mr. Jefferson to acquire this 
valuable property for the then young and struggling republic, 
for it gave to the United States the control of the Mississippi 
River, and by subsequent construction it included the vast extent 
f)f country lying to the north and northwest, now forming ten 
States in the Union. In fact, it was considered bv Mr. Jefferson 
and many eminent statesmen that the Louisiana purchase included 
Texas, by virtue of France's original claim resulting from the 
discovery of La Salle and the explorations of La Harpe and St. 
Denis. The boundaries of the territory had not been defined, 
96 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



97 



and ihcir uncertainty has returned to plague succeeding govern- 
ments, even to very recent times. 

The acquisition of Louisiana brought the government and 
people of the United States face to face with the Spaniards in 
that district and on the border of Texas. Having owned the 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 







-J? 











2' -J^ I 



Map showing Changes in Territory of North America caused by Treaty of 
San Ii.defonso and Purchase of Louisiana. 

country for nearly forty years, and not having been entirely Boundary 
dispossessed during the three years France had regained it, the 
Spanish officials were reluctant to surrender their power east of 
the Sabine. Some trouble arose, requiring United States troops 
to be posted along the Texas boundary, under the command 
of Generals Wilkinson and Gaines. As always happens where 

7 



og A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

pkriou I. new territory is added and forbidden regions are opened up, 



SPAxNISH 

Domination 



1528 

TO 



there was a great movement of all sorts of desperate, ambitious, 
and often lawless characters from every part of the United States 
to the Sabine frontier. The presence of this element, confronted 
1^21 as it was by the haughty and domineering spirit of the Span- 

ish soldiery across the line, rendered the Texas border a very 
troublesome locality to both countries for several years. 
Early expedi- Jn t^e meanwhile some adventurous Americans crossed into 

tions to Texas . . . , ^ 11111 

Texas on various expeditions, and a few no doubt settled at the 

Philip Nolan tradiiig-posts and among the Indians. In 1797, Philip Nolan, 
an intelligent and daring pioneer from the United States, came 
to the country in search of cavalry horses ; and he made a 
second trip in 1800, exploring much of Eastern and Central 
Texas, ostensibly on the same errand, but really, it was said, at 
the instigation of Mr. Jefferson, who was anxious to ascertain 
the character and resources of the country. " Nolan's Expedi- 
tion" was terminated by his treacherous murder by the Spaniards, 
at a point near Tehuacana Hills in what is now Limestone 

Ellis p. Bean Couiity. The Celebrated Ellis P. Bean, whose romantic adven- 
tures and varied history read like the tale of Monte Crista, was 
one of Nolan's men, and was captured and carried to Mexico, 
whence, after many years, he returned to the United States. 

'^^"*''^' During the years 1804 and 1805, negotiations were conducted 

between the United States and Spain, looking to the establish- 
ment of a neutral ground, until such time as the definite 
boundary could be decided, but nothing satisfactory was accom- 
plished. While Louisiana had belonged to France, certain 
settlements had ]:)een made by the French in Texas, — along lied 
River in the county of that name, and at other points west of 
the Sabine. When the United States acquired the territory, it 
was desired that those settlements should not l)e disturbed by 
the Spaniards until the question of boundary was determined ; 
but Spain persisted in disregarding all rights but her own west 

Spain's of the Sabine River. Troops were sent forward from San 

attitude A • 1 »» • 

Antonio and Mexico to support the Spanish claim, and it was 
even threatened to cross the Sabine and invade the territory of 
the United States. The old road from San Antonio was put in 
order, the various jjosts were fortified, renewed effort at the 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



99 



settlement of Texas was made, and Spain clearly evinced her Period I. 

purpose to hold the province as her own. These preparations domination 

were conducted by Antonio Cordero, the new governor of Texas, ' 

and General Simon D. Herrera was in command of the military. to 

Corresponding- preparations to repel hostilities and to maintain 1821 




Map showing the " Neutral Ground" as agreed upon in 1806. 



the boundary at the Sabine were made by the United States 
authorities. Finally, Generals Wilkinson and Herrera, repre- 
senting their respective governments, agreed that, until the real 
boundary was fixed, the strip of territory between the Sabine 
and the Arroyo Hondo should be neutral ground, not to be 

LofC. 



lOO 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1. 

Spanish 

IJOMINA rioN 

1528 

TO 
I82I 




American Pioneer Type. 



occupied by either party. Tliis was in August, 1806. In the 
fall of the same year, the mad plan of Aaron Burr for the in- 
vasion of Texas and other Spanish provinces of Mexico was 
exposed, and produced great excitement throughout the West, 
drawing fresh attention to the Louisiana frontier, and bringing 
thither new recruits of adventurous and enterprising men. 

All these things had combined to produce a feel- 
ing of hostility between Spain and the United States, 
which was not lessened by the depredations com- 
mitted upon American commerce by Spanish ships. 
The Spanish government was practically ruled by 
Manuel Godoy, the "prince of peace," as he was 
called, and he, in turn, was controlled by Napoleon, 
who encouraged Spain's unfriendly attitude towards 
the United States in the hope of eventually securing 
all the Spanish possessions in America for France. 
Of course, whatever of irritation and hostility existed 
was greater along the Texas border, and the swarm 
of adventurers, filibusters, and determined pioneers 
who were gathering along the neutral ground, only wanted an 
opportunity to pour into Texas. The opportunity was offered 
by the progress of events in Mexico, hastened by influences 
from Europe and America. At the close of 1806, Texas was in 
a fairly prosperous condition, brought about by the activity of 
the times ; but the seeds of approaching revolution had been 
planted in Mexico. 

Since 1535, when the first viceroy of Mexico, Antonio de 
Mendoza, assumed control of that country, until 1808, fifty- 
seven viceroys ruled over its government. The land had 
prospered and developed to some extent, but the curse of 
the Spanish colonial system, rendered ever heavier by the 
declining fortunes and accumulating distresses of the mother 
country, had rested ujK)n and blighted its happiness, its lil)- 
erties, and its progress. When Spain was involved in the 
Napoleonic wars, the burdens of taxation w^ere laid wilh in- 
creasing severity upon her possessions in the New World, 
Mi-xicAN PioNi;iK- '''"^' ^^'^ tyranny of the viceroyalty was redoubled to sustain 
Tvi-K. the failing strength of the royalty beyond the Adantic. 




SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. IQI 



Charles IV., his corrupt queen, and more corrupt minister, 
Godoy, laid the foundations of Mexican independence by their 
excesses, cruelties, exactions, and petty despotism. 

Yet for a long time the distant colonists were loyal and 
patriotic, and plundered themselves to protect and uphokl their 
unfortunate sovereigns. Even when Charles abdicated in 1808 
in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII., who, in turn, 
was deposed by Napoleon in favor of his brother, 
Joseph Bonaparte, the loyalists of Mexico were firm 
in their allegiance to their fallen monarch and re- 
fused to recognize the French usurper. But the 
revolutionary spirit had reached the great body of 
the natives. The example of the North American 
colonies in asserting their liberties and forming a 
great and free republic, the downfall of European 
tlynasties and systems of kingly tyranny, and the 
hnal spirit of revolt against the oppression of more 
than two centuries of misrule and suffering, all con- 
tributed to arouse the inhabitants of Mexico to the 
\'indication of their rights and freedom. 

Like the great Reformation in Europe in the sixteenth cen- 
tury, this movement began with an humble priest. In the little 
Indian village of Dolores, in the State of Guanajuato, there 
dwelt a country curate named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (me-gel' 
e-dal'-go e kos-til'-yii), whose heart was quickened by the suf- 
fering and slavery of his people. On September 16, 1810, he 
proclaimed a revolt against Spanish tyranny. 
Rapidly the natives gathered to his stand- 
ard, and his army marched on the capital, 
under a banner whose motto was ' ' Death 
to the Gachupins. " The sword and the 
cross were once more united, and the rebel 
priest swept all before him. Capturing 
Guanajuato, he defeated the viceroy's army 
at Las Cruces, and advanced to within fifteen 
miles of the City of Mexico. Here he was seized with a panic, 
retreated, was followed by the regular troops under Calleja 
(kal-a'-yii), lost all he had gained, and was fmally defeated in 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

i o 
J 82 1 




Frknch Pioneer Type. 



Miguel 
Hidalgo 




Miguel Hidalgo. 



102 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

152S 

TO 
1 82 I 




JosK Maria Moriilos. 



Xavier Mina 



Agustin de 
Iturbidc 



a pitched battle at the Bridge of Calderon', January 11, 181 r. 
Hidalgo resigned and fled, but was captured and shot at Chi- 
huahua in July, and a war of extermination was waged against 
the rebellious natives. But once begun, the revolutionary move- 
ment could nt)t be subdued. Another patriotic priest in the 
person of Jose Maria Morelos took up the cause 
of liberty, and the contest was renewed with 
varying success for the next two years. During 
this struggle, the distinguished leaders Bravo, 
Teran', Matamoros, Guerrero (gwa-ra'-ro), and 
Guadalupe Victoria first came to the front in the 
army of the patriots. On November 13, 1813, 
the Co7igress of Chilpanzingo declared the ab- 
solute independence of Mexico from Spain. 
Morelos fought against fearful odds, and steadily 
lost ground ; was finally captured and shot in 
the City of Mexico, December 22, 18 15. 
For a time the revolution was stayed, but the republican 
feeling was still alive. Suddenly appeared Xavier Mina ( me-nii), 
an exile from Old Spain, who landed at Soto la Marina with a 
force of North Americans and began war against the govern- 
ment, in April, 1817. He advanced to the interior and prose- 
cuted a vigorous and daring warfare, but was defeated on all 
sides, and finally captured and shot in November, 181 7. The 
revoluti(jnary chiefs were scattered through- 
out the country, and the cause seemed hope- 
less ; but it was mainly for want of a com- 
petent leader to organize the insurrection. 

This leader appeared in the person of 
Agustin de Iturbide (e'-tbr-be'-da), a native 
Mexican and a former royalist, who rebelled 
against the viceroy Apodaca's attempt to 
restore the arbitrary authority of the king in 
Mexico, which had been limited by the Span- 
ish constitution of 181 2. Iturbide seems to 
have realized the deep-seated love of liberty 

and independence which had taken hold of his countrymen, and 
to have responded for a time t() the feeling himself. 




Xavikr Mina. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



103 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
IS2I 



Methods of 
Mexican revo- 
lution 



It should be explained that among the Spanish and Mexican 
republicans, when a movement towards insurrection or revolution 
was undertaken, it usually began with some great popular outcry 
or motto of rebellion, which was called the grito (gre-to), or 
clamor. When the leaders of the movement decided to raise 
the standard of open revolt, they issued ^ prominciamien' to, or 
proclamation of grievances and demand for redress ; and this 
was followed by an outline of the measures and laws by which it 
was proposed to reform abuses and reorganize the government, 
which was called the Plan, and usually took its name from the 
place from which it was issued. These were familiar terms in 
the histo'ry of Mexico for the next fifty years. 

On P'ebruary 14, 1821, Iturbide, being in com- 
mand of a considerable force at a little town called 
Iguala (e-gwii'-la), on the road to Acapulco, issued 
his proclamation of rebellion and the celebrated Plan 
of Iguala, under which he proposed to establish Mexi- 
can liberty. This plan contained the three general 
principles of "Independence, the maintenance of Ro- 
man Catholicity, and Union," whence it was called the 
|)lan of the ' ' Three Guaranties. ' ' Among other things, 
it provided for the independence of Mexico from Spain 
and every other nation ; the maintenance of the Catho- 
lic religion ; no distinction between Americans and Europeans ; 
a government by a constitutional monarchy; o. Junta (hun-tli), Plan of iguaia 
or assembly of leading men of all parties, which should call a 
congress to frame a constitution that should be the supreme 
law, and the emperor must swear to obey it ; the throne should 
be offered to Ferdinand VII., and, in case of his refusal, to his 
brothers in succession, and if they all refused, the nation might 
invite any prince of the reigning houses of Europe ; abolition 
of all castes and absolute equality before the law ; an army to 
enforce the "Three Guaranties ;" all ofificials loyal to the Plan 
to remain in ofhce ; and death by military trial or order of com- 
mandants was prohibited. 

The proclamation of the Pla)i of li^uala revived the revolu- 
tionary spirit everywhere, and the old chiefs, who had been in 
hiding, rallied to the new leader. The viceroy Apodaca \\ub 




Agustin UK Iturbide. 



Last viceroy 
of Mexico 



I04 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Political par- 
ties 



Iturbide made 
emperor 



deposed by his own followers because of his weakness, and was 
succeeded by Don Juan O'Donoju (don'-6-hu), the last of the 
Mexican viceroys. Iturbide met O'Donoju at the coast, and by 
\h& treaty of Cordova, on September 27, 1821, the latter, in the 
name of Spain, recognized the independence of Mexico ; a 
regency, of which Iturbide was president, was formed, and the 
first Mexican Congress met on February 24, 1822. At once 
three parties were discovered in that body : the Boitrboiiists, who 
demanded the empire for Ferdinand or some European prince ; 
the Republicans, who favored a pure republic, without an em- 
peror ; and the friends of Iturbide, who desired to place him on 
the new throne. Spain refused to ratify the viceroy's recog- 
nition of Mexican independence, which destroyed the hopes of 
the Bourbonists and left the contest between the Republicans 
and Iturbidists. The latter prevailed, and on May 18, 1822, 
Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico, as Agustin I. But 
his reign was short and disastrous. He overrode all restraints, 
demanded arbitrary power, and violated every promise of his 
famous Plan. The Republicans rose in arms throughout the 
empire, the old leaders were furious at the failure of the fruits 
of independence, and a new leader suddenly assumed the cham- 
pionship of the popular cause, destined 
himself erelong to repeat the weak- 
ness and perfidy of Iturbide. General 
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna put 
himself at the head of the republican 
armies, and, supported by Guerrero, 
Bravo, and Negrete (na-gra'-ta), he 
entered the capital in triumph. On 
March 8, 1823, Iturbide abdicated the 
throne, and the era of federal repub- 
lican government was inaugurated in 
Mexico. 
While these exciting events were occurring beyond the Rio 
firandc, Texas was not quiet. In 181 1, Colonel Bernardo 
Gutierrez, who was one of Hidalgo's followers, escaped from the 
slaughter of the patriots in Mexico and arrived at Natchitoches 
on the Louisiana frontier. Here he formed an intimacy with 




Ml-;xh,an Tk'adkk. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



105 



Augustus W. Mag-ee, a lieutenant in the United States army, Period i. 
who was already considering plans for the invasion of Texas, dom^nat'ion 
The two men organized what was called the " Republican Army ~ 

of the North, ' ' composed of freebooters from the neutral ground, to 

allies from among the Cushatta and other Indian tribes, some 1821 

native Mexicans, and a number of volunteers from the United 
States. This mixed and desperate force, numbering about one Magee's" Re- 
hundred and sixty white men, set out from the Sabine under of the^North^-' 
Gutierrez, in June, 181 2, and marched into Texas. They drove invades Texas 
the Spaniards from their outposts, captured Nacogdoches, and 
finally occupied Spanish Bluff on the Trinity. Magee had re- 
mained behind to forward supplies and recruits, but, having 
resigned his position in the army, he joined the expedition at 
Spanish Bluff during the summer. The Spaniards, meanwhile, 
under the command of Manuel de Salcedo (sal-sa'-tho), governor 
of Texas, and Generals Herrera and Arredondo, collected troops 
from Mexico and fortified La Bahia and Bejar, or San Antonio 
as the latter place was now beginning to be known. 

The ' ' Republican Army of the North' ' was organized by 
electing Magee colonel and real commander-in-chief, although 
Gutierrez, with the title of general, still nominally held command ; 
Kemper was made major, and other officers were chosen. Cap- 
tain James Gaines came on with reinforcements, and the force 
was increased to between four and five hundred men, exclusive 
of Indians. In October they left Spanish Bluff, travelling the Captures La 
road to La Bahia, which they reached on November 14, and 
captured the fort, the garrison under Salcedo having gone out 
to meet the Americans by another route. Salcedo returned with 
his force, fourteen hundred strong, and laid siege to the fort. 
During a two weeks' siege the Spaniards were reinforced, and 
finally they made a desperate assault, but were driven off. I)ur- Magee's death 
ing this time Magee died under peculiar and mysterious circum- 
stances. After another prolonged delay, in March, 18 13, the 
Spanish troops abandoned the siege and retreated to San 
Antonio. At Magee's death, Kemper succeeded to the com- 
mand, Ross was made major, and the expedition was increased 
by Mexican volunteers, and Lipan, Tawakana, and Cushatta 
allies, besides some additional Americans. The whole force 



io6 



A (OMPLETF. HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 



Army enters 
San Antonio 



Murder of 

Spanish 

officers 



Elisondo 
comes to dis- 
lodge them 



Battle of the 
Alazan 



General 
Toledo 



moved on San Antonio, and reached the Salado River the latter 
part of March. Here they were met by a large body of Spanish 
troops, and a desperate battle ensued, in which nearly a thousand 
of the Spaniards were killed and wounded, and the invading 
army was victorious. This was known as the battle of Rosillo 
(ro-sel'-yo). They marched next day to San Antonio, which 
place was surrendered to them by Governor Salcedo, with all its 
stores, troops, and military funds. 

After the capture of San Antonio, Governor Salcedo, General 
Herrera, Ex-Governor Cordero. and their staffs were paroled ; 
but Gutierrez, under pretence of sending them out of the 
country, put them in charge of one Captain Delgado, whose 
father (a follower of Hidalgo) had been executed at San Antonio 
by Salcedo and his head exhibited on a pole. Delgado took the 
fourteen prisoners out of town and cut their throats. This brutal 
and cowardly murder so disgusted the Americans that Colonel 
Kcmi:)er, Major Ross, and others resigned and left the army. 
The success of the expedition, however, rallied new recruits, and 
the American force was gradually increased. 

An army from Mexico, under command of General Elison'do, 
about three thousand strong, arrived near San Antonio about 
June I, 18 1 3, for the purpose of driving out the invaders. 
Captain Perry had succeeded to the command of the Republican 
army, and he was assisted by Gutierrez and Manchaca, a very 
capable and patriotic Mexican. Elisondo camped with his force 
at the A'lazan', a small ditch or creek emptying into the San 
Pedro, about half a mile from town. At daybreak, June 5, the 
Americans attacked the Spaniards, and, after several hours of 
bloody and determined fighting, Elisondo was routed, losing 
nearly a thpusand men in dead, wounded, and captured, and 
with the remihant of his army he fled to the Rio Grande. After 
this Bernard 1 Gutierrez was deposetl and dismissed from the 
American rjmmand. General Toledo, a distinguished Spanish 
republic;ui, came on from Louisiana in July, 1813, and took 
charge ,)f the army at San Antonio. He endeavored to restore 
order and to re-establish civil government in that place, and was 
for a f;vv days successful. But another army from Mexico, 
under ' icneral Arredondo, consisting of four thousand well- 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



107 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 



1528 

TO 
I82I 



ordered troops, arrived at the Medina (ma-de'-na) River, where 
they threw up breastworks and laid plans for a battle. General 
Toledo marched out his smaller force, the Americans under 
command of Captains Perry and Taylor, and the Mexicans under 
Manchaca. The battle of the Medina was fought on August 18, 
1813, and the "Republican Army of the North" was almost 
destroyed. Elisondo, in memory of his former defeat, pursued Battle of the 
the fugitives to the Sabine, shooting all captives without mercy, ^ '"* 
and only ninety-three of them lived to reach Natchitoches, among 
whom were Captains Perry, Taylor, and Bullard. This ended 
the republican campaign of 18 12-13 in Texas. All republicans 
and foreigners, as far as the vigilance and vengeance of the 
Spanish could discover them, were killed or driven out of the 
country, and the neutral ground became once more the lurking- 
place for desperadoes, smugglers, and expectant revolutionists. 

Plans for a second invasion of Texas, however, were still Coionei Perry 
entertained by adventurous spirits in the United States. Chief 
among these was Colonel Henry Perry, who had escaped the Galveston 
battle of the Medina. His efforts were instrumental in the first '^'^"'^ 
permanent occupation of Galveston Island. Since 
that island was, perhaps, first occupied by Cabeza de 
Vaca and his shipwrecked companions, under the 
name of Malhado, in 1528, and afterwards noted by 
the followers of De Soto in their voyage to Panuco, 
under the name of San Luis, in 1543, it had not been 
visited except by Karan'kawa Indians and occasional 
piratical crews, by whom it was called Is' la de Cald- 
bras, or the island of snakes. It was named Galves- 
ton Island for Jose de Galvez, the Spanish governor 
of Louisiana in 1777. During the progress of the 
Mexican revolution, in 18 16, the island seemed a 
favorable point for the republicans to rally and conduct outside 
operations. So Herrera and Don Luis Aury, known as Commo- 
dore Aury, occupied it in September of that year. A civil 
government was organized, Aury assumed the title of ' ' Gov- 
ernor of Galveston and Texas," and privateering expeditions 
were sent out against Sp;.'iish xessels. Xavier Mina, in his 
revolutionary attacks upon i.^exico, also made Galveston one 




Don Jose Galvez. 



Commodore 
Aury 



I08 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

PERion I. of his points of supply. The privateers of Aury captured some 



Spanish 
Domination 



1528 

TO 



Spanish slave-ships, and thus a secret slave-trade was conducted 
between the island and Louisiana. Colonel Perry joined these 
republicans at Galveston, and took part in Mina's expedition 
1821 to Soto la Marina'; but, becoming dissatisfied, he left the com- 

mand with fifty men and marched towards Texas. Reaching 
Perry La Bahia, he was surrounded by the pursuing Spaniards and 

others from the fort, and, when all his men were killed, he blew 
out his brains with his own hand. 
Lafitte Jean Lafitte (lii-fet'), a French adventurer and pirate, after 

operating in the West Indies and on the Louisiana coast 
for several years, finally made Galveston 
Island his headquarters, in April, 18 17, 
after Aury had left. Lafitte established a 
sort of primitive government and code of 
laws suited to his piratical band, and he 
l)rofessed fidelity to the republican cause 
in Mexico, by whose authority he claimed 

^'"*"^^' ^SJ^SuKf t^^ he a privateer. He called his colony 

exploits . . ^H^HBIgr^. ^ 

Campcachy. and by the close of the year 

18 17 the island had become the resort and 

i.AFiTTE asylum of nearly a thousand desperate 

characters of every grade and nationality, 

and their dei)rcdations on Spanish commerce were extensive 

and ruinous. 

Champs de It was about this time that Generals Lallemand and Rigaud, 

exiled officers of the fallen Napoleon, came to Texas with a 

number of French, and endeavored to found a colony at a point 

on the Trinity River not far from Galveston Bay, called Champs 

d' A'sile (a-sel'). They were not satisfied and returned to 

Galveston, where they were guests of Lafitte until the leaders 

left the country. Lafitte had some trouble with the Karan'kawa 

Indians, ending in a battle on the island, in which the latter were 

badly whipped. 

ty of 1819, In 1 8 19, the long troublesome question of boundary was 

Spanish ' *" setded by the treaty of February 22, between Spain and the 

boundary United Statcs, by the terms of whic h the boundary between the 

two countries was fixed as follow^ : Beginning at the mouth of 




Asile 



Tr 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. lOQ 

the Sabine, continuing- along its western bank to the thirty- period i. 
second degree of north latitude, thence by a line due north to dom^nat"on 

Red River, thence up the Red River to the one-hundredth nieri- ^ 

. . 1528 

dian west from Greenwich, or thirty-second west from Wash- ,0 

ington, thence due north to the Arkansas, thence following the 1821 

Arkansas to its source in latitude forty-two deg;rees, and thence 

by that parallel to the Pacific Ocean ; should the Arkansas fall 

short of the forty-second degree, a due north line was to be 

taken to that parallel. Thus the United States renounced all 

claim to Texas, in order to settle the grave troubles growing out 

of the Florida question and other boundary disputes. 

During the years since 1813, the interior of Texas had re- 
mained quiet and the province made no advance. But in spite 
of the treaty of 18 19, there were still ideas of invasion among 
many Americans in the West. These took shape at Natchez on 
the Mississippi, in a public meeting where was organized the 
expedition of Dr. James Long, which set out from that place in 
the spring of 18 19, with a force of seventy-five men. They Expedition of 
reached Nacogdoches, where they were joined by many Texan Texas 
refugees, including Bernardo Gutierrez and Samuel Davenport. 
A council was formed, a pro\'isional government organized, and 
Texas was declared to be a free and independent state, on June 
23, 1819. 

Horatio Bigelow, one of the councilmen, at this time estab- First Texas 
lished a printing-office and newspaper of which he was editor, — newspaper 
the first in Texas. Trading-posts were established on the 
Trinity and the Brazos, and a fort was built near old Washington 
on the Brazos. Long then sought the aid of Lafitte, and for 
that purpose visited Galveston. He met with no success there, 
and, returning, found his newly established posts threatened by 
a royalist force from Mexico, under Colonel Perez. The trading- 
post and fort on the Brazos were captured, and the Spaniards 
advanced to the Trinity, where they drove out the settlers. A 
l)attle occurred near the Cushatta village, in which the republi- 
cans were defeated, and they fled to Bolivar Point, where they Boiivar Poim 
were joined by General Long, and a fort was built, aided by 
Colonel Trespalacios, a Spanish patriot. 

In the meanwhile, Lafitte had been appointed republican 



t 10 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1. 

Spanish 

Domination 



I52cS 

TO 
I 82 I 




Mks. Jank Long 



governor of Galveston by tliat party in Mexico, but his pirat- 
ical depredations continuing, the United States compelled him 
to break up his establishment at Galveston and leave the Texas 
coast, which he did early in 1821. Cxcneral Long went to Gal- 
veston a few days before Lafitte left, whence, in a short time, he 
marchetl on La Bahia and captured it, but he and his men were 
taken prisoners and sent to Mexico, where he was 
assassinated in 1822, while on parole in the capital. 
His heroic wife waited his return at Bolivar Point, 
enduring the lonely grief and despair, often threat- 
ened by the fierce and brutal Karan'kawas, and 
subjected to every privation and exposure. After 
many months the news of her husband's death 
came, and she returned to her friends in the United 
States, not, however, to abandon the attempt to 
discover and punish his murderers, which she prose- 
cuted for many years. 

The second hostile attempt to settle Texas by 
Americans had failed as signally as the first, and we 
shall next have to consider the successful results of 
peaceful and orderly colonization, conducted with 
prudence, wisdom, and patriotic zeal. 



QUESTIONS. 

What occurred in Europe in the openin.2^ of the nineteenth century? 
Who was then in tlie first stage of his brilliant career? What successes 
marked this peri(xl of his campaigns? When did France lose all hef 
American possessions, and to whom? When, by what treaty, and by 
whose efforts did she regain a part of them ? What part of them did she 
regain, and with what limits of territory? On what account, when, and 
to whom did she sell this newly regained territory? How much was the 
price paid ? What can you say of this purchase by the American govern- 
ment, what advantages did it bring with it, and what extent of country 
did it involve? What President made the purchase? What was thought 
to l)e included in the Louisiana purchase, by eminent statesmen of the 
United States, and why? What resulted from the acquisition of Louisiana 
by tlie United .States, as affecting the Texas l)()rder? What did the 
United States do in regard to troops tiiere, and under whose command 



Spanish 
Domination 



TO 

1821 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 1 I I 

were the troops placed ? What class of men soon collected along the Pkriod I 
border between Texas and Louisiana, and with what results ? Had any 
Americans previously come to Texas, and if so what became of them ? 
Who was Philip Nolan, how many trips did he make to Texas, when, for '52^ 

what purpose, and what became of him and his last expedition? What 
celebrated person was with him in the last expedition, and what can you 
say of him ? What was the twufral ground, when was it first sought to 
he established, and for what purpose ? What settlements had been made 
in Texas under French rule, and what was desired by the United States 
in regard to them? What was Spain's conduct in the matter? What 
efforts did Spain make towards occupying and holding Texas and disput- 
ing the boundary-line with the United States? Who conducted these 
movements on the part of Spain ? What did the United States do ? What 
agreement was finally made, and by whom ? When did that occur, and 
what event occurred in the fall of the same year, and with what result ? 
What state of feeling grew up between Spain and the United States on 
account of these things ? Who was then in control of the Spanish govern- 
ment, and under whose influence was he? Wliat was the condition of 
affairs along the neutral ground at that time ? What was the condition 
of Texas in 1806? What was approaching in Mexico, and from what 
causes ? W^hen was the first viceroy of Mexico appointed, and who was 
he? How many viceroys were there between that date and 1808? What 
had been the condition and progress of the country during that period, 
and explain the causes that produced this condition of affairs in New 
Spain ? In spite of these things, what was the feeling of the colonists in 
New Spain towards the mother country ? What revolution occurred in 
Spain in 1808, and what did the Mexicans do under the circumstances? 
What spirit had nevertheless gained power among the mass of the natives, 
and what had caused it ? Wlio was the leader of the first effort for Mexi- 
can freedom and independence, where did he live, what was his calling, 
and when did he proclaim the revolution? What occurred as the result 
of this proclamation, and under what banner did the army of Hidalgo 
march ? What was meant by the Gachupins ? Describe the career of 
Hidalgo, his successes, capture, and fate. Who succeeded him in the 
leadership of the revolution, and what were his career and fate ? When, 
by what body, and where was the first declaration of Mexican indepen- 
dence made public ? What occurred for a while in regard to the revolu- 
tion ? Who was Xavier Mina, when and where did he invade Mexico, 
and what became of his expedition? What did the revolutionists need? 
Who was Agustin Iturbide, what did he do, and why ? By what feelings 
was he for a time influenced ? What is meant by the grifo ? What is 
meant by ^ pronunciauiiento? What by a Plan? Explain the use of 
these terms in the history of Mexican revolutions. 

When and by whom was the Plan of Igiiala proclaimed ? W'hat 
three general principles did it contain, and what was it called in conse- 
quence of this? Explain the leading features of the Plati of Igitala as 



112 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period I. affecting the new government which Iturbide proposed to establish. As 

Spanish g^^j^ .^^ jj^jg p/^^,^ ^^..j^ proposed, what occurred among the revolutionists? 

).>M^TioN y^T^^ ^^.,jg ^j^^ |.^gj. viceroy of Mexico, whom did he succeed, and how long 

1528 did he rule? What important treaty did he make with Iturbide ? When 

'"' did this occur? What kind of government was then established, and 

'^' vvho was at the head of it ? When did the first Mexican Congress meet ? 

What three parties appeared in it? What did Spain do with reference to 
the independence of Mexico, and what was the result? Wlien did Itur- 
bide become emperor of Mexico, and with what title? What was his 
conduct, and what ensued ? What new leader then arose, and who aided 
him ? What became of the emperor, and what kind of government was 
then instituted? When did this occur? While these things were happen- 
ing in Mexico, what happened in Texas ? Who was Bernardo Gutierrez, 
and who was Augustus W. Magee ? What did these two men do, and 
when? When did the " Republican Army of the North" invade Texas? 
Describe the movements of the army in its first organization. What did 
tlu' Spaniards do to meet this expedition ? Who were the officers of the 
"Republican Army of the North"? When did it march from Spanish 
Bluff to La Bahia? What occurred at the latter place? What became of 
Magee ? Who was the Spanish commander at this time in resisting the 
army of Gutierrez and Magee? When did the Spaniards abandon the 
siege of La Bahia, and what follow^ed ? Who then commanded the army 
of invasion? What desperate battle was fought between the invading 
army and the Spaniards, and with what results ? When was this ? What 
terrible butchery occurred after the capture of San Antonio by the army 
of Guti^-rrez ? What did the American ofificers do in consequence of this ? 
What Spanish army marched to Texas from Mexico to drive out the 
invaders ? When was this, and describe the movements of the two sides 
until the armies met? Where did the battle occur, and when, and with 
what results ? What general assumed command of the Republican army 
after this, and what became of Gutierrez? Describe the second effort 
made from Mexico to drive out the Republican army. What bloody 
battle ensued, when, and with what results? Describe the conduct of 
the Spanish-Mexican army after their vict<jry over the invaders of Texas. 
What was done with all foreigners in Texas ? By whom and when was a 
second invasion of Texas attempted ? What island was he instrumental 
in permanently occupying ? By what names had it been formerly called, 
and why? For whom did the island receive its present name? How 
had it been occupied prior to 1816? For whom did it become a rallying 
jjoint in that year? Describe by whom and what kind of government 
was then established on the island. When and under what circumstances 
did C(jl()nel Perry visit the island ? Give an account of his subsequent 
iiKnements and final fate. Who was Jean Lafitte? When and for what 
purpf)ses did he first come to Galveston Island? What did he call his 
colony there, and what were its character and occupation? What French 
settlement was attempted in Texas at this time? Who were the settlers, 



Spanish 
Domination 



TO 

1821 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. I I 

and where did they attempt to settle? What name did they give their Period I. 
colony, and what became of it ? What battle did Lafitte fight on Galves- 
ton Island ? W^hen was the boundary question settled between Spain and 
the United States? Describe the boundary as then fixed by the treaty ^528 

between the two countries, tracing it on the map. W^hat motive 
influenced the United States to make this treaty ? What was the condi- 
tion of Texas from 1813 to 1819? What movement took shape in 1819 for 
the invasion of Texas from the United States ? Who was the leader of 
it, and from what point did it start? Who joined it at Nacogdoches, and 
what was done there? When, where, and by whom were the first 
printing-office and newspaper established in Texas ? What trading-posts 
and fort were then established ? Where did Long then go, and for what 
purpose? What was the result of his visit there? What occurred 
between Long's men and the Spaniards in Texas? What fort did Long 
then build, and what Mexican patriot joined him there ? What happened 
to Lafitte at this time ? When did he leave Galveston Island, and why ? 
When did Long march to La Bahia, and with what result? What became 
of him? What can you say of the heroic conduct of his wife? How 
many invasions of Texas had thus occurred from the United States, and 
with what results ? What was the nature of the next attempt to settle it 
by Americans ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The wars of Napoleon in Europe, resulting in the treaty of San 
Ildefonso in 1800, by which France regained Louisiana from Spain, and 
caused great territorial changes in North America. 

2. The purchase of Louisiana by the United States in 1803, and the 
changes thereby made in the American possessions of the various nations. 
Consider the importance of this event to the United States, the size and 
extent of the territory acquired, and whether it included Texas. 

3. The relations between the United States and Spain growing out of 
the Louisiana purchase, and the beginning of the troubles between the 
two countries on the Louisiana border. 

4. The first expeditions from the United States into Texas, by Philip 
Nolan, in 1797 and 1800. 

5. Continued trouble along the Louisiana frontier, resulting in the 
establishment of the neutral ground between the Sabine River and the 
Arroyo Hondo ; Aaron Burr's conspiracy, increased hostility between 
the United States and Spain, and the gathering of filibusters in the neutral 
ground. 

6. The symptoms of approaching revolution in Mexico, caused by 
bad government of that country by Spain, and the influence of the French 
and American Revolutions. 

7. The first effort towards revolution in 1810, by Hidalgo, followed 
by that under MorcJlos, in 1811-1815. 

S 



ii4 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1S21 



Period I. 8. Xavier IMina's invasion of Mexico in 181 7 ; its defeat, and the tem- 

Spanish porary breaking up of the revolution in that country. 
oAUNATioN ^ ^j^^ peculiarities of political revolutions in Mexico and Spanish 

1528 America; mQAmng oi grifos, pi-onunciainientos, and P/atts. 

™ 10. The Mexican revolution of 1821, under Iturbide ; P/aa of 

TZfiala ; success of the movement ; downfall of the Spanish viceroy- 
alty ; defeat of the Republicans, and the establishment of the empire 
under Iturbide. 

11. A second revolution under Santa Anna and the Mexican Repub- 
licans, in 1823, resulting in the overthrow of the Emperor Iturbide, and 
the establishment of the Republic of Mexico under the "Constitution of 
1824." 

12. Early filibustering expeditions from the United States into Texas, 
as follows : 

{a) The expedition under Augustus W. Magee and Bernardo Guti- 
errez, commanding what was called the " Republican Army of the North," 
in 181 2 ; its success for a time, resulting in the capture of La Bahia and 
Bexar, and the victories at the Rosillo and the Alazaii ; but finally 
defeated at the battle of the Medina, in 1813, and the survivors are driven 
out of Texas. 

{b) Attempted expedition under Colonel Perry, who joined Mina's 
invasion of Mexico, but left the latter, and was finally forced to commit 
suicide to prevent capture near La Bahia, 1816-1817. 

{c) The expedition under Dr. James Long, from Natchez, Missis- 
sippi, in 1819, who established forts and trading-posts in Texas ,on the 
Trinity and Brazos, but failed in his purpose of conquering Texas. First 
printing-office and newspaper in Texas established by Horatio Bigelow 
in 1819. 

13. The treaty of iSig between Spain and the United .States, estab- 
lishing the boundary between Texas and the United States, giving Texas 
to Spain. 

Geography. 

Locate and trace on the map the following : 

1. The territory in North America claimed by the several nations, 
/)eforc and after the treaty of Ildefonso in 1800. 

2. The territorial changes made by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803. 

3. The disputed territory between the United .States and Spain, along 
the border between Louisiana and Texas, and the limits of the neutral 
groimd. 

4. The boundary between the United States and Spain as fixed by 
the treaty of 1819. 

Locate or trace the following points in Texas : 

I. The route of Pliilip Nolan's second expedition in 1800, and the 
place where he was killed. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



115 



2. The route of Magee's expedition from Nacogdoches to La Bahia 
and Bexar. 

3. Natchitoches, Nacogdoches, Spanish Bhiff, La Baliia, Bexar, and 
the scene of the battles of the Rosillo, Alazan, and Medina. 

4. Colonel Perry's route in his effort to invade Texas. 

5. The route of Dr. James Long's expedition, the points where he 
established forts and trading-posts, and where he fought with Spaniards 
and Indians. 

6. Points of interest on Galveston Island connected with its occupa- 
tion by the Spanish revolutionists and by Lafitte's settlement. 

7. The location of the Champs cf Asile, or the French colony of 
General Lallemand. 

Locate the following in Mexico : 

1. Routes of Hidalgo, Morales, Mina, Iturbide, and Santa Anna in 
their revolutionary campaigns. 

2. Guanajuato, Las Cruces, City of Mexico, Bridge of Calderon, 
Chihuahua, Chilpanzingo, Soto la Marina, Iguala, Acapulco, and Cordova. 



Period I. 

Spanish 
Domination 

1528 

TO 
182 I 



Parallel Readings. 

Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and Republican;" H. H. 
Bancroft's Works, "History of Mexico," Vol. IV., "North Mexican 
States and Texas," Vol. IL ; Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" 
(1897: including a republication of Yoakum's "History"); Brown's 
" History of Texas," Vol. I. ; Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of 
America," Vol. VIIL, Chap. IV., "Spanish North America ;" Gayarr^'s 
" History of Louisiana," " Louisiana as a French Province," and " Loui- 
siana under Spanish Domination." 




Manchaca's Signattre. 



Il6 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



pkr.odi. contemporaneous events.— 1530-1821. 

Spanish 



Domination 
1528 



Parallel to Period I. 



■ro AMERICA. 

1821 

1607.— Colony at Jamestown, Virginia, founded by the London Company. 

1609.— Samuel Champlain discovers lake named for him. 

1619.— Colonial Assembly, the first representative assembly of British 

colonists, meets at Jamestown, Virginia. Negro slaves first brought 

to Virginia by Dutch vessels. 
1620. — Plymouth Colony founded in Massachusetts. 
1621. — The Virginia Colony secures representative government. 
1622.— Dutch West India Company takes possession of New Netherlands. 
1623. — First settlement of New Hampshire. 
1624. — Di.ssolution of the London Company. Virginia placed under the 

Crown. 
1625. — The Jesuits in Canada. 
1626. — The Dutch buy Manhattan Island from the Indians for twenty-four 

dollars. 
1628. — Salem settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company. 
1629. — Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, South America, created. 
1630. — Boston founded while Winthrop was governor of Massachusetts. 
1631. — First settlement in Maryland, by William Clayborne. 
1632.— Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, receives a charter for 

Maryland. Canada restored to France by England. 
1636. — Connecticut settled by the English. 
1637. — The Pe(juots conquered by the English. 

1638.— Harvard College founded. Swedes and Finns settle in Delaware. 
1643. — Confederation of New England colonies. 
1644. — Roger Williams secures patent to settle Rhode Island. 
1654. — English begin to explore Mississippi Valley. 
1655. — Peter Stuyvesant, director-general of New Netherlands. 
1656. — The Blue Laws of Connecticut. 
1663. — Colonists settle in Carolina. 
1664. — English take possession of New Amsterdam and New Netherlands, 

naming them New York. P'irst mention of slavery in Maryland. 
1668. — Mission Sault Ste. Marie founded by Marquette. 
1669. — Constitution for Carolina drawn up by Locke. Mohawk and 

Mohegan War. 



Domination 
1528 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. J I 7 
1670. — Hudson Bay Company chartered. Charleston, South CaroHna, Period I 

- , , Spanish 

loundeu. 
1676. — Bacon's RebeUion in Virginia. 
1682. — WiUiam Penn settles colonists in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 

Delaware. 1821 

1689-1697. — King William's war in America. 
1690. — First issue of paper money in Massachusetts. 
1692. — Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies unite. The witchcraft 

frenzy begins. 
1692-1700. — New Mexico reconquered by Diego de Vargas. 
1693. — William and Mary College chartered in Virginia. 
1698. — Settlement of Louisiana by the French begun. 
1712. — France claims the whole Mississippi Valley. 
17 13. — Division of territory between England and P" ranee under treaty of 

Utrecht. 
1733- — Settlement of Georgia by General Oglethorpe. 
1746. — Princeton College founded in New Jersey. 
1749. — French and Indian W^ar. 

1754. — Colonial congress at Albany. Franklin proposes union. 
1755. — Braddock's defeat, July 9. 

1760. — Beginning of trouble between the Colonies and England. 
1763. — Canada, Newfoundland, Louisiana, and Florida ceded to England 

by France and Spain. Mason and Dixon's Line run, ]:)ut not com- 
pleted until 1767. 
1765. — The Stamp Act passed by England. The Colonies protest. 
1767. — Jesuits expelled from Spain and South America. 
1768. — British troops quartered in Boston. Stamp Act repealed. 
1770. — The Boston Massacre. 
1773- — Tea thrown overboard at Boston. Virginia takes the lead towards 

securing united action among the Colonies. 

1774. — First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, September 5. 
1775. — American Revolution begins with battles of Lexington, April 19, 
and Bunker Hill, June 17. Washington takes command, July 2. 

1776. — July 4, Declaration of Independence adopted by the English 

colonies in America. 
1781. — Articles of Confederation adopted. Cornwallis surrenders at 

Yorktown, Virginia, October 19. 

1782-1783. — Peace negotiated and concluded. 

1784. — First daily newspaper published in America, at Philadelphia, — the 
American Daily Advertiser. 



I52S 

TO 



ll8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

1787. — Constitution of the United States framed by the Convention. 
First steamboat built by John Fitch. 

1789. — Washington elected first President of the United States. Inaug- 
urated in New York, April ^o. 
1821 1790- — First census of the United States shows a population of 3,929,827. 

1791. — City of Washington founded. 

1793- — Washington's second term begins, March 4. Formation of the 
Federalist a.nd Republican parties, under the respective- leadership of 
Hamilton and Jefferson. 

1794. — Whiskey insurrection in Pennsylvania. 

1797- — Washington's Farewell Address. John Adams takes his seat as 
the second President, March 4. 

1799- — Washington died, December 14. 

1800. — -Capital of the United States removed to Washington. Jeffer- 
son elected third President. Second census shows population of 
5,305,937- 

1801. — Jefferson's first administration begins March 4. 

1803. — Louisiana purchased by the United States from France. 

1804. — Jefferson re-elected President. Alexander Hamilton killed in a 

duel by Aaron Burr. 
1805. — Jefferson inaugurated second time, March 4. 
1806. — Aaron Burr's expedition and trial. 

1807. — Abolition of African slave-trade. Embargo on American ships. 
Fulton's steamboat ascends the Hudson River. 

1 8c 9. — James Madison inaugurated President, March 4. 

i8io. — Third census shows population of 7,215,791. 

1812. — War declared against England. 

1813. — Madison inaugurated for his second term as President. General 
Andrew Jackson's cam|)aign against the British. 

1814. — Washington captured by the British. Treaty of Peace at Ghent, 
December 24. 

1815.— Battle of New Orleans, January 8. Brazil made part of the king- 
dijm of Portugal. 

1817. — James Monroe inaugurated President, INIarch 4. Simon Bolivar in 
Venezuela. Territory of Alabama created. Mississijipi admitted to 
the Union. Seminole War begins. 

1818.— independence of Chile proclaimed. Illinois admitted to the Union. 

1819.— Treaty between the United States and Spain establishing boundary 
of Florida and Louisiana. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



119 



Spanish 

DOiMINATlON 



1820. — Missouri admitted to the Union under Clay's compromise. Begin- Period I. 
ning of the slavery and sectional agitation. Also, the question of 
internal imiarovements and protective tariff. Fourth census showed 
population of 9,633,822. ^52o 

TO 

1821. — Monroe inaugurated for his second term as President, March 4. 

" Era of good feeling." Peru declared independent. Revolution in 

Mexico under Iturbide. 

ENGLAND. 

1533- — Birth of Queen Elizabeth. 

1533-1534- — Henry VIII. divorces Catherine of Aragon, is excommuni- 
cated b^ the Pope, and declares PZngland to be independent of the 
Church of Rome. This led to the founding of the Church of England. 

1536. — Anne Boleyn beheaded. 

1547. — Death of Henry VIII. Succeeded by his son Edward VI., under 
the protectorate of the Earl of Somerset. 

1553-1558. — Reign of " Bloody" Mary, who married Philip II., of Spain. 
Persecution of Protestants. 

1 558-1 603. — Reign of Queen Elizabeth. The greatest era in English 
history. The Queen is opposed by the Catholics at home and abroad. 
Rise of the Puritans, who opposed the Church of England. 

1564. — Birth of William Shakespeare, April 23. 

1567. — James VI., King of Scotland, in the place of his mother, Queen 
Mary. 

1568. — Elizabeth imprisons Mary, Queen of Scots, for eighteen years, 
and finally beheads her in 1587. 

1588. — English fleet, under Howard, Drake, and Seymour, defeats and 
destroys the Spanish Armada. English supremacy on the seas is 
established, followed by great prosperity in commerce and manufac- 
tures, growth of architecture, and the rise of the drama, literature, 
and general culture. The age of Shakespeare, Spenser, Sidney, 
Raleigh, Drake, Cavendish, Hooker, Bacon, Hawkins, and other 
great men. 

I599-— Rebellion in Ireland, under Hugh O'Neal, Earl of Tyrone. 

1600. — East India Company first chartered. 

1601 — Earl of Essex beheaded. 

1603. — Death of Queen Elizabeth, succeeded by James I., who was James 
VI. of Scotland, the English and Scotch crowns being then united. 
He was the first king of the house of Stuart, and translated the Bible 
(1611) known as King Jaincs' s Bible, or the Authorized Version. 
Asserted the Divine right to rule. 

1605. — Guy Fawkes and the gunpowder plot. 



1 20 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period I. 1606-1607. — Charter granted to found colony in \'irginia. 

1614.— Parliament refuses supplies to the king until grievances are 
remedied. Beginning of strut 



Domination 
1528 



^Q 1617. — Sir Edward Coke supplanted by Francis Bacon for upholding the 

1 82 1 law against the Crown. 

1618. — Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded. 

1620. — Sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers to America. Founding of Eng- 
land's colonial empire in America and India. 

1621. — Parliament attacks monopolies, impeaches Lord Bacon, and 
resists Popery and kingly prerogative. Struggle for constitutional 
government grows more earnest. 

1625. — Death of James I., and accession of his son, Charles I. The parlia- 
mentary struggle continues. Pym, Coke, Hampden, Selden, Eliot, 
and Wentworth are the leaders against the king's attempt to coerce 
Parliament. 

1628. — Parliament adopts the Petition of Right, called the second Magna 
Charta. 

1629-1640. — King refuses to convene the Parliament, and attempts to 
govern by Star Chamber and High Commissio7i. Persecution of the 
Puritans. English Church is thoroughly Romanized. 

1638. — The Scotch Covenanters resist the Episcopal practices of the Eng- 
lish Church. 

1640 1660. — The Long Parliament \\\ session. First English Revolution, 
under which Parliament assumes the government and proclaims 
that "treason against the people is treason against the king and 
constitution." 

1641. — Catholic rebellion in Ireland, in Ulster, in which forty thousand 
English and Protestants were killed. Contest between Roundheads 
and Cavaliers. 

1642-1647. — Civil war in England, between King, Cavaliers, and Churcli 
on one side, and the people. Parliament, and Puritans on the other. 
Oliver Cromwell leads the Puritan side, aided by the writings and 
influence of John Milton. Battles of Edgehill (1642), Marston Moor 
( 1644), and Naseby ( 1645). Popular party di\'ided into Presbyterians 
and Independents. War ends in \ictory for the people. Whigs and 
Tories first known. 

1649.— Trial and execution of King Charles I. 

1649-1660. — The Commomuealth. King and Lords abolished, and country 

governed by e.xecutive council. Cromwell conquers Ireland. 
1652-1653.— Parliament dispensed by Cromwell. 

1653-1654.— /j'rtrty^ow^'.y Parliament proclaims Cromwell Lord High 
I 'rotator. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. I 2 I 
1660. — Rcstoratio)i of the monarchy, under Charles II. Followed by Period I. 



great immorality, but general progress and prosperity. Royal Society 
established. 



Spanish 
Domination 



1528 



1664. — American colonies brought under the Crown. 

TO 

1665. — The plague in London. j32i 

1666. — Great fire in London. Paradise Lost published. 

1685. — Death of Charles II., succeeded by James II. He undertook to 
make Catholicism the national religion. At this time the Whigs and 
Tories became the recognized political parties of England. 

1688. — Second English Revolution, resulting in the exile of James II. and 
the establishment of William, Prince of Orange, on the throne of 
England. The Bill of Rights adopted, which settled the political 
institutions of the country and laid a sure basis for its future prosperity 
and irberty. 

1689-1702. — Reigns of William and INIary and William III. 

1702-17 14.— Reign of Queen Anne. Age of Marlborough as a military 
hero, and of parliamentary contest between Whigs and Tories. At 
this time flourished Addison, Pope, Swift, and other great authors. 

1707. — Union of England and Scotland under name of Great Britain. 

1714-1727. — Reign of George I., the first king of the Guelph line, or house 

of Brimsivick. 
1715. — Jacobite uprising under son of James II., called the Prete7ider. 
1720. — The South Sea bubble, under the famous John Law. 

1727-1760. — Reign of George II. During the first part of this reign. Sir 
Robert Walpole was Prime Minister, and during the latter part 
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Under their leadership England 
assumed great power at home and abroad. 

1733- — Growth of cotton-weaving industry. 
1739- — War with Spain. 
1741. — War of the Austrian succession. 
1743- — Founding of British Empire in India by Clive. 
1745- — War for the Young Pretender, Charles Edward, ended by the 
battle of Culloden (1746), in which he was defeated. 

1756. — War with France in America, which ended in 1763 by the jieace 

of Paris, Canada being surrendered to the British {Seven }'ears' 

IVar). 
1760. — George III. ascends the throne. England was then the first nation 

in the world, Chatham at the summit of his glory, and P>ritain at the 

height of her colonial power, 
1765- — Passage of the Stamp Act, whicli produced the first trouble with 

American colonies. Letters of Junius (1767-1772), 



122 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

1776-1783.— War u itli American colonies, resulting in the independence 

of the latter. Ended in 1783 by treaty of Paris. 
1780. — War with France, Spain, and Holland. 
*^^ 1788.— Trial of Warren Hastings. Final establishment of English power 
jg2i in India. Age of Pitt, Fox, Sheridan, and Burke. 
1793. — War with France, growing out of the French Revolution. At this 

time the younger Pitt was at the head of affairs. 
i7g8._The Battle of the Nile won by Lord Nelson, August i. England 

entered into a European coalition against France, which was continued 

at intervals until the final overthrow of Napoleon in 1815. 
1800. — The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed, to take 

effect January i, 1801. 
1805. — Battle of Trafalgar, October 21, where Nelson defeated the 

French fleet. 
\Zv\-\^2o.— Regency under the Prince of Wales, George III. being men- 
tally unfit to reign. 
1812-1814. — Wellington's victories in the Peninsular War, in Portugal 

and Spain. War with the United States, ended by Peace of Ghent. 
1815. — Battle of Waterloo, won by English, Prussians, and other allies, 

June 18. 
1820. — Death of George III., and his son, the Prince Regent, ascends 

the throne as George IV. 

FRANCE. 

1547-1574- — Reigns of Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX. The Age 
of Catherine de M^dicis and the Guises. French Protestants were 
followers of Calvin rather than Luther, and called Huguenots. Per- 
secuted by the Catholics. Mary, Queen of Scots, was the wife of 
F"rancis II. 

1562-1570. — Religious wars between Protestants and Catholics. 

1572. — Ma.ssacre of St. Bartholomew's day, August 24, in which sixty 
thousand Huguenots were slaughtered. It was ordered by Charles 
IX. at the instigation of Catherine de Medicis. 

1574-1589- — Henry III. on the throne. Continued religious wars. 

1590. — Henry Bourbon, of Navarre, comes to the throne as Henry IV. 
{Henri Quatre), after winning the battle of Ivry. He was the first 
of the Bourl)ons. 

1598. — Edict of A'antes, proclaiming toleration and protection of Protes- 
tants. Sully is Prime Minister, and France prosperous. 

1610. — Henry IV. assassinated. Marie de Medicis appointed regent, her 
son, Louis XIII., being under age. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. I 2 T, 

1614. — Louis XIII. assumes the throne, banishes his mother, and is Period I. 

involved in civil war with her. At this time Richelieu appears on the Spanish 

Domination 

scene. — 

1624. — Cardinal Richelieu in power, and building up the power of France. ^^^ 

The Huguenots resist his power and 'establish their capital at La o 

Rochelle. Civil war ensues. 

16^6. — Richelieu captures La Rochelle, crushes the Huguenots, and ends 

the civil war. He then aids Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' 

War against Austria. 
1642. — Death of Richelieu. He had founded the French Academy, and 

greatly glorified France. Louis XIII. died a few months later. 

1643-1715.— Reign of Louis XIV., known as The Age of Louis XIV. 
During his minority, until 1652, his mother, Anne of Austria, was 
regent. Cardinal Mazarin was his great minister, and his reign is the 
most illustrious in French history. 

1648. — Treaty of Westphalia, closing the Thirty Years' War. 

1685. — Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 

1698. — French colonization in Louisiana. 

1715-1774.— Reign of Louis XV. 

1769. — Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte, Atigust 15. 

1774-1793. — Reign of Louis XVI. 

1780. — France aids the American Revolution, and becomes involved in 
war with p]ngland. 

1789 —Meeting of States-General and National Assembly. Beginning of 
French Revolution. Age of Mirabeau, Robespierre, Danton, and 
Marat. 

179 2- 1 794. — The Reign of Terror. 

1794. — Napoleon's first campaign in Italy. 

1796. — Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine. 

1798. — Napoleon in Egypt. 

1 799- — Napoleon First Consul. 

1801. — Peace of Luneville, February 9. 

1802. — Peace of Amiens, March 27. 

1803.— Napoleon sells Louisiana to the United States, April 30. 

1804— Napoleon crowned Emperor, May 18. 

1805. — Battle of Austerlitz, December 2. 

1806. — Battles of Jena and Friedland. 

1807. — Talleyrand turns against Napoleon. 

18 10.— Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, 

1812. — Retreat from Moscow, 



124 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period I. 1814. — The Allies invade France. Abdication of Napoleon, his banish- 
Spanish j^-,^,^^ jq gH^jj jj„(j Louis XVIII. placed on the throne. 

Domination , tt , , t^ 

1815.— Napoleon returns from Elba, and, after the Hundred Days, is 

'528 defeated at Waterloo, June 18, and finally banished to St. Helena. 



TO 



j82i 1821.— Death of Napoleon, at St. Helena, May 5. 

GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS. 

1534.— Luther publishes his translation of the Bible. 

1546.— Death of Martin Luther. 

1556.— Charles V. abdicates as Emperor of Germany. Succeeded by 

Philip II. in Spain, and Ferdinand in Germany. 
1556-1566. — Growth of the Nether/atids. Become great navigators and 

manufacturers. Protestants in religion. 
1566.— Philip II., of Spain, attempts to subject the Netherlands to the 

Inquisition, and they rebel. 
1567-1574.— The Dutch, under William of Orange, called William the 

Silent, defend themselves against the Spanish under tlie Duke of 

Alva. 
1579. — The Dutch Republic formed by the union of seven of the Nether- 
land provinces, with William of Orange as president. War with 

Spain until 1609. 
1586. — Oueen Elizabeth aids the Dutch. Battle of Zutphen, in which Sir 

Philip .Sidney is killed. 
1618. — P)eginning of the Thirty Years' War. 
1620.— Battle of Prague, in which the Protestants were defeated and 

driven out of Bohemia and Southern Germany by the Spaniards and 

Austrians. 
1625. — Wallenstt'in creates an army. 
1632. — Gustavus Adolphus killed at the battle of Liitzen. 
1643. - Conde at the battle of Rocroi. 
1648. — Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. 
1654.— Abdication of Queen Christina, of Sweden. 
1686. — League of Augsburg again.st Louis XIV. 
1702. — War of the Spanish Succession begins. 
1704.— Battle of Blenheim, August 13. 
1713-— Peace of Utrecht concluded. 
1718.— Death of Charles XII. of Sweden. 
1740.— Frederick the Great ascends tiie throne of Germany. Maria 

Theresa becomes Queen of Hungary. 
1756. — 'The Seven Years' War begins. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



125 



1763. — Peace of Hubertsberg, February 15, ends the war. Period I. 

1765-— Joseph II. becomes Emperor of Germany. DoMmlxmN 

1792. — War with revolutionary France. ~~q 

1794. — Kosciusko and the fall of Poland. French victories on the Rhine. to 

Napoleon in Italy. 1821 

1800. — French victories at Marengo and Hohenlinden. 
1805. — Battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Pressburg. 
1806. — " Confederation of the Rhine," formed by Napoleon. End of the 

" Holy Roman Empire." Napoleon invades Prussia. 
1807. — Napoleon invades Russia, victorious at Friedland, and dictates 

the treaty of Tilsit. 
1808.— Rapid decline of Prussia. 
1809-1810. — Napoleon's campaign against Austria, ending in victory of 

Wagram. Hanse towns attached to France. 
1 81 2. — Teutonic Union against Napoleon. 

18 13. — Prussia joins Russia in the war to liberate Europe from Napoleon. 
1814. — The Allies in Paris. Congress of Vienna. Napoleon banished to 

Elba. Germanic Confederation formed. 
1815. — Bliicher at the battle of Waterloo. Hofy Allimice formed. 
1819. — The Zollverein formed. 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 

1556. — Carlos I. (Charles v.. Emperor of Germany) resigns the throne 
of Spain. Succeeded by Philip II., who married Oueen Mary of 
England. 

1566. — Philip II. attempts to subdue the Netherlands, which began a 
series of wars that lasted until 1648. 

1580.— Philip II. of Spain becomes King of Portugal, as Philip I. of that 
kingdom. 

1588.— Destruction of the Spanish Armada by the English. 

1598. — Philip III. ascends the throne of Spain, being Philip II. of Por- 
tugal. 

1605. — Cervantes publishes Don Quixote. 

1 610. — E.xpulsion of the Moors from Spain. 

1621-1665. — Reign of Philip IV. of Spain, Philip III. of Portugal. This 
reign was the most disastrous in the annals of Spain. 

1640. — Portugal is separated from Spain, and comes under the rule of the 
house of Braganza, Joam IV. being the first king of this line. 

1648. — Spain recognizes independence of the Netherlands by the treaty 
of Westphalia. 



DOMINAIION 
1528 



TO 



126 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 

Period I. 1665-1700.— Reign of Carlos II. The Spanish monarchy rapidly declines. 
Spanish j^g ^^,^g ^j^g l^g^ ]^i,^g j^f the house of Austria. 

1 700-1746. — Reign of Philip V. of the House of Bourbon. 
1701. — The "War of the Spanish Succession" begins, being an attempt 
jg2j of European nations to place the Archduke Charles of Austria on the 

Spanish throne. In the war, Marlborough made his great name as a 

general. 
1704. — Gibraltar captured by England, from which time it has been an 

English fortress. 
17 1 2. — The Salic latv introduced in Spain. 
17 14. — End of the " War of Succession." The Allies recognize Philip as 

king. 
1746-1759. — Reign of Ferdinand VI. in Spain. 
1755. — Great earthquake at Lisbon, Portugal. 

1759-1788. — Reign of Carlos III. Spain's prosperity and power revived. 
1760-1763. — War with England, which resulted in the cession of Florida 

to England. 
1788-1808. — Reign of Carlos IV. War with England and France. 
1807. — Napoleon expels the house of Braganza from Portugal, and they 

go to Brazil. 
1808. — Ferdinand VII. succeeds to the Spanish throne. Napoleon forces 

him to abdicate, and Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain. A 

revolution broke out, and the " Peninsular War" ensued. 
1809. — Wellington victorious in Portugal and Spain. 
1814. — French expelled from Spain, and Ferdinand VII. restored to the 

throne, which he occupied until 1833. 
1820-1823. — Revolution in Spain, finally suppressed with tlie aid of 

England. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

I533-— Galileo before the Inquisition. 

1545- — Council of Trent. 

^547- — Title of Orar first used by Ivan the Terrible, under whom Russia 

threw off the Tartar yoke and began to take her place among the 

nations. 

I575-— Tasso imprisoned. 

1600.— East India Company formed, and begins operations in India. 

1672.— Mahratta rule in India. 

1689.— Peter the Great ascends the throne of Russia. 

1709.— Charles XII. defeated at Pultowa. 



SPANISH DISCOVERY AND DOMINATION IN TEXAS. 



127 



1725. — Catherine I. ascends the throne of Russia. 

1741. — War of the Austrian Succession. 

1756. — Clive victorious over the French in India. Black Hole of Calcutta. 

1761. — Accession of Peter III. of Russia. 

1763. — Peter III. deposed and killed by his wife, who succeeded him as 

Catherine II. of Russia. 
1793- — The partition of Poland. 

1796. — Death of Catherine II. of Russia, succeeded by Emperor Paul. 
1799- — Expulsion of the French from Italy. French conquest of Egypt 

by Bonaparte. 
1800. — Russian alliance with Napoleon. Papacy re-established by 

Napoleon. 
1801, — Assassination of Paul and accession of Alexander I. in Russia. 
1802. — French expelled from Egypt by the English. lionaparte president 

of the Italian republic. 
1803. — Victory of Assaye in India, by Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards 

Duke of Wellington. 
1808.— Murat made King of Naples. 
1809. — Napoleon imprisons the Pope of Rome, Papal States attached to 

France. 
1812. — Napoleon invades Russia. 
1813. — Spanish Cortes abolishes the Inquisition. Papal Concordat with 

Napoleon. 
1814. — Pope Pius VII. returns to Rome. 
1819.— Overthrow of the Mahrattas in India. 



Period I. 

Spanish 

Domination 

1528 

TO 
I82I 





lPc^o^ 1I1I, 

MEXICAN RULE.— 1821-1836. 

¥¥ 

CHAPTER VII. 

Colonization Enterprises of Moses and Stephen F. 

Austin. 



T 



'HE year 1821 marks a new and critical era in the history 
of Texas. Two hundred and ninety years had elapsed 
since the survivors of the Narvaez expedition landed 
on her shores and traversed her territory. One hun- 
dred and thirty years had passed away since the first mission-bell 
tolled its invitation to the Tejas Indians on the Trinity. Monks 
had come and gone, and their labors and sacrifices appeared to 
have left no trace in the wilderness. Spanish troopers, French 
traders, and American filibusters had marched and fought and 
died on her soil, yet, from the Rio Grande to the Sabine, the 
country was practically a trackless and unsettled waste. The 
entire population, exclusive of the wild Indian tribes, did not 
reach ten thousand souls. There was no trade, in the proper 
sense of the word. Agriculture was unknown, except in small 
irrigated areas near the old missions and presidios. Some flocks 
and herds there were in certain localities, but they roamed at 
will and grew without man's aid or attention. The principal 
128 



MEXICAN RULE. 



129 



1821 

TO 



colonies 



towns were Nacogdoches, La Bahia, San Antonio, and El Paso, Period ii. 
where a few Spanish famihes maintained some degree of social exican v\.b. 
state, surrounded by a filthy and degraded community of worth- 
less soldiers, idle Indians, and half-caste Creoles. It was at this 
juncture that the touch of Anglo-American industry and enter- — 

prise awoke the dormant possibilities of this virgin province, 
and nursed them into the potent progress of a free and fruitful 
commonwealth. 

Even under the Spanish system, grants to persons desiring Spanish 
to settle colonies were permitted by special concession and under 
strict conditions. But immigration from the 
United States was at no time favored, and was 
positively prohibited in 1819. Edmund Keene, 
the English statesman, attempted to secure a 
colony in Texas, but was deterred by the re- 
strictions imposed by the viceroys, especially in 
the matter of requiring his colonists to be 
Roman Catholics ; and the socialist, Robert 
Dale Owen, also abandoned a similar scheme 
for the same reasons. 

In 1820, Moses Austin conceived the idea 
of settling an American colony in Texas. 
Austin was born in Connecticut, at Durham, in 
1767. He married in Philadelphia, was a 
merchant at Richmond, Virginia, then engaged 
in lead-mining in the same State, in Wythe 
County, where his son Stephen F. Austin was 
born, November 3, 1793. In 1799, the elder 
Austin became a Spanish subject by removal to 

Missouri, which, as part of Louisiana, then belonged to Spain. Moses Austin 
He there opened lead mines at what is now Potosi, and pros- 
pered for many years, until changed conditions led him to look 
for a new home in the southwest. Preparatory to this, he sent Hisprepara- 
his son Stephen to Long Prairie, in Hempstead County, Arkan- -^^^^^ 
sas, on Red River, to establish a farm for the purpose of fur- 
nishing supplies and as a stopping-place on the way to Texas. 
The information gained by the son convinced him that the pref- 
erable route was by way of New Orleans or Natchitoches, and 




Court and Staik\va\ iH' a 
Mexican House. 



tion to visit 



I ^o 



A COMPLETE HlSTORV OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 

1821 

TO 

1836 

Visits San An- 
tonio de Bexar 



he abandoned the farm project to meet his father at Little Rock, 
where it was agreed that the latter should go on to Texas, while 
Stephen proceeded to New Orleans to make preparations for 
the intended colony. 

Moses Austin reached San Antonio de Bexar in December, 
1820. Antonio Martinez was thengovernor of Texas, and upon 
Austin's presenting himself and his errand, he ordered the 




Mexican Jacal or Hut. 



Baron de Bas- 
trop aids him 



'Oy^^'V** 



American in no very courteous terms to leave the town and the 
province at once. Austin prepared to obey, but accidentally 
met the Baron de Bastrop, an influential citizen, with whom he 
had some previous acquaintance in the United States, and to 
whom he explained the situation ; and also mentioned the fact 
of his passport and citizenship in Missouri in Spanish times. 
Bastrop at once visited the governor with this information ; a 
second interview with Martinez was granted, the cabildo was 
consulted, the usual Spanish formality and delay ensued, and 
finally Mr. Austin was notified to present his application in due 
form. He did so, requesting permission 
to settle three hundred families in Texas ; 
his memorial was forwarded to Monterey, 
to General Arredondo, the commandant 
and superior political chief of the eastern 



£^^ 




|{AsrK()i-'s Si(;na nui-: 



MEXICAN RULE. 



T^.T 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 



1821 

TO 
1836 




Moses Austin' 



Internal provinces, and he himself set out for his home in Mis- 
souri, in January, 1821. The exposure of his long journey 
through the wilderness seriously affected his health, and he died 
in Missouri very soon after his return from Texas ; not, how- 
ever, before he received the news that his request to the Spanish 
government had been granted on January 17, 1821. His last His death 
desire was that his son should carry 
out the enterprise, and Stephen F. 
Austin, then twenty-seven years old, 
immediately entered upon the work. 

The grant of permission by the 
Spanish government to Moses Austin 
authorized him to introduce three hun- 
dred families into Texas, and appointed 
Don Erasmo Seguin to convey the in- 
telligence to Mr. Austin and to con- 
duct the colonists into the country. 
This was what was called an emprcsario 

grant. Emprtsa in Spanish means an enterprise, undertaking, 
or contract, and an emprcsario was a contractor for lands to be 
settled by colonists introduced according to the terms of the 
contract with the government. Strictly speaking, the Austins Empresarios 
were the only empresarios, their first colony being introduced 
under an express contract, while all subsequent ones were gov- 
erned by the colonization laws, which contained the provisions 
applicable to all colonial grants. However, all heads of colo- 
nies founded from 1823 to 1835 are generally spoken of as 
empresarios. 

Stephen F. Austin was in New Orleans when notified that Stephen f 
Seguin was at Natchitoches waiting to execute the commission 
of the government. He at once went thither, and there first 
learned of his father's death and dying request to him. He 
accompanied the commissioner to Bexar, leaving Natchitoches, 
July 5, 1 82 1, with seventeen companions, and reached the 
Texas capital on August 10, having travelled what was called 
the Upper San Antonio Road. Governor Martinez received him 
kindly, and authorized him to explore the Colorado valley, 
sound the river and its harbor, and select such location for the 



Stephen F. 
Austin suc- 
ceeds him 



Austin in 
Texas 



Authority 
given him 



I Xl 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 

182 1 

TO 
1836 



colony as he should choose. He also requested Austin to 
furnish a plan for the distribution of the lands, and directed him 
to take charge of the local government of the colony until other- 
wise organized. Austin's plan for giving lands to the colonists, 
which was approved by the governor, was to give six hundred 
and forty acres to each head of a family and single man over 
age ; three hundred and twenty acres additional for the wife ; 
one hundred and sixty acres for each child ; and eighty acres 
for each slave. He at once explored the Guadalupe, Lavaca, 
Colorado, and Brazos Rivers, and was satisfied that their fertile 




Mexican Women of the Lower Class. 



valleys — especially of the two last named — would furnish pros- 
perous homes for his three hundred families. He then returned 
to Louisiana and circulated throughout the Mississippi Valley 
printed statements of his colonial enterprise and a description 
of Texas and its advantages. In these circulars he distinctly 
stated the terms of acquiring lands in his colony. Each settler 
was required to pay twelve and a half cents per acre for his por- 
tion of land, and Austin was to defray all expenses of surveying, 
fees for titles, and charges of every kind. It was considered 
that the price charged for the land would furnish a fund for 
conducting the local government of the colony, defence against 
Indians, aid to poor immigrants, and to reimburse the outlays 



MEXICAN RULE. 



^33 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 

1821 

TO 

1836 

Empresario's 
compensation 



and losses he and his father had sustained in founding the enter- 
prise, to say nothing of reward for their labor. The price was 
payable in produce of the country in easy instalments, and no 
part of it was due until the title to the land was received by the 
settler. It will be seen that there was a very small, if any, 
margin for speculation to the cmpresario, in this fund. He was 
to receive under his contract a certain quantity of land, amount- 
ing to three haciendas and two I'dbors' (sixty-six thousand seven 
hundred and eighty acres) for each two hundred families actually 
introduced ; but his contract did not require him to perform all 
the labors of securing titles, surveying the lands, paying the 
fees and acting as the governor, judge, and military chief of 
the colony, all of which Austin did, as we shall see, for many 
years, and without salary or pay of any kind. 

In November, 1821, Austin left New Orleans with his 
first colonists, and arrived on the Brazos at the La Bahia 
Crossing in December ; he crossed to the west side and, 
on January i, 1822, camped on a creek in what is now 
Washington County, which he named New Year's Creek, 
the name it still bears. He had previously shipped some 
supplies by the steamer Lively from New Orleans, which 
were landed at the mouth of the Brazos and buried to await 
the coming of the colony ; and in November the Lively 
started with a second cargo of pro\'isions, seed corn, and 
other necessary articles, but was lost in the Gulf. As soon 
as Austin had conducted the families to the Brazos, he went to 
meet the Lively and secure the concealed supplies, but the one 
never came and the other had been discovered by the Karan- 
kawa Indians. Additions to-the colony f-ftntinued to arri\'e, some 
coming across the Gulf to G alveston a nd Velasco, and others by 
way of Nacogdoches an d the land route. The first settlements First settle- 
were on th e^ Brazos , and others proce eded to the Colora do. It "*^"*^ 
was the beginning of Anglo-American ci\ ilization in Texas, and, 
in spite of hardships and privations, the little colony was hopeful 
and helpful from the start. 

Before leaving Texas in the prexious August, Austin had Revolution in 
heard f)f the revolution of February 24, 1821, in Mexico, the 
Plan of Iguala, and the successful establishment of Mexican 




A Greaser, or Lower 
Type of Mexican. 



First colonists 
introduced 



First troubles 



134 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mk.xican Rule 

1821 

TO 
1836 

Austin com- 
pelled to visit 
Mexico 



Austin's ef- 
forts to secure 
his contract 



Imperial colo- 
nization law 



Another revo- 
lution 



independence by Iturbide ; but it does not seem to have occurred 
to him or to Governor Martinez that those transactions affected 
the colonial enterprise in Texas. 

When in March, 1822, he went to San Antonio to report to 
the governor the progress of his colony, he learned with surprise 
and dismay that the changes wrought by the revolution would 
require him to go to the City of Mexico, in order to secure a 
confirmation of his rights and authority as a colonial contractor. 
It was twelve hundred miles in a strange land, but he left his 
colonists in charge of Josiah H. Bell and at once set out for the 
capital, tra\'elling in disguise as a poor man to avoid robbery. 
He reached the city on April 29, 1822, and found the political 
condition most critical and disturbed. Congress had been in 
session since February, endeavoring to establish the government 
on the Plan of Iguala. On May 18, after Austin's arrival, Itur- 
bide was proclaimed emperor, and affairs were in such confusion 
that it was a long time before anything definite was accomplished 
by the visit. Other Americans were in the capital on the same 
errand, and intrigue was rife on all sides. But Austin was inde- 
fatigable, intelligent, and prudent, and success was attained. 
He found that Governor Martinez had no authority to agree to 
the quantity of land the colonists should receive, and that a 
colonization law would have to be passed, regulating that and 
other questions. Mainly by Austin's labor and patience, a 
general colonization law was framed and in the act of being 
adopted, when the emperor, in October, 1822, violently dispersed 
the congress and established a Junta, or royal council, to act as a 
legislature. The work had to be all done oxer again, but on 
January 4, 1823, a general law, known as the Imperial Coloniza- 
tion Law, was adopted by the Junta and approved by the 
emperor. At last, by the aid of Herrera and Ouintana, the 
ministers of Iturbide, he procured all necessary papers under the 
new law, and was ready to return to Texas, when another seri- 
ous delay arose. The republicans of Mexico, under the leader- 
ship of Santa Anna, rebelled against the emperor's despotic acts 
and a fresh revolution broke out, and this of course threatened 
the validity of all legislation under the imperial government. 
Austin must wait the result. 



MEXICAN lU'I.E. 



135 



In March, 1823, Iturbide was deposed, the congress reas- Period 11. 
sembled, and the government was placed in the hands of an '-'"5;^ 
executive power composed of Bravo, Victoria, and Negrete. All 
acts done under the empire were declared void, so that Austin ^3,5 

had to apply to the new government for a renewal of his contract. 
This was granted on April 11, 1823, and by the same act of Mexican 
congress the Imperial Colonization L^w of January 4 was sl)s- "^^^^ 
pended, so that there was no colonization law in force in Mexico Austin's suc- 
until the National Colonization Law of August 18, 1824, and 
the state colonization law of Coahuila and Texas, of March 25, 
1825, were adopted. During the intervening period Austin was 
and could be the only cinprcsario in Texas. 

The success and influence of Stephen F. Austin during his His talents 
year's stay in the Mexican capital were astonishing. It was then .^^ Mexico 
that he first exhibited those qualities of diplomacy, statesman- 
ship, and practical wisdom which so eminently fitted him to 
become, as he was recognized and declared to be by (ieneral 
Houston, "The Father^ of Texas." A stranger among a 
people who instinctively distrusted and secretly despised him, lie 
conciliated their favor, disarmed their prejudices, and actually 
enlisted their interest and assistance. Ignorant of the language 
and laws of the empire, he acquired the one and shaped the 
f)ther to serve the great objects of his undertaking. In the 
midst of revolutionary tumult, where defeated royalists, disap- 
pointed republicans, and scheming imperialists were struggling 
for supremacy, he moulded the policy and actually inspired the 
legislation that laid the foundations of the future greatness of his 
adopted state. He even materially shaped the institutions of 
the new republic of Mexico. To his friend Ramos Arispe, who His plan for 
was chairman of the committee on constitution in the Constitu- ^'^^ Mexican 

Constitution 

ent Congress of 1823-24, he furnished a draft for a constitution 
for the federal republic, which draft was the basis for the Consti- 
tution of 1824, to which Austin, as a loyal patriot in his adopted 
country, was faithful and true until its provisions were disregarded 
and its authority was defied by military usurpation. 

While in the capital, Austin met General James Wilkinson, other Ameri- 
Hayden Edwards, Robert Leftwich, Green Dewitt, and other *^^"^'" 
Americans, who were there seeking colonial grants, but none of 



136 



A CH>MPLKTK HISTORY OF TKXAS. 



r.-KioP 11. whom succeeded at that time. There were also there the 

mkxk_vn Ki'-K (;i^^.,.^-,kee chiefs. Bowles, Fieltls, and Nicollet, who were seeking 

1S21 permission to locate bands of their tribe in Texas, having been 

js'L driven from their extensive possessions east of the MississipjM. 

-— Iturbide gave them a qualified consent to setde in Texas. 

Austin's re- Austiu left Mcxico for his return on April 28, 1823, clothed 

turn to Texas ^^ .^j^ ^-^^^ powcr ovcr his coloiiv— legislative, executive, judicial, 

and militarv — until it should be otherwise ordered. By the terms 

of his modified contract under the Imperial Colonization Law, 

his colonists were to receive a greater quantity of land than 

under the first grant to Moses Austin and the distribution agreed 

Mexican land upou by Govcmor Martiucz. The land measurements were as 

fcillows : 



measurements 



1 viird = 3 geometrical feet ^33"^ inches. 

I /iihoi^ = i.ooo.ixK) square viinis = 177's acres. 

I lineal league ^= 5000 viinis = 4629 yards, i foot, lo^ inclics — 2 
miles, 201 rods, 12 feet, 4-{ inches. 

1 square league, called a silio (se-zheo), = 25,ooo,ocx) sciuare zuinis 
= 442STV(nj acres. 

I hii'cien'da =■- 5 sifios, or 5 square leagues. 

Method of dis- Land, for purjioscs of distrilnitiim, was dixided into pasture 

tributing land . , , , , . , , • • j j .,,1 «. 

to colonists **•■ grazing lands and farming lands ; it was pro\ided that no 
colonist pursuing farming should receive less than a /a/K~r' of 
land, and those pursuing stock-raising should recei\e not less 
than one .y/V/^ ; and those quantities could be increased to suit 
the circumstances of the colonists. Large tracts of land in llie 
hands of individuals or corporations were prohibited, ami the 
same could be taken awav by the government upon paying the 
Rules and owucr i\ fair price. Provisions were made for the organization 
"7*,°. *f* "f towns and cities and the government thereof, and one princi- 

contract 01 & i 

colonization pal towu was required to be established in the colony. The 
enipresario was to receive three hiichndiis and two labors' for 
each two hundred families introduced, but in no case to exceed 
three times that quantity, and he was required to settle and 
cultivate his lands within twelve vears, and to sell two-thirds of 
them after twenty years. Each colonist was required to occujn- 
and cultivate his land within two years, or forfeit his right to it ; 
all tiMs titlus, and duties of any description were abolished for 



MEXICAN RULE. 



^11 



182 1 

TO 
1836 



six years, and [ox the next six years the colonists were to pay Pek;odii 
only one-half the rej,^ular taxes and duties. The sale and pur- ^^»''^":^*<'''-h 
chase of slaves were forbidden, and the children of slaves born in 
the empire were free. All the colonists were required to be 
Roman Catholics and to come from Louisiana, by which was 
meant the extensive territory ff^rmerly known by that name. 
These last two provisions were never rigidly enforced. The 
foregoing regulations were substantially the same that were con- 
tained in all the subsequent colonization laws of Mexico, under 
which Texas was settled. 

Austin reached Texas in the early summer, and in July, 1823, Baron de Bas- 
the new Mexican governor, Luciano Garcia fcrar-se'-ii ), an- *''°P' ^^''^^y'' 

° ^ ^ y> 1 ofAustin's 

pointed Baron de Bastrop as the commissioner to survey and colony 
distribute the lands to the colonists. Owing to delays no titles 
were issued that year, but in 1824 two hundred and forty-seven 
grants were perfected. 

During his long absence, Austin's colony had become much Destitution 
disheartened, and suffered great privation. Thev were almost ^"'^ suffering 

. 01 J of the first col- 

destitute of provisions and clothing, seed for planting was hard onists 
to get and expensive, the men and women wore buckskin gar- 
ments and lived in the rudest simplicity. Prowling Indians 
committed frequent murders, 
and life in the wilderness was r - ^ - . -' fi- ^ n 
Vjurdened with cares and suf- 
ferings sometimes almost un- 
endurable. Game was almost 
the only source of meat-supply, 
and the scarcity of that forced 
the colonists to live on the fat 
miistajigs or wild horses that 
roamed the prairie valleys of the 
rado and the Brazos. " Store- clothes" 
were unknown, and a travelling peddler 
was welcomed as a vision of light and 

beauty by the tired, anxious, and poorly clad women of the 
log-cabin homes of those pioneer days. But through it all there Their heroic 
was a gleam of that heroic patience and fortitude that have ho'"fu^ine 
made the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-American race the dominant 




A Colo.nist's Cabin. 



1^8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period II. and permanent factor in peopling and subduing the Webtern 

H.XICAN uLi. ^.Qj-jj_ There was even a spirit of good cheer, hospitaHty, 

^^-^ homely pride, and individual freedom, that made those early 

jji 5 times sweeter and better than any that have followed the arti- 

— ficial luxuries and refinements of later years. 

Settlements in The uncertainty attending Austin's colony during his long 

delay in Mexico had caused many families to stop in Eastern 
Texas, near Nacogdoches and along the lower Trinity, and thus 
began the American settlement of that region. The exact limits 
of Austin's first colony were not defined, but as finally developed 
it covered the district between the Lavaca and San Jacinto Riv- 
ers, extending from the Gulf to the interior as far as what is now 
Burleson County, including the best portions of the Colorado and 
Brazos valleys. 

San Felipe de On July 26, 1823, the town of San Felipe de Austin was 

established by order of the governor, named for the patron saint 
of the governor, and the American empresario. It was laid off 
at a beautiful spot on the Brazos River in what is now Austin 
County, and was the capital and political centre of the American 
colonies until 1836. New additions to the colony were constantly 
arriving, and they were of the better class, — honest, thrifty, 

Government of Strong, and determined to succeed. Austin organized his gov- 
e CO ony eminent, appointed alcaldes, published a code of civil and crim- 
inal laws for his colony, provided for a military force to repel 
Indians, and all the while was laborious in surveying lands, 
issuing titles, and exercising the responsible duties of his posi- 
tion as the practical dictator of the new settlements. Samuel 
M. Williams was appointed secretary of the local government in 
1824, and Horatio Chriesman was the surveyor ; a land oiBce 
was opened, and the colony was rapidly filled up to the requisite 

"The Original numlxT of families. The members of this first colony are known 
as " the Original Three Hundred," and they and their descend- 
ants have always felt a certain degree of superiority to the " new- 
comers" who followed in after years. If there be any ground 
for distinctions among those whose labor and sacrifice founded 
Texas civilization, the old "Three Hundred" are certainly 
entitled to the first rank. 

Austin's colonists hatl sonu- bloody experiences with Indians, 



Three Hun- 
dred" 



MEXICAN RULE. 



139 



especially the Karan'kavvas, but by dint of courage, vigilance, and pkriod ii. 
skill they gradually drove off the savages and established a rea- ^^^'-J^ uLh 
sonable security for their settlements. ^^^^ 

TO 

On November 6, 1824, Austin forwarded a petition to Mex- jg^g 

ico, asking for permission to introduce two or three hundred 
additional families, and that Galveston be made a port of entry. 
On February 4, 1825, he sent substantially the same application 
to the governor of the state ; and, hearing nothing from these 
petitions, he sent a third to the governor, asking permission to 
colonize five hundred families. The second petition was granted Austin's sec- 
by the authorities before the last one was received, but when the °" *^° °"^ 
request to introduce five hundred families came it was also 
granted, to include the three hundred already granted ; which 
made Austin's second colony five hu ndred fam ilies, and the date 
of the contract June 4, 1825. The new 
colonists were to be settled on the vacant 
lands in the old colony, not within the 
ten leagues reserved along the coast ; and 
the exact limits were afterwards defined 
as lying between the San Jacinto River 

and the old San Antonio Road, to the Signature of Caspar Flores. 

south of that road. Caspar Flores was 

appointed the Mexican commissioner to distribute lands to the 

second colony. This contract was to be completed in six years. 

On November 20, 1827, Austin secured another contract to Third colony 
locate one hundred families on the east side of the Colorado 
Ri\er, above the San Antonio road ; also to expire in six years. 
On July 29, 1828, he made a fourth contract, for six years, to Fourth colony 
locate three hundred families in the ten leagues coast reserve, 
between the Lavaca and the San Jacinto Rivers. This made a 
total of twelv e hundred families c ontracted for by Stephen F. 
Austin. His last three contracts were made under the general 
colonization laws of Mexico and of Coahuila and Texas. He 
was appointed commissioner to issue the titles in the last colony. 

The American colonists in the district selected by Austin Prosperity of 
were now firmly established, and their vigo.' rapidly de\'eloped * ^ '^° °"'^^ 
the country. New families came every week, and among them 
many men afterwards distinguished in Texas. In 1826—27 




140 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 

1821 

TO 

1836 



Change in 
Austin's 



among the immigrants were William H. Wharton, Robert M. 
Williamson, Francis W. Johnson, David G. Burnet, John H. 
Moore, Jesse Grimes, William I. Russell, and Henry Smith. 

In 1828, the State of Coahuila and Texas had adopted a con- 
stitution and organized its government over the territory including 
the American colonies in Texas ; so that on February i of that 
year Austin's powers and duties as legislator, judge, and execu- 




Austin's Map of Texas. 



End of 

empresario 

system 



tive in his colonies ceased, and he became like any other em- 
presario. 

After the adoption of the national and state colonization laws, 
and the successful establishment of Austin's and other colonies, 
immigrants began to come to Texas on their own account ; the 
empresario system ceased, and, although many other colonial 
contracts were entered into until 1833, few of them were carried 
out, and some of them did the country more harm than good. 



MEXICAN RULE. 



141 



182 1 

TO 



To gain a complete view of the colonial period, however, it is period ii. 

proper that the other colonial enterprises should be noticed, and ^"^^^^^ ^^^ 
their part in the general settlement of Mexican Texas be cor- 
rectly estimated. 1836 

QUESTIONS. 

What year marked a new era in the history of Texas? How long 
had it been since the first Europeans landed in Texas ? How long since 
the first mission was founded in Texas ? By whom had the country been 
visited during all these years, and for what purpose? What were the 
condition, population, and pursuits of the province of Texas in 1821 ? 
What were the principal towns, and by whom inhabited ? What new 
influence appeared at this time? What had been the attitude of the 
Spanish government towards foreign immigration, and wliat was it in 
1819? What foreigners had previously attempted to plant colonies in 
Texas ? When did Moses Austin conceive the idea of founding an Ameri- 
can colony in Texas ? Who was Moses Austin, and give a short sketch 
of his life previous to that time ? What preparations did he make for 
coming to Texas ? Who assisted him in these preparations ? When did 
Moses Austin reach San Antonio de Bexar? Describe what happened to 
him there. Who assisted him in dealing with the Spanish authorities, 
and with what result? What did Austin then do, and what became of 
him ? When was permission to found the colony granted by the Spanish 
government ? Who succeeded Moses Austin in his colonial enterprise ? 
By the terms of the permission granted to Austin, how many families 
were allowed to be introduced, and who was appointed to notify him and 
to conduct the colonists to Texas ? Explain the Spanish name for this 
kind of a contract to found a colony. Who were the only real empresa- 
rios, and explain why? Where was Stephen F. Austin when he was 
notified of the colonial permit, and describe his subsequent movements ? 
When did he reach Bexar ? How was he received by the Spanish gov- 
ernor, and what authority and instructions were given him ? What plan 
did Austin form for giving lands to his colonists ? What regions did he 
explore and select for his colony ? What did he then do ? Explain the 
terms of his proposition to the colonists in regard to acquiring lands. 
What compensation was he to receive, and what were his duties as the 
head of the colony ? From what place and on what date did Austin set 
out with his first colonists ? When did he reach and cross the Brazos 
River? When and where did he camp, and what stream did he name in 
honor of that event ? What provisions had he made for supplies for his 
colony, and what happened to them ? What additions were made to his 
colony, how did they come, and where were the early settlements made ? 
When did Austin first hear of the Mexican Revolution of 182 1 ? When 



142 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. did he first learn of the fact that this revolution required a change in his 
Me.xicanRule pjjj„s> What did it become necessary for him to do, and why? What 
1S21 did he do? Who was left in charge of his colony? When did he reach 

TO the City of Mexico ? Describe the condition of Me.xican affairs at the time 

1836 he reached there, and for some time afterwards. What was Austin's 

conduct, and what difficulties d^id he meet with ? What law had to be 
passed in order to permit his colony to proceed, and describe the various 
delays that occurred before the law was finally passed ? What was the 
first general colonization law called ? By whom and when was it adopted 
and approved? What did Austin do under that law, and what event 
suddenly occurred to again delay him ? What was the result of the sec- 
ond Mexican revolution, and how did it affect Austin ? When did he 
finally secure a renewal of his contract by the new government? Explain 
the exact condition of the colonization laws of Mexico during 1823, 1824, 
and 1825. What can you say of Austin's conduct and influence in Mexico 
at this time ? What qualities of tnind and character did he display ? 
What important laws did he secure ? What connection did he have with 
the formation of the Mexican Constitution of 1824? What persons from 
the United States were in the City of Mexico while Austin was there, for 
what purpose, and with what success ? When did Austin leave the capital 
on his return to Texas, and with what authority ? Under his new contract, 
what changes were made in the distribution of lands? Give the table of 
Spanish measurements for land rendered into English measures. How 
was the land divided for purposes of distribution ? How much land 
-could a farmer receive ? How much could a stock-raiser receive ? What 
provisions were made in regard to large tracts of land in the hands of 
individuals or corporations ? What, in regard to towns and cities ? What 
quantity of land was the einprcsario to receive, and upon what condi- 
tions ? Wliat were the rules as to colonists occupying their land ? What 
about taxes, tithes, and duties ? What was the law as to slaves ? What, 
as to religion ? When did Austin reach Texas on his return ? Who was 
appointed land commissioner for Austin's colony, and when ? Who was 
then governor of Texas ? How many land titles were issued in 1823 ? 
How many in 1824 ? Describe the condition of the colonists at this time, 
— their mode of dress, living, food, privations, and dangers, and how 
they bore it all. How came Eastern Texas to be first settled by Ameri- 
cans? What were the territorial limits of Austin's first colony? When, 
by whom, where, and with what name was the first town laid oft" in 
Austin's colony? What was the character of the new settlers who con- 
stantly carne in ? Describe Austin's duties and labors in the government 
of his colonists. Who was the secretary of the local government, and 
when was he appointed ? Who was the colony surveyor ? What were 
the members of this first colony called, and what may be said of them ? 
What experiences had the colonists with the Indians ? Describe the 
manner in which Austin obtained permission to introduce his second col- 
ony, giving the dates, number of families, and the location of the colony. 



MEXICAN RULE. I 43 

What period was allowed for introducing this a^lony, and who was the Pkriod II. 
land commissioner ? When and for what number of families was Austin's ' '^•'^"^ 
third colony granted ? Where was it located, and how many years were 1S21 

allowed for fulfilling the contract? W^hen was his fourth colony con- 'o 

tracted for, for what number of families, and where was it located ? How ^_3o 

many families in all did Austin contract to introduce ? Under what law 
were his last three contracts made ? Describe the growth and prosperity 
of his colonies. What distinguished men came in the years 1826 and 
1827 ? When did the State of Coahuila and Texas adopt a constitution 
and establish government over Texas? What effect did this ha\e on 
Austin's powers and duties ? When and how did the cinpresario system 
of colonization cease, and what system succeeded it ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The condition of Texas in 1821 ; its slow and feeble growth during 
the preceding two hundred years, so that it was still practically an unset- 
tled wilderness. Consider the reasons for this. 

2. The appearance of a new influence, in the shape of immigration 
from the United States, Ijringing the more vigorous, liberal, and pro- 
gressive spirit of English and American civilization. 

3. The colonial enterprises of Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin, 
begun by the former in 1820, and carried out by the latter in 1821-1823. 

4. Revolutionary movements in Mexico in 182 1 and 1823, as affecting 
the American colonization of Texas. Stephen F. Austin's influence in 
Mexico in securing laws favorable to colonization, and in framing a re- 
publican government for Mexico. His great abilities as a statesman, 
diplomat, and man of afl'airs, as shown at that time. 

5. The location, extent, and character of Austin's several colonies, 
his management and authority as the head of the colonial system. The 
methods of distributing lands, and the habits, struggles, and dangers of 
the early settlers. 

6. The success of these first attempts at American settlement of 
Texas, and the causes of the prosperity and jieaceful progress of Austin's 
colonies, as influenced by the character of the colonists and by the pecu- 
liar qualities of the euipresario Austin. 

7. The early colonization laws of Mexico and of Coahuila and Texas. 
Point out their special features, provisions, and distinguish between the 
einpresario system and that which afterwards prevailed. 

Geography. 

I. Study the map of the North American continent in the year 1800, 
so as to be able to point out the territory claimed by the several European 
nations before the treaty of San Ildefonso ; then trace and iM)int out the 
changes made by that treaty. 



144 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KRioi) II. 2. Trace on the map the changes made by the purchase of Louisiana 

Mkxk^Kui.e |_jy ^j^g United States in 1803, especially as affecting the boundary of 

1821 Texas and Louisiana along the Sabine and Red Rivers. 

TO 3. Study the location of the neutral ground between the Sabine and 

'^36 Red Rivers, and trace the boundary of Spanish territory as laid down in 

the treaty between Spain and the United States in 1819. 

4. Locate and trace the limits of Austin's first, second, third, and 
fourth colonies, and point out the places where the first settlements were 
made by American colonists. Locate San Felipe de Austin. 

Note the fact that about this time the Spanish form of spelling Bejar 
began to be changed to the English form, Bexar, but the pronunciation, 
Bd-hdr or Ba-ydr, was retained. Gradually, too, the place began to be 
called simply San Antonio, instead of the full name, San Antonio de 
Be.xar. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), especially Paris 
L and II., Yoakum's original text, and chapters on the Colonial Enter- 
prises of the Austins, and on the Texas Land System ; Brown's " History 
of Texas ;" Gayarre's " History of Louisiana," " Louisiana as a Frencli 
Province," and " Louisiana under Spanish Domination." 




A I'KKIL ()!• THK PLAINS. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Other Colonies in Texas. 



IT has been mentioned that while Austin was in the City of 
Mexico, in 1822-23, he met other Americans who were 
seeking permission to estabHsh colonies in Texas. Some 
of these afterwards succeeded in securing the necessary 
contracts. 

But Martin de Leon, a native of Tamaulipas, in 1823, pro- 
cured the informal consent of the commander of the eastern in- 
ternal provinces to found a colony on the Gaudalupe River, and 
in 1824 he actually brought some families to that locality. After 
the adoption of the national and state colonization laws, on Oc- 
tober 6, 1825, the grant was confirmed for forty-one families ; 
and in 1829 he secured an additional grant for one hundred and 
fifty families, whom he introduced. His colony was 
on the lower Guadalupe, and its capital he named 
Guadalupe Victoria, being the modern town of Vic- 
toria. 

On April 15, 1825, Green Dewitt, of Missouri, 
secured a contract to locate four hundred families 
in the district bounded on the east by the Lavaca 
River and Austin's colony, on the north by the old 
San Antonio Road, on the south by De Leon's 
colony, and on the west by a line between the San 
Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers. He was assisted 
by James Kerr, and the settlement was begun by establishing 
the town of Gonzales in August, 1825. Lands were surveyed 
for the colonists as rapidly as possible, but no families came in 
1825. It was the only American settlement west of the Colorado 
at that time, and suffered greatlv from Indian massacres in its 
early history, so that it was moved to the Lavaca River for 
several years, at a point called " Old Station." 

10 145 



Period II. 
Mexican Rulk 

1S21 

TO 

1836 

Martin de 
Leon 




James Kerr. 



146 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mk.xican Rulk 

1 82 1 

TO 
1836 

Hayden Ed- 
wards 




" Heroes of 
the neutral 
ground" 



Beginning of 
the troubles 



On April 18, 1S25, permission was granted Hayden Edwards 
to settle eight hundred families in Eastern Texas, embracing in 
his grant the town of Nacogdoches. This was a peculiarly un- 
fortunate location, for several reasons. It was a district early 
occupied by the Spaniards, and many old Spanish land titles 
existed there, — some real and some forged, — and this rendered 
its settlement by new colonists rather dangerous. Then, many 
Americans had come into Texas in the past three 
years, some of them with no definite purpose in 
y\ew, but most of them intending to go to Austin's 
colony on the Brazos, which they did not do owing 
to his absence in Mexico and the uncertainty about 
his contract. These people had stopped near 
Nacogdoches and were occupying lands to which 
they had no titles, and they themselves really had 
no legal right to be in Texas at all. In addition 
to these facts, that section lying on the Louisiana 
' border and adjoining the neutral 'grozmd had been 

for years the resort of the most desperate charac- 
ters in the West. Filibusters, fugitives from justice, adven- 
turers, Indian traders, globe-trotters, and every kind and grade 
of desperadoes and outlaws had congregated in that region. 
Some of them were men of experience, talents, and courage, but 
the best of tljem were reckless and contemptuous of all restraint, 
especially from Spanish or Mexican authority. The Indians 
were near by, and among them were many white leaders and 
half-breeds whose influence was not salutary upon the savage 
tribes. Among the most prominent and respectable of this class 
were Martin Parmer, John Dunn Hunter, Fields, James Gaines, 
and the noted Ellis P. Bean. It was in such a locality and with 
such a population to begin with, that Edwards sought to estab- 
lish his colony. 

The first trouble arose with the holders or forgers of Spanish 
land titles, and then Edwards attempted to exercise unwarranted 
authority in the selection of alcaldes in the municipality. He 
was (luick-tempered, and did not understand, or despised, the 
methods of Mexican government, and became inxolved in a bit- 
ter controversy with the political chief, Saucedo. Edwards was 



MEXICAN RULE. 



147 



called away to the United States and left his brother, B. W. Period ii. 
Edwards, in charge. The latter consulted with Stephen F. Aus- Mex,c_an rule 
tin and Baron de Bastrop, and upon their advice wrote to Gov- ^^^^ 

TO 

ernor Victor Blanco, explaining the troubles and the cause of jg^^ 

them. Blanco took offence at the letter, and was no doubt preju- — 

diced by false information. He declared Edwards's contract 
void and commanded his expulsion from Texas ; neither of which 
he had any authority to do. Hayden Edwards returned at this 
time, and the excitement assumed dangerous proportions. In 
this moment of rage and resentment, Edwards conceived the 
idea of organizing an open rebellion against Mexico. He made He starts re- 
an alliance with the Cherokees through John D. Hunter and ^^"'°" 
Fields, two of their chiefs ; visited and aroused the Americans 
on both sides of the Louisiana border ; and finally declared for 
a new republic to be called ' ' Fredonia. ' ' The basis and pur- Fredonia 
pose of this revolution were declared to be to divide Texas be- 
tween the Americans and the Indians, and to wage war against 
Mexico until independence was gained. Whatever injustice had 
been done to Edwards, this movement was absolutely foolhardy 
and without the hope of support from the peaceful and conserva- 
tive Americans in the other colonies. Austin at once denounced 
it, and called out the militia of his colony to aid the Mexican 
government in suppressing it. After some violence and a few 
lives lost, the insurrection was quelled. Hunter and 
Fields were both killed by the Indians, for insisting upon y,,^f 

the treaty to help Edwards. This occurred in 1826-27, 
and was known as the ' ' Fredonian War. ' ' 

It greatly injured the peaceable settlement of Texas, 
and served to hasten the hostility between Mexico and 
her American colonists. 

From 1825 to 1832, eighteen different emprcsario 
grants were made by the government of Coahuila and 
Texas for colonies in Texas, but of that number the fol- 
lowing were the only ones in which any success was 
attained in complying with the contracts. Robert Left- ^'^'^tlTcz^v', 

wich, of Nashville, Tennessee, on April 15, 1825, secured 
a contract for eight hundred families, which was afterwards car- 
ried out l)y Sterling C. Robertson and Alexander Thom{)son. 




148 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. 
Mexican Rile 

1821 

TO 
IS36 

Power and 
Hewitson 



McMuUen and 
McGloin 



Austin and 
Williams 



Joseph Vehlein 



David G. 
Burnet 



Galveston Bay 
and Texas 
Land Com- 
pany 



Increase in 
population 
and prosperity 



It was known as the Nashville colony, or Robertson's Colony, 
and was situated on the Navasota River between the San An- 
tonio road and the Brazos and Colorado Rivers. James Power 
and James Hewitson, two Irishmen, by contract of June 11, 
1828, had permission to settle tw^o hundred families on Aransas 
Bay, in what is now Refugio County. This grant embraced the 
ten shore lcao;i(cs. They secured a second contract in 1830, for 
settling families in the territory between the Nueces and Guada- 
lupe Rivers. John McMuUen and Patrick McGloin, also Irish- 
men, had a contract dated August 17, 1828, for two hundred 
families on the Nueces, and their patriotism and piety are pre- 
served in the name of San Patricio County. 

In 1 83 1, Stephen F. Austin and Samuel M. Williams ob- 
tained a concession to settle eight hundred families in the terri- 
tory east and north of Austin's former colonies. There was 
great confusion about the boundaries of this colony, creating 
trouble as late as 1853. Lorenzo de Zavala, on March 12, 1829, 
was granted a contract to colonize five hundred families near 
Nacogdoches and along the Sabine westwardly to the Gulf, thence 
on the Gulf coast for twenty leagues, and back to Nacogdoches. 
Joseph Vehlein contracted for three hundred families, on Decem- 
ber 22, 1826, and for one hundred families on November 17, 
1828, to be located in Eastern Texas adjoining Zavala's colony, 
and both his and Zavala's contracts covered a part of Hayden 
Edwards's old grant. David G. Burnet procured a colonial 
contract on December 26, 1826, to settle three hundred families 
on a tract of territory lying beside Vehlein' s colony, along the 
Navasota and Trinity Rivers and the old San Antonio Road. In 
1830, Zavala, Vehlein, and Burnet assigned their contracts to a 
company in New York, called the Galveston Bay and Texas Lantl 
Comj)any, which issued a great deal of worthless land scrip, 
damaging Texas and scandalizing the original emprcsarios. Be- 
sides the above-mentioned colonies, partial settlements were also 
made, between 1825 and 1835, under the colonial contracts of 
Cameron, Beale, Grant and Beale, Padillo and Chambers, Thorn, 
Wavel, Woodbury, and Wilson. 

The activity of the colonial period rapidly increased the 
population and developed the resources of Texas, and but for 



MEXICAN RULE. 



149 



the j)olilical troubles brought on by Mexican tyranny and revo- Period 11, 

, . , . r '1 1 • 1 1 • ' f Mexican Rule 

lution, the prosperity of the colonies would in a very tew years — 

have converted the entire province into a peaceable, wealthy, ^ ^^ 

1836 




and prog;ressi\e community. As it was, there intervened nearly 
a decade of civil commotion, revolutionary excitement, and 
finally bloodshed, before the Americans could follow their ap- 
pointed destiny. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was Martin de Leon ? When and how did he secure his con- 
tracts to colonize in Texas? How many families did he introduce, where 
was his colony located, and what town was its capital? When was Green 
Dewitt's colonial contract ,u:ranted? Where was his colony located, and 
when and how was it be.s^un ? Who assisted him in planting the colony ? 
Describe its early troubles and situation, and What occurred in conse- 
quence. Wlien was permission to found a colony granted to Hayden 
Edwards, how many families did it include, and where was it to be estab- 
lished? Describe its location and surroundings, and what difficulties did 
it encounter in consecjuence of these things ? What was the character of 



150 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period II. the people living there and in the country near there ? Give the names 
L.X1CAN uLb. ^^ ^Y^^ more prominent men who were connected with the early settlement 

1S21 and diiihculties of that colony. How did the first trouble arise in Edwards's 

TO colony? What mistakes did Edwards make in his dealings with the IMe.x- 

1830 ican authorities? Who acted for him while he was absent, and what hap- 

pened while he was gone? W'hat did Governor Blanco do? What did 
Hayden Edwards do on his return, and what resulted from his conduct ? 
What sort of revolution and agreement did Edwards and the Indians or- 
ganize, and what cUd they propose to dp ? What can you say of this move- 
ment ? What course did Austin and the other American colonies in Texas 
pursue towards this war? W^hat was the revolution called, and what be- 
came of it and its principal leaders ? What effect did this trouble have on 
the settlement of Texas ? How many colonial contracts were made be- 
tween the years 1826 and 1832? By what government were they made? 
Were they all successful ? Give an account of the colonial enterprise of 
Robert Leftwich, — when granted, how known, by whom carried out, and 
where located. Who were James Power and James Hewitson ? Give an 
account of their colony, with date of founding, location, etc. Describe 
McMullen and McGloin's colonial contract and settlement. What county 
was named by them, and why was it so named? When was Austin and 
Williams's colony founded, where was it located, and what occurred in 
reference to it? When did Lorenzo de Zavala secure a colonial grant, for 
how many families, and where was it located ? When, where, and for 
how many families did Joseph Vehlein have a colony grant ? When was 
David G. Burnet's colony contracted for? Where was it located, and how 
many families did it include? What became of Zavala's, Vehlein's, and 
Burnet's colonial grants, and what evil resulted therefrom ? When and 
by whom were other partial settlements in Texas made ? What effect did 
these various colonial enterprises have on Texas ? What prevented the 
rapid progress and prosperity of the country ? What occurred before 
American colonization finally succeeded in Texas ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The founding of colonies in Western and Southern Texas, by De 
Leon, Dewitt, Leftwich, Sterling C. Robertson, Power and Hewitson, and 
McMullen and McGloin, from 1825 to 1830. 

2. Colonization in Eastern Texas, under Hayden Edwards, Zavala, 
Vehlein, and Burnet, during the same period. 

3. Contrast the success of the western and the eastern colonies. In 
the main the former were prosperous and peaceful, except for outside 
troubles, such as Indian raids ; while the latter were involved in difficul- 
ties with the Mexican authorities, domestic quarrels, and bad management 
of various kinds. Incjuire the causes of this difference. Was it due to 
the location of the colonies, or to the character of their founders, or to 
the disposition of the colonists thcni.selves? 



MEXICAN RULE. 



151 



4. Irregular and partial culonizatiun by various other contractors. 
These were mostly prompted by desire for speculations in lands, rather 
than by the purpose to permanently and peacefully occupy and improve 
the country. Hence they were generally failures. 

5. The gradual approach of a conflict between American and INIexican 
ideas of life, liberty, and law, brought about by the rapid introduction of 
colonists from the United States. 



Period II. 
Mexican Rule 

1821 

TO 

1836 



Geography. 

Locate on the map the various colonies and colonial grants mentioned 
in the chapter. The student should be required to trace on a modern 
county map of the State of Texas the exact location and boundaries of the 
several colonies above described. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), especially Parts 
1. and II., being the original text of Yoakum's " History," and chapters 
on the Colonial Period, Fredonian War, and the Texas Land System ; 
Brown's " History of Texas." 




Seal on an Old Mexican Land Grant. 



CHAPTER IX. 
Political Affairs in Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas. 



Period II. "W" ■ ^E have seen that the Emperor Iturbide was deposed 

'"'''— ^^ \/\m ^y ^ revolution led by Santa Anna, Guerrero, Bravo, 

'' ^' JI. JL Negrete, Guadalupe Victoria, and other republican 

18^6 chiefs. This occurred in March, 1823, under a plan 

of reformation in the government known as the ' ' Act of Casa 

Progress of Matli. ' ' \' ictoria. Bravo, and Negrete were constituted a trium- 

Mexico virate, or supreme executive power, and the congress which had 

been dispersed by Iturbide was reassembled. A new congress 

was called, which met in August, 1823, and was known as the 

Constituent Constituent Congress, being the body by which the Federal Con- 

Concfrcss 

stitution of 1824 was afterwards formed. All its acts of a gen- 
eral nature, and which pertained to the form of government pre- 
ceding the adoption of the constitution itself, were called consti- 
tutive acts ; and the same terms were applied in describing the 
acts of the congress or legislature of Coahuila and Texas, after- 
wards held in that state. 
Federal repub- Qn January 31, 1824, the Mexican Congress adopted a con- 

lic created . . i' 1 • i 1 • 

stitutive act, by which a republican government, federative in 
form and very similar to that of the United States, was oudined. 
By this act the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, and New Leon 
were united as one federal state in the Mexican Union, with its 
Coahuila and capital at Lcoua Vicario or Saltillo. It was declared that as 
soon as any one of the provinces thus consolidated should be 
capable of forming a separate state, and should notify the gen- 
eral government of that fact, it should have the right to be 
organized as a free and independent federal state in the Mex- 
ican federation. Accordingly, in May, 1824, New Leon was 
separated and admitted into the Union as an independent state ; 
while in August of that year, the legislature of Coahuila and 
Texas organized a provisional government for those two prov- 
152 



MEXICAN RULE. 



153 



inces, as one federal state, and declared it to be an integral period ii. 
part of the confederacy as such. The legislature at the same »^^'^;^ 
time declared that the state so formed was free, independent, 

TO 

and sovereign in whatever related exclusively to its internal ^^,5 

administration and government, agreeable to the constitutive 

. "^ Provisions as 

act of the Mexican Congress of January 31, 1824, and to the to the rights of 
constitution which should be finally adopted by the United Coahuiiaand 

r- f n T • Texas 

States of Mexico. 

The Federal Constitution was finally adopted on October 4, Sovereign 
1824, and it contained the same provisions as to the rights and ^^^.^° ^"^^ 

'' 1 &> underMexican 

sovereignty of Coahuila and Texas as had been declared in the Constitution 
previous acts. Oir March 11, 1827, the State of Coahuila and 
Texas adopted a state constitution, which also contained the 
same provisions. As has been before noted, on January 4, 1823, 
the imperial go\'ernment had adopted a general cokviization lazv, 
which was declared void by the succeeding republican govern- 
ment, and was also suspended by the Act of Congress of April 
II, 1823, which confirmed to Stephen F. Austin his first colo- 
nial contract. On August 18, 1824, the Mexican Congress 
passed a national colonization law, and on March 24, 1825, National coio- 
the legislature of Coahuila and Texas passed a state coloniza- "'^^*'°" ^^^ 
lion law. Under these two acts all the colonies, except Austin's 
first contract, were settled in Texas prior to 1836. The provi- 
sions of those laws are in the main the same, and they were 
very just, liberal, and wise. 

Antonio Martinez was the last governor of Texas under Spanish and 
Spanish rule. When the revolution came. Colonel Trespaliicios ernors^of^°^" 
was governor for a time, and under Iturbide's brief reign Texas Texas 
was attached to the captaincy-general of the eastern internal 
provinces, with headquarters at Chihuahua. Luciano Garcia 
and Rafael Gonzales were the acting republican governors dur- 
ing 1823 and 1824, until Coahuila and Texas were united ; 
after which there was one governor of the whole state, residing Mexican gov- 
at the capital, which was usually at Saltillo, or Leona Vicario Texas 
as it was then called. From 1824 to 1835, the successive gc5v- 
ernors were Victor Blanco, Jose Maria Yiesca, Jose Maria 
Letona, Francisco Vidauri y Villaseiior, Jose Maria Goribar 
and Juan Jose Elguezabal' (contesting with each other), Au- 



'54 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



F'ERIOI) II. 

MiixicAN Rule 
182 1 

TO 

1 8 -.6 



gustin Viesca, and then came the revolutionary councils and pro- 
visional orovernment of Texas while engaged in the struggle 
for inde})entlence. After the union of Coahuila and Texas as 
one state, on F'ehruary i, 1825, Texas was made a political 
department with a local officer, who was called the ' ' Political 




POIJTICAL DePARTMF.NTS OF TliXAS. 



Chief of the Department of Texas," and was appointed by the 
governor. He was required to reside at Bexar, and had gen- 
eral political, judicial, and military supervision over the coun- 
try, subject to the governor of the state. Jose Antonio 
Saucedo was the first political chief in Texas, and he was a 
malignant Mexican whose rule was very distasteful to the 
American colonists. 



MEXICAN RULE. 



•55 



Period II. 

MEXICAN RULK 



In 1832, Texas was separated into two political departments 
or districts, with the dividing ridge • between the Trinity and the 
Brazos and San Jacinto Rivers as the line. The eastern district 
was called that of Nacogdoches, with its capital at that town, while 
the western was that of Bexar ; and each had a political chief. 
In 1833, a third district was created, known as the political Political de 
department of the Brazos. Besides these larger political divi- P^'^^'^ents 



1821 

TO 
1836 




OkI(;INAI, MUNK'IPALITIKS OF TEXAS. 

sions, the inhabitants were divided into iminicipalities for local Municipaifties 
purposes. These were governed by alcaldes, or municipal mag- 
istrates, and by common councils in each municipality, called 
ayiintamientos. In the beginning of Austin's colonies he had 
control of the formation of the municipalilies in his territory, 
and was the general head of the entire system. The j)rincipal 
municipalities in Texas, prior to the revolution of 1835, ^^'^'rc 



156 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1 82 I 

TO 
1836 



Judicial dis 
tncts 



Period II. tliose of Bcxar or San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches, San Fe- 
mexicanRule jjp^ ^^ Austin, Brazoria, Mina or Bastrop, Liberty, Matagorda, 
Gonzales, San Augustine, San Patricio, Victoria, Columbia, and 
Jonesborough. The names and limits of these municipal organ- 
izations varied at times, but they constituted the basis of the 
local self-government of the country. Under a law of the legis- 
lature of Coahuila and Texas, passed in 1833, Texas was divided 
into three judicial districts, corresponding to the three political 
departments, with a judge in each and a supreme judge for the 
whole territory. Thomas J. Chambers was appointed the su- 
preme judge, and David G Burnet was the district 
judge of the department of Brazos, but the system 
was never put in operation. In the state congress or 
legislature at Saltillo, Texas at first had two represent- 
atives and Coahuila ten, which was afterwards changed 
to Texas three and Coahuila nine representatives. 

In 1834, Colonel Juan N. Almonte, an intelligent 
Mexican offtcer, the natural son of the patriot priest 
Morelos, was sent to Texas to examine and report 
upon the condition and resources of the country. He 
reported a total population of twenty-one thousand 
three hundred ( 21,300) whites and negroes, and fifteen 
Population of tliousaud three hundred (15,300) Indians. The population, 
excluding Indians, was distributed as follows : In the district of 
the Brazos there were eight thousand inhabitants, including one 
thousand negroes, divided among the municipalities as follows : 
San Felipe de Austin, twenty-five hundred ; Columbia, twenty- 
one hundred ; Matagorda, fourteen hundred ; Mina, eleven hun- 
dred. In the Nacogdoches dej)artment there were nine thousand 
nine hundred persons, of whom Nacogdoches had thirty-five 
hundred ; San Augustine, twenty-five hundred ; Liberty, one 
thousand ; Jonesborough, two thousand ; Anahuac, fifty ; Bevil, 
one hundred and forty ; Teneha, one hundred ; and some at 
smaller settlements. In the Bexar district there was a population 
of three thousand four hundred, which was exclusively Mexican 
except in San Patricio. This was a falling oft", since 1806, of 
three thousand. These inhabitants were distrilnited as follows : 
At San Antonio, twenty-four hundred ; at San F'atricio, six hun- 




Tho.mas J. Chambers. 



Texas in 1834 



Mexican Rule 
1821 

TO 



MEXICAN RULE. I 57 

died ; at Victoria, three hundred ; at GoHad, seven hundred. Period ii 
The resources and commerce showed the following results : 
Brazos district exported, during the year 1834, five thousand 
bales of cotton, worth at New Orleans two hundred and twenty- jg^g 

five thousand ($225,000) dollars ; fifty thousand skins worth 
fifty thousand ($50,000) dollars ; large herds of beeves and Resources and 
live stock to Natchitoches, whose value was not estimated ; and ^°'^'"^'''^^ 
good crops of the cereals w(ire raised and consumed at home. 
In the Nacogdoches district the annual exports were four hun- 
dred and seventy thousand ($470,000) dollars, including two 
thousand bales of cotton, forty thousand skins, and fifty thousand 
head of cattle ; while the imports were two hundred and sixty- 
five thousand ($265,000) dollars. The Bexar district had little 
or no trade, there being annually from eight thousand to ten 
thousand skins exported, and some supplies imported from 
New Orleans in exchange. These figures strikingly exhibit the 
difference between the section colonized by the Americans and 
the region inhabited by the Mexicans and Spaniards. The 
total exports and imports of Texas for 1834 amounted to one 
million four hundred thousand ($1,400,000) dollars, and there 
was a contraband trade of two hundred and seventy thou- 
sand ($270,000) dollars additional. Almonte reported one 
school of forty pupils at Brazoria, a small parochial school at 
San Antonio, and one or two schools at Nacogdoches and San 
Augustine. The colonists who were able sent their children to 
the United States to be educated. On the whole, affairs were Hostility of 
progressing in Texas peaceably enough, until the government 
and officials of Mexico began a policy of unfriendly legislation, 
military interference, and general hostility towards the American 
colonists ; ultimately denying them their constitutional rights, 
and threatening them with the most odious and intolerable 
tyranny. 

The course of events in Mexico was one of constant and 
increasing turbulence. Revolution followed revolution, and Revolutions in 
political factions vied with each other in their disregard of the 
republican constitution of 1824. After the establishment of a 
republic under that instrument, Guadalupe Victoria was elected 
the first president, and assumed office April 15, 1825. From 



Mexico 



15'^ 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



and Federal- 
ists 



pkriod II. the first there were two poHtical parties : the Centralists, in favor 
MiixicANRii-E ^j ,^ centralized despotism or a monarchy ; and the Federalists 
'^21 or Republicans, in favor of the constitution of 1824 and its 

y°5 republican principles. There were several attempts at revolution 

— under Victoria's administration, but they were subdued. Gomez 

Centralists Pedra'zii, a Centralist, succeeded Victoria in the presidency, 
defeating Guerrero, one of the strongest Republicans in Mexico. 
Guerrero, aided by Lorenzo de Zaval'a and Santa Anna, resisted 
Pedra'zii' s election as fraudulent and illegal, a rex'olution l)roke 
out, and congress reversed its decision and declared Guerrero 
the constitutional president, with Bustamente as vice-president. 
This was on January i, 1829. Guerrero assumed the authority 
of a dictator, as he claimed in order to crush the power of the 
Centralists ; but his tyrannical conduct produced another revolu- 
tion led by Bustamente (bos-ta-men'-ta"), which resulted in the 
latter assuming power in the capital, while Guerrero fled to 
Valladolid and was finally captured and shot. In this struggle 
Santa Anna betrayed Guerrero and supported Bustamente. 
Spanish inva- In 1 829, cucouragcd by the unsettled condition of Mexico, 

exico j^p.^j,^ made a last attempt to reconquer the country. A Spanish 
army of four thousand men, under General Barradas', was landed 
at Tampico. Santa Anna met him with a resist- 
^^^^ ing force by land and sea, and, after a brilliant 

■_JB campaign, surrounded and captured the whole in- 

- ^ \ading army. They were permitted to embark 

.w;^"'*"' for Spain upon promise that all further claims to 

sl:-^:**}^' Mexico were abandoned forever. This success 

made Santa Anna the hero of Mexico, and his 
popularity became greater than that of any man in 
.^r the republic. 

""■'^gjlp^ Bustamente came into power about the first of 

..i=.M..KAi anionio LoHhz thc ycar 1830, and on April 6, i8-;o, he evidenced 

UI-: Sa.nia Anna. ,.,.,. ^ > o ' 

his hostility to Texas and to American colonists by 
Laws against the famous Decree of that date. In that act it was provided 

American .1 r • i i i 

colonists 1'^="- "<> foreigner should enter any Mexican territory "by the 

frontier of the north," — which clearly meant colonists from the 
United .States, — unless he could exhibit " a pdssport signed by an 
agent of Mexico in the country from which the individual may 



MEXICAN RULE. 



159 



1S21 

TO 
18.^,6 



come." As the Mexican republic had no such agents in the period 11. 
United States, the decree amounted to a positive prohibition to 
any American to enter Texas, regardless of all colonial contracts, 
financial investments, or principles of international justice and 
friendship. To make the matter plainer, the decree declared 
that no colonist from ' ' any country adjacent to Mexican terri- 
tory" shall be permitted to enter the adjoining Mexican states 
and provinces ; and "all contracts of colonization, the terms of 
which are opposed to this decree, are consequently suspended." 
Another article of the decree provided for shipping Mexican increasing 

convicts to the colonies, which was intended to convert Texas ^^^^^^ op- 
pression 

into a penal settlement for the criminal classes of Mexico. There 
had been, for the last two or three years, signs of growing hos- 
tility of the Mexican government towards Texas ; but this decree 
of Bustamente's rendered it impossible that the American 
colonists should remain quiet any longer in the face of the plain 
purpose to degrade and ruin them. The decree of April 6, 
1830, was to the Texas Revolution what the Stamp Act was to 
the American Revolution of 1776, and it was a far greater provo- 
cation than the British tax law. The secret of this extreme 
measure was perhaps to be found in the fact that, in 1827 and 
again in 1829, the government of the United States had offered United states 
to buy Texas from Mexico ; and to the further fact that the 
inherited freedom and republican spirit of the American colonists 
along the Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado were a perpetual menace 
to the corrupt and tyrannical government of the Mexican Repub- 
lic, falsely so named. 

Bustamente followed up his decree by establishing garrisons 
in Texas, closing all the ports but Anahuac, and by other acts 
of petty annoyance and substantial injury to the Texans, all of 
which led to the first conflicts and hastened the final outbreak 
between Texas and Mexico. His tyranny was not confined to 
the American colonists, however, and gradually the whole nation 
grew rebellious at his conduct. Santa Anna's hour had come, 
and he proclaimed a revolt against Bustamente, on January 2, 
1832. The latter at first repulsed the forces of the hero of Tam- 
pico, and Santa Anna changed his plans, bv announcing in favor 
of the e.xiled president Pedraza, whom he himself had helped 



Jealousy of 
Mexico to- 
. wards the 



Santa Anna 
leads a revo- 
lution 



l6o A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pkriodii. to depose in favor of Guerrero, three years before. Bustamente 

mkxicanRii.k j.^,,^|j^j,(-[ j-j^j^j- i^i^ power had failed, and he agreed to the recall 

1S21 y{ Pedraza, who r(?turncd and served out the remaining three 

TC 



,g months of his administration. Pedraza, it will be remembered, 



— was a Centralist, and Santa Anna, himself a professed Republi- 

is elected call, had thus won favor with his pohtical foes. The result of his 

president . .^ , , . 1 • 1 

treachery, deceit, and skilful planning was his elevation to the 
presidency. May i6, 1833, Gomez Farias, who was a sincere 
rei)ublican, being elected vice-president. 

No sooner was Santa Anna firmly seated in the executive 
chair than he threw of? the mask of republicanism, united with 
the centralists and church party, deposed Farias from the vice- 
presidency, dissoh'ed congress by force, disarmed the militia, 
consolidated and strengthened the army as his sole and willing 
instrument of power, declared himself military dictator, and in 
the beginning of the year 1836 he abolished the constitution of 
His despotic 1824, substituting therefor the Plan of Toluca, by which a con- 

1.0 ,duct fti 1 11-11-n*' T-« 

solidated central government was established in Mexico. But 
1836 was a fateful year for Santa Anna. Against his increasing 
despotism, Puebla, Jalisco, Oajaca, and Zacatecas had risen in 
arms, and had been successively crushed by his brutal soldiery. 
At last he came to subdue the revolted colonists of Texas, — men 
whose ancestors had braxed royal tyranny and humbled royal 
pride since the days of Runnymede. At San Jacinto he paid 
the penalty of his perfidy to the republicans of Mexico, while he 
but partially expiated the cruel butcheries of Goliad and Bexar. 
The story of the rise, progress, and success of that memorable 
struggle will conclude the history of Texas as a part of the 
Mexican federation. 

QUESTIONS. 

After the Emperor Iturbide was deposed in Mexico, what kind of 
government was established ? What body was assembled to make laws, 
and when did it meet? E.xplain the use of the words constituent :^x\A con- 
stitutive as applied to this body and its acts. When did the Mexican Con- 
gress adopt a republican form of government, and what was it like? What 
was done in regard ti) the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, and New Leon? 
What provision was made as to their future government ? When did New 



MEXICAN RULE. l6l 

Leon become a separate state, and what was then done in regard toCoa- Period ii. 
huila and Texas? What declaration was made in regard to the indepen- Mexican Rule 
dence of the State of Coahuiki and Texas? When was the Federal Con- 1821 

stitution of Mexico finally adopted, and what provisions did it contain as to 

to Coahuila and Texas ? When did Coahuila and Texas adopt a state ^^3^ 

constitution, and what provisions did it contain on the same subject? 
WHien was the general colonization law of the imperial government of 
Mexico adopted, and when and how was it suspended ? When did the 
Mexican Congress adopt the national colonization law ? On what date was 
the state colonization law of Coahuila and Texas adopted ? What Texas 
colonies were settled under these last two laws ? What can you say of 
the provisions of those laws ? Who was the last Spanish governor of 
Texas ? Who succeeded him during the Mexican revolution ? How was 
Texas governed during Iturbide's reign? Who were the republican gov- 
ernors of Texas, and in what years did they govern ? When did Coahuila 
and Texas begin to have one governor for the whole state ? Where was 
the state capital ? Give the names of the governors of Coahuila and 
Texas from 1824 to 1835. When was Texas made a political department, 
and what was the head of the department called ? What were his powers 
and duties ? Who was the first political chief of Texas, and what was his 
character ? When was Texas divided into two political districts or de- 
partments, and where was the dividing line ? What were the two districts 
called? When was a third district or department created, and what was 
it called ? What other political divisions of the country and government 
were there ? How were they governed ? Who was originally at the head 
of the municipal government of the colonies in Texas ? Give the names 
and location of the several municipalities of Texas prior to 1835. When 
was Texas divided into judicial districts, and into how many districts ? 
Who were the first judges under that system, and how did it operate? 
What was the representation of Texas in the state congress or legislature, 
as compared with Coahuila? When and by whom was Texas visited for 
the purpose of reporting on its condition and resources? What did he 
report the population of Texas to be in 1834 ? How was this population 
distributed among the several municrj^alities ? What was the condition 
of the Bexar district as compared with its population in 1806? What were 
the commerce and resources of Texas by districts ? What were the total 
exports and imports of Texas for the year 1834 ? What was the condition 
of the schools ? What can you say of the general condition of the coun- 
try at that time ? What was the course of events in Mexico at this period ? 
Who was the first president of the Mexican Republic, and when did he 
take his seat? What political parties existed in Mexico at this time, and 
what did they each favor ? Who succeeded President X'ictoria, and whom 
did he defeat? What followed this election? When was this? What did 
Ciuerr^ro do, and what occurred in consequence? What part did Santa 
Anna play in these revolutions ? What did Spain do in 1829, and what 
was the result ? Who became famous in consequence of this affair ? When 

II 



]62 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Prkiod II. did Hustaniente come into power, and wliat did he do in regard to the 
Mk.xkjan Klli-; (-^i^jiiigj-s in Texas and Mexico? Give the terms of the Decree of April 

1 82 1 6, 1830. Against whom in particular was this law directed ? What unjust 

T'> provision did the law contain as to colonial contracts ? What provision 

'^^36 did it contain about Mexican convicts ? What can you say of the Decree 

of April 6, 1830, in its influence and effects upon the American colonies 
in Texas ? What was the real secret of the hostility of the Mexican gov- 
ernment towards the Texan colonists ? What further tyrannical acts did 
Bustamente commit towards Texas and the country at large ? What fol- 
lowed these oppressions, and who took part in the movement ? When 
was this? What came of this revolution in Mexico, and how did Santa 
Anna act ? W^hat did Bustamente do, and who succeeded him ? When 
was Santa Anna elected president of Mexico, and who was elected vice- 
president at the same time ? As soon as he got in office, what did Santa 
Anna do? When and by what celebrated P/an did he abolish the con- 
stitution of 1824? What did he substitute for it? What Mexican states 
rose in rebellion against Santa Anna's tyranny? What success did they 
meet with, and what state alone held out again.st him? What can you say 
of the result to Santa Anna, and the causes of his final failure to subdue 
the Texans ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The formation of a republican government in Mexico modelled 
after that of the United States. Consider the reasons why it did not suc- 
ceed, and why revolutions ensued among the people, as brought about 
by the fact that the Mexican people and their leaders were not educated 
to the support of free republican government. Contrast the history of the 
Mexican Republic with that of the American Republic during the early 
years of bt)th. 

2. Study the provisions in the various constitutional acts of Mexico 
and of the State of Coahuila and Texas, as to the right of Texas to be 
formed into a separate, independent state when her population and posi- 
tion should justify it. This was the constitutional right upon which Texas 
based her subsequent demand to be allowed to establish her own local 
self-government. 

3. The growing hostility of the Mexican authorities towards Ameri- 
cans, and especially towards the colonists in Texas, as shown by the laws 
and decrees of iUistamcnte. This was due to the jealousy of the Mexi- 
cans towards the United States, whom they suspected of wanting to take 
Texas from Mexico ; and also to the necessary conflict between American 
ideas of liberty and republican institutions and those of the Mexican 
people and politicians. 

4. The first direct attacks upon the rights and liberties of the Tex- 
ans in the Decree of April 6, 1830, the law making Texas a penal col- 
ony, establishment of garrisons in Texas, and tlie blockading of Texas 
ports. 



MEXICAN RULE. I 63 

5. The revolution in Mexico led by Santa Anna, his temporary defeat, Period II. 
his final election to the presidency, his overthrow of the Federal Consti- Mexi can Rule 
lution of 1824, and the establishment of a consolidated despotic govern- 1821 
ment. This rendered it certain that no relief would be granted the Tex- to 

ans against Mexican tyranny. 1836 

6. The peaceful and progressive growth of Texas in population, 
trade, resources, and foreign commerce. The methods of government 
in early Texas by political chiefs, municipalities, etc. The country was 
rapidly developing into a strong and prosperous community, but the mis- 
taken and oppressive conduct of Mexico towards it checked its growth 
and brought on a revolution. 

Geography. 

Trace the boundaries and location of the political departments and 
municipalities of Texas as they existed from 1825 to 1835. Compare 
those early divisions with the geography of modern Texas. 

Parallel Readings. 

ScarfT's " Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brown's " His- 
tory of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brantz Mayer's "Mexico: Aztec, Spanish, and 
Republican;" H. H. Bancroft's "North Mexican States and Texas;" 
Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." 



CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1821-1832. 
Parallel to Period II. 

AMERICA. 

1821. — President Monroe inaugurated (second term), March 4. 

1822. — Dom Pedro declared perpetual protector of Brazil, and later em- 
peror. United States boundary with Canada established. Iturbide 
declared emperor of Mexico. 

1823. — Iturbide abdicates as emperor. Mexican National Assembly es- 
tablishes Junta, and Guadalupe Victoria elected President. Joseph 
Smith originates IMoniwnisni. The " Monroe doctrine" proclaimed 
by President Monroe. 

1824. — Lafayette visits United States. United .States and Great Britain 
discuss 4:he slave trade. 



I 64 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period II. 1825. — John Quincy Adams ( National Republican) inaugurated President, 
Mkxican Rule March 4. Aationa/ Republican and Democratic Republican parties 

1 82 1 formed in United States. These were afterwards known respectively 

TO as the Whig and Democratic parties. 

1^30 1826. — Dom Pedro, of Brazil, becomes King of Portugal. John Adams 

and Thomas JefTerson die same day, July 4. The Panama Conference. 
Georgia expels the Cherokees. 
1827. — Mexico declines to sell Texas to the United States. Oregon boun- 
dary discussed with Great Britain. 
1828. — High protective tarif? law passed by Congress. Southern States 
protest, and South Carolina legislature adopts Mr. Calhoun's State 
sovereignty views, known as the NuIIijication doctrine. Boundary 
between Spain and United States confirmed. 
1829. — Spain sends fleet against Mexico. Andrew Jackson (Democrat) 
inaugurated President, March 4. Henry Clay becomes the leader 
of his party. William Lloyd Garrison founds Abolition party in 
United States. Jackson sends in his message against United States 
Bank. 
1830. — Great debate between Webster and Hayne in United States Sen- 
ate. Doctrine of "nullification" proclaimed by Hayne. The idea 
that "to the victor belong the spoils" first announced in American 
politics. Fifth census shows population of 12,866,020. Death of 
Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of South America. 

1831. — Dom Pedro IL ascends throne of Brazil. Disruption of President 
Jackson's Cabinet. First national nominating political convention 
held in United States. Treaty between United States and Mexico. 

1832. — President Jackson vetoes recharter of United States Bank. New 
tarif? bill. South Carolina passes the Njillification ordinance. United 
States possesses Oregon by settlement. New England Anti-Slavery 
.Society formed. Anti-Mason Society in New York and Pennsylvania. 
Salt Lake Basin explored by Bonneville. Black Hawk War. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

1821. — Death of Queen Caroline, wife of George IV. 

1822. — Peel, Canning, and Brougham become prominent as statesmen. 

Parliamentary Reform and Catholic Emancipation leading issues in 

English politics. Great emigration to Canada and Australia. 
J823. — British Anti-Slavery Society formed. 
1824 — Death of Lord Byron. Westminster Review *i.'^\.^b\v^\\(tA. Daniel 

O'Connell organizes the "Catholic Association." 
J825. — Commercial panic in England. Continued agitation of the reform 

measures and Catholic Emancipation. 



MEXICAN RULE. I 65 

1827. — Frederick, Duke of York, died January 5. George Canning's Period ll. 

I • • . .• Mexican Rule 
administration. 

1828. — Ministry of the Duke of Wellington. New Corn Law. ^^^i 

1829. — Act passed by Parliament removing disabilities of Roman Catho- g^ 

lies and Protestant Dissenters. This act, however, excluded Jews — 

from office. 
1830. — Death of George IV. and accession of William IV. to the throne, 

June 26. 
1 83 1. — Reform Bill, introduced by Lord John Russell, produces great 

agitation. Asiatic cholera breaks out in England. 
1832. — Reform Bill passed by Parliament, intended to abolish "rotten 

boroughs" and extend right of voting to the middle and laboring 

classes. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

1822. — Congress of Verona, held to determine what Europe should do 
with the troubles in Spain, and to promote the Holy Alliance. Greece 
declares her independence. 

1823. — French invade Spain. Leo XI 1., Pope of Rome. 

1824. — Charles X. succeeds Louis XVII I. as King of P" ranee. He attempts 
to re establish despotic government. 

1825. — Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia. First voyage by steam from Eng- 
land to India. 

1826. — Ottoman Empire at war with Russia. 

1827. — Charles X. begins to render the government of France an absolute 
despotism. Battle of Navarino, in which England, France, and 
Russia defeated the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, and secured the indepen- 
dence of Greece. 

1828. — Leo XII. dies, and Pius VIII. succeeds as Pope. 

1839. — Peace or Treaty of Adrianople, between Russia and Turkey, by 
which mutual rights and relations of the two countries were estab- 
lished, and independence of Greece was recognized. 

1830. — Revolution in France. Charles X. attempts to destroy liberty of 
the press and abolish the chamber of deputies. The people rebel, 
Charles is forced to resign, and Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King," 
is chosen his successor. Pope Pius VIII. dies. 

1 831. — Gregory XVI. becomes Pope. Mazzini begins his attempt to or- 
ganize " Young Italy." 

1832. — Uprising of "Young Italy" under leadership of Mazzini, but it 
fails. Death of Goethe and Sir Walter Scott. 




Causes of the 
Texas revolu- 
tion 



Character of 
American col- 
onists 



lPc^o^ imii. 

THE REVOLUTION.— 1832-1836. 

CHAPTER X. 
Events leading to the Texas Revolution. 

THE causes which produced the revolution of Texas from 
Mexico were many and fundamental. Outside the 
district of Bexar, the inhabitants of this province were 
mainly from the United States of America, who had 
inherited the traditions, temper, and political principles of a 
people naturally tenacious of their own laws and institutions, and 
educated by centuries of experience to the highest standards of 
personal freedom and civil liberty. They were engaged in the 
peaceful pursuits of agriculture, stock-raising, and general 
industry, .animated by the orderly instincts of their race, and 
thort)ughly loyal to the great doctrine of local self-government. 
Above all things, they had the Anglo-American hatred of a 
government in which the civil was subordinated to the military 
power, or in which religious faith was permitted to influence 
political administration. In all these respects the Texans were 
radically different from the mixed i)oi)ulation beyond the Rio 
Grande, to whom they were made subject by the unequal alliance 
166 



THE REVOLUTION. I 67 

with Coahuila. It must also be confessed that among the col- pkriod hi. 
onists there were some lawless and desperate characters, who revolution 
were ready to embrace every opportunity, however slight, for ~ 

hostility against the Spanish-Mexican authorities. And there to 

were others — good and patriotic men — who were impatient of 1836 

the connection with Mexico, who heartily despised the Mexican 
system of government, and who, in their zeal for the indepen- 
dence of Texas, were unmindful of the real duties and obligations 
of the colonists to the constitution under which they had assumed 
citizenship in the new republic. 

The constitution of 1824 itself, although modelled after that The constitu- 
of the United States, was far from realizing the well-recognized its defects^ 
safeguards of justice and equality to which Anglo-Americans are 
devoted. It entirely omitted those two most sacred institutions 
of Anglican law and liberty, — trial by jury and the writ of habeas 
corpus. It provided for the perpetual union of church and state, 
by requiring every loyal citizen to be a Roman Catholic in reli- 
gion. It contained provisions for the organization and use of 
the army, which rendered the military power the leading and 
supreme department of the government. And it preserved and 
.perpetuated the most odious feature of the Spanish colonial 
system, — \}[iQ fueros, or special charters, by which the military, 
ecclesiastical, and other classes of citizens were exempted from 
the operation of the general laws, and were permitted to have 
their rights determined by special laws of their own making, in 
tribunals selected from their own members. Even had Texas 
been granted her rights under that constitution, it is impossible 
that her citizens could long have submitted to its provisions in 
matters like those above mentioned. 

At first, however, the colonists did not feel these evils. They Colonists at 

f 1 ^ 1 i_ 1 J • .lI • • first contented 

were too far away and too much absorbed m their own mime- ^^^ peaceful 
diate affairs. They had new fortunes to build in the wilderness ; 
fields to clear and cultivate ; Indian foes to fight ; families to 
bring out from the States and to settle and support in the log- 
cabin homes along the Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and Gaudalupe. 
Then, too, for several years they practically had their own 
government. Under the extensive and liberal terms of his first 
contract, Austin organized and controlled all the details of his 



i832 

TO 



1 53 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pkriod hi. colonial administration, appointing officers, framing laws, and 

'^"'^ disnensino iustice among his people ; and the other empresarios 

had somewhat smiilar authority in their territory. 1 he Mexican 

government had all it could do to manage its own affairs, amid 

1836 the contending factions of revolutionary politics, and for a time 

the Texans were left to themselves. 

Injustice to The first example of Mexican injustice was exhibited in the 

Hayden arbitrary acts of Saucedo and Victor Blanco towards Hayden 

Edwards's ■' . r^. . 

colony Edwards, which led to the Frcdonian liar, in 1827. 1 he col- 

onists did not forget this, but Edwards's own conduct was so rash 
and ill-advised that the lesson of danger was not fully realized. 
As the colonists grew in numbers and strength, their essential 
antagonism to the principles and practices of Mexican politics 
attracted the attention of the central government, and provoked 
the hostility of the military and political chiefs who were direct- 
The state ing its affairs. When, in 1827, the state constitution of Coahuila 

constitution of ^^^^^ Jq^^ls was adopted, and the state laws took the place of the 

Coanuila and '^ ' '■ 

Texas fomicr local self-government of the Texan colonists, which was 

early in the year 1828, the occasions for conflicts arose and 
multii:)lied. 

Bustamente's It was Bustamentc's tyrannical Decree of April 6, 1830, 

Apri^e 1830^^* 'before noted, that rapidly brought on open rupture with the 
Mexican authorities. To enforce the prohibition against Amer- 
icans, contained in that law, he sent troops to Texas and opened 
custom-houses at Bexar, Nacogdoches, Anahuac, Copano, and 
the mouth of the Brazos, where duties were collected to support 
the army of occupation, and other levies were made u[X)n the 

Jealousy of colonists for the same purpose. This movement on the part of 

Mexico to- ^r • 1 1-1 r 1 1 

wards the Mexico was duc uot Only to jealousy of the growing power and 

United States; freedom of the Texan colonists, but to a real fear that the prov- 
ince would be absorbed or seized by the United States. The 
expeditions of Magee and Long were not forgotten, and, even 
since the boundary had been settled by the treaty of 18 iq, efforts 
had been made by the United States to extend their limits farther 
west and south. In 1825 the American minister was instructed 
to offer a new boundary. In 1827 he was authorized to offer 
$1,000,000 for the territory to the Rio Grande, or half that 
sum to the Colorado. In 1829 the United States again offered 



THE REVOLUTION. 



169 



,000,000 for the country bounded by a line midway between period hi. 

The 
Revolution 



the Nueces and Rio Grande, or a proportional sum for the La- ""^ 



vaca, the Colorado, or the Brazos as a boundary. These prop- "t~ 

ositions naturally excited the fears of the Mexican government, ro 

especially when coupled with the fact that leading statesmen in 1836 

the United States had always contended that Texas properly 
belonged to the Union as a part of Louisiana. 

As steps towards the military occupation of Texas, in 1831 Military occu- 
troops were placed at San Antonio and Goliad (La Bahia) ; jg*j^°"° 
Colonel Piedras was stationed at Nacogdoches with three hun- 
dred and fifty men ; Colonel John D. Bradburn at Anahuac with 
one hundred and fifty ; and Colonel Domingo Ugartachea estab- 
lished the fort of Velasco at the mouth of the Brazos, with one 
hundred and thirty men. Ellis P. Bean, with a small force, 
occupied Fort Teran on the Neches. General Mier y Teran, a 
most arbitrary tyrant, was in command of the whole department, 
with headquarters at Monclova. Of these, Bradburn, a traitorous Bradburn's 
American, was the most troublesome. He began by declaring *''^e^'^'=*^ 
martial law, violating the persons and property of citizens, and 
finally he closed all the Texas ports except Anahuac. This 
would ruin Austin's, Dewitt's, and Robertson's colonies, as it 
left them without the means of exporting or im- 
porting anything in their territory. During the 
previous year, in order to settle the land titles 
of colonists who had continued to come to East 
Texas in spite of Bustamente's decree, the gov- 
ernment of Coahuila and Texas had sent its offi- 
cials, Madero and Carbajal (kar-va-haF), to sur- 
\'ey and allot the lands ; and Madero established 
the municipality of Liberty, with its proper civil 
government. Bradburn dissolved that munici- 
pality by military order, instigated, no doubt, by 
the same influences that controlled Saucedo and „ .,, ,„.^„„ 

Branch 1. Archer. 

Blanco against Hayden Edwards in 1827. 

On December 16, 1831, a meeting of the colonists was held 
at Brazoria, and Branch T. Archer and George B. McKinstry 
were sent to Anahuac to induce Bradburn to reopen the ports. 
They convinced him of their determination to have the desired 




I/O 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'liRIOn 111. 

Thk 
Revolution 



1832 

10 
1836 



Imprisons 

distinguished 

Texans 

Uprising of 
the people 



Battle and 
capture of Ve- 
lasco, June 26, 
1832 



Texans loyal 
to Constitu- 
tion of 1824 



relief, and he finally acceded. But in the spring of 1832, on 
account of their resistance to his arbitrary acts, he arrested and 
imprisoned at Anahuac, William B. Travas, Patrick C. Jack, 
Sam T. Allen, Monroe Edwards, and other citizens, and 
threatened to send them to Mexico for military trial. William 
H. Jack sought the release of his brother and companions, was 
refused, and at once raised a force to rescue the prisoners, 
h'rancis W. Johnson commanded this relief party, aided by 
Warren D. C. Hall and Thomas H. Bradley. They were soon 
joined by another force under Captains John Austin, H. S. 
Brown, George B. McKinstry, and William I. Russell. March- 
ing to Anahuac, they demanded the release of the captive citi- 
zens ; Bradburn promised to comply, violated his agreement, 
and a violent conflict ensued. While this was in progress, 
Piedras came from Nacogdoches to aid Bradburn, but, on arriv- 
ing at Anahuac and learning the facts, he released the prisoners 
and sent Bradburn to Mexico under arrest. 

In the meanwhile the news spread, and Brown, McKinstry, 
John Austin, Charles B. Stewart, and others went to Brazoria, 
where they raised volunteers to go to Anahuac and deliver the 
men from custody. This force prepared to sail from Velasco, 
when they were forbidden to do so by Ugartachea, who was in 
command there. They determined to capture the Mexican fort 
at that point, and on June 26, 1832, the first preliminary batUe 
of the Revolution was fought at Velasco. It resulted in a \'ictory 
for the colonists, there being a loss on their side of se\'en killed 
and twenty-seven wounded, while the Mexicans lost fifty-two 
dead and seventy wounded. Ugartachea and his men were per- 
mitted to return to Mexico. 

And yet these were not the acts of revolutionists. The news 
of Santa Anna's revolt against the tyranny of Bustamente, and 
his defence of the Constitution of 1824, had reached Texas, and 
during the trouble at Anahuac, on June 13, 1832, the assembled 
force of Texans held a meeting and adopted resolutions drawn 
by Robert M. Williamson, in which they declared their devotion 
to the Federal Constitution of 1824, their opposition to Busta- 
mente' s despotic violation of its provisions, and their allegiance 
to .Santa Anna as its defender and cliampion, which he then 



THE REVOLUTION. 



171 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 




claimed to be. In July, 1832, General Mexia (ma-he'-a) visited 
Velasco, bringing with him Stephen F. Austin,- who was return- 
ing from the legislature at Saltillo. Mexia was the trusted lieu- 
tenant of Santa Anna, and the cause of the recent events was 
explained to him. At the same time the citizens and aywita- 
7nientos of Brazoria and San Felipe de Austin adopted resolutions 
expressive of their loyalty to the constitutional gov- 
ernment of Mexico, and Mexia returned apparently 
well satisfied with the Texans. 

The last of July, 1832, a meeting was held at 
Nacogdoches for the purpose of compelling Colonel 
Piedras to declare in favor of Santa Anna and the 
constitution. Among those who took part in the 
movement were Phil. A. Sublett, Isaac W. Burton, 
Henry W. Augustin, John W. Bullock, Asa M. 
Edwards, Hayden H. Edwards, Almazon Huston, 
Alexander Horton, Asa Jarman, Isaac D. Thomas, 
William Y. Lacy, Thomas S. McFarland, and James 
Bowie. Piedras refused their demands, and on August i, with 
three hundred men, they attacked his garrison in Nacogdoches 
and drove him out. He retreated towards San Antonio, was 
intercepted by Bowie and forced to surrender, when he and 
three hundred prisoners were sent out of 
the country. Thus it seemed the Tex- 
ans were victorious e\erywhere. But the 
course of events was not encouraging. 
Since the establishment of the State of The state 
Coahuila and Texas, the Mexican part '^g'^'^*"^^ 
of the state, by its majority in the legis- 
lature, had controlled all legislation, and 
the policy adopted was not friendly to 
the American colonies in Texas. In 
1830, Letona was elected governor of 
the state, while Juan Martin Veramendi 
was made vice-governor. The latter was 
a Texan, being a citizen of San Antonio, and the father-in-law 
of James Bowie. This seemed favorable to Texas. Then, Aus- 
tin's influence in the legislature was most prudent and concilia- 



RoBERT M. Williamson. 
(" Three-legged Willie.") 



Piedras driven 
out 




James Bowik. 



172 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 111. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
IS36 



Texas seeks 
separation 



First popular 
convention, 
October 1, 1832 



Memorial to 

Mexican 

government 



tory. But on April 28, 1832, the legislature at Saltillo repealed 
the state colonization law of 1825, and enacted one that con- 
tained Bustamente' s Decree of 1830, limiting all colonial con- 
tracts to Mexicans. It, however, contained a few liberal pro- 
visions as to existing contracts, secured by Austin's influence. 
It was evident to all observing men, from the recent troubles 
in Texas, that a separation must be had from the Mexican gov- 
ernment beyond the Rio Grande, and if the Constitution of 
1824 was adhered to, this could be easily and peaceably effected. 
Bv Austin's influence in 1823, it will be remembered that a 
proviso had been inserted in the constitutive act of January 4, 

1824, passed by the Mexican 
Congress, by which Texas 
might establish a separate 
state government when her 
citizens saw fit to do so, and 
should notify Congress of that 
fact. This provision was re- 
peated in the Constitution of 
1824, in the constitutive act of 
the state legislature of Coa- 
huila and Texas, of August, 
1824, and in the state constitution of 1827. To this, then, the 
colonists turned for relief from the difficulties that threatened 
them. 

On September 14, 1832, the alcaldes of the municipality of 
Austin issued a call for the election of delegates by all the people 
of Texas, to meet at San Felipe de Austin on October i, 1832. 
This, the first popular convention held in Texas, met and elected 
Stephen F. Austin president over William H. Wharton. There 
were fifty-six delegates, rej)resenting sixteen districts and cov- 
ering the then inhabited portion of the province, except San 
Antonio. Committees were appointed to prepare memorials to 
the national and state governments on the following subjects : to 
secure repeal of tlie Decree of April 6, 1830, prohibiting colonists 
from the United States, and expressing loyalty to the constitu- 
tion ; to secure reduction of customs duties on necessary articles 
of merchandise ; to secure a proper settlement of land titles in 




Signature of Juan Martin Veramendi. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



^7:^ 



Period III. 

The 
Rkvolution 



1832 

TO 

IS36 



Eastern Texas ; to provide for the protection of the frontier 
against Indians ; to secure a donation of land for estabhshing 
and supporting primary pubHc schools ; to secure the use of the 
English language except in offtcial communications to the Mex- 
ican government ; to provide for the granting of lands to Indians 
from the United States ; for the organization of the militia ; and 
to petition for a separate state government for Texas. On the 
last-named proposition the vote stood thirty-six yeas, twelve 
nays. William H. Wharton and Don Rafael Manchola were 
appointed delegates to convey the several important memorials 
to Saltillo, but were unable to go in person. 

The effects of this meeting were not favorable on the Mexican Provokes the 
authorities. They were not accustomed to such proceedings, Mex^can^" 
and to their minds such a popular demonstration was treasonable authorities 
and seditious. The political chief of Bexar resented it, and the 
home government of Mexico regarded it as another evidence of 
the rebellious character of the Texans, so little did it understand 
the true principles of republican institutions. Santa Anna him- 
self, to whom the Texans had rallied so loyally, viewed matters 
differently at that time, and recommended moderation and jus- 
tice to the colonists. In a letter written by Stephen F. Austin 
to Ramon Musquiz, political chief of Bexar, on November 15, 
1832, the former very plainly rebukes this display of hostility on 
the part of the Mexican authorities, and he tells Musquiz signifi- 
cantly : "I give it as my deliberate judgment that Texas is lost 
if she takes no measure of her own for her own welfare." The 
spirit of antagonism with which their action was viewed in 
Mexico, however, was not known to the colonists at large, and 
they for a time dwelt in peace and hope. 

The memorials of the first convention were unheeded by the second con- 
state and central governments but another convention was called ^^"*'°"' ■^p"' 

. ' I. 1833 

to meet at San Felipe de Austin on April i, 1833, to frame a 

state constitution. It met, and 
William H. Wharton was elected 
president, there being the same 
number of delegates and very 
much the same delegates, among 
whom were many of the men signature ok Sam Houston. 




174 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



i'kkiou iii. 

Thk 
Rkvoi.ution 

1832 

TO 

1836 



Memorial 
and commis- 
sioners sent to 
Mexico 



Stephen F. 
Austin alone 
goes 



Is arrested 
and im- 
prisoned 



Santa Anna 
refuses the 
memorial 



Unconstitu- 
tional and cor- 
rupt acts of the 
state legisla- 
ture 



who figured prominently in the subsequent history of the revolu- 
tion. A new and notable character in the assembly was Sam 
Houston, a delegate from Nacogdoches, who was made chairman 
of the committee to frame a state constitution, while David G. 
Burnet was at the head of the committee to frame a memorial to 
the Mexican government. The convention was in session two 
weeks, adopted a constitution for the proposed state of Texas, a 
memorial setting forth their motives and purposes, and appomted 
Stephen F. Austin, Dr. James B. Miller, and Don Erasmo 
Seguin commissioners to lay both instruments before the Mex- 
ican government at the capital. 

Of the commissioners appointed, Austin alone went to the 
City of Mexico, leaving Texas soon after the convention. In 
the capital he found matters in almost as much confusion as on 
his former visit. Santa Anna had been elected president, and 
was planning for the overthrow of the constitution ; revolution 
was rife, cholera was raging in the city, and he was confronted 
on all sides with danger and delay. He finally, on November 
25, 1833, secured the repeal of the odious portion of the col- 
onization decree of 1830 ; but, despairing of success in securing 
further concessions, he started home and wrote a letter to the 
municipality of Bexar, recommending that the Texans form a 
separate state government in anticipation of the refusal of their 
memorial by the central authorities. This letter was forwarded 
to the capital, and, being considered treasonable, Austin was 
arrested at Saltillo and carried back to Mexico as a prisoner. 
He was imprisoned on February 13, 1834, ^^^ kept in close 
confinement for three months. He was released from strict con- 
finement in May, but kept a prisoner until October, when Santa 
Anna heard his memorials from Texas and refused them all, 
except the repeal of the colonization decree of Bustamente. He 
was detained at the capital, however, and Santa Anna deceived 
him with a pretence of finally agreeing to the separation of Texas 
from Coahuila. 

1 he legislature of Coahuila and Texas which met in January, 
1833, declared its allegiance to the federal constitution, but its 
acts were themselves violative of all principles of free government. 
Among other things a \v\v was passed denying the right of peti- 



THI': REVOLUTION. 



175 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 




tion to citizens. In March, 1833, the legislature changed the 
capital from Saltillo to Monclova, which provoked a revolution 
in Coahuila. During the same session the most reckless and 
corrupt laws were passed, disposing of the public lands, — eleven 
hundred leagues being granted to one person and four hundred 
leagues to another. These lands were all in Texas, and it 
seemed to be the purpose to plunder the Texans 
before they succeeded in separating themselves 
from Coahuila. When the next legislature met 
in January, 1S34, at Monclova, the people of Sal- 
tillo had revolted against the change of capital, 
and organized another legislature at that point, 
appointing Jose Maria Goribar' governor of the 
state. The Monclova party appointed as their 
governor Juan Jos^ Elguezabal', and civil war was 
threatened between the two factions. The matter 
was finally referred to Santa Anna, who decided 
in favor of Monclova as the capital and that a 
new election must be held, which resulted in the 
election of Augustin Viesca, the last governor of 
the state. But these disputes had practically destroyed the con- 
stitution and government of the state, 
and the Texans considered themselves 
released from the union with Coahuila 
by the revolutionary conduct of the 
latter. 

During the year 1834, by the Pla)i 
of Cuernavaca, Santa Anna established 
his despotic power ; several of the states 
revolted against him, and he subdued 
them by force, Zacatecas being the last 
to surrender. General Martin Perfecto 
de Cos was placed in command of the 
eastern internal provinces, revolution 
again broke out in Coahuila, the army 
was marched thither, the legislature was End of the 
dispersed by troops, and Governor Viesca fled to Texas. On g°^"""^^"' °'' 

' ■' ^ ' Coahuila and 

April 21, 1835, the government of Coahuila and Texas ceased Texas 



Gail Borden. 




Jdun p. Kdrden. 



t832 

TO 



I 76 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pkriod III, forever. Coahuila was conquered by Santa Anna and Cos, and 

^"''' there remained in all Mexico no territory free from the tyranny 

of the sword except Texas, to whose subjugation the attention 

of the government was now to be directed. 

1836 During the exciting and rapid developments of the past three 

years, many able and remarkable men had appeared upon the 

Able men arena of public action in Texas. Perhaps in no country and at 

among early ^^^^ ^j^^^^ ^^.^^ there cvcr displayed such a collection of talented, 

Texan patriots '^ ■' ' 

versatile, and vigorous characters as figured in the rise and 
progress of the Texas Revolution. All of those who took part 
in the stirring transactions of the times were notable men, but 

Branch T. somc of them should be especially mentioned. Branch T. 

Archer should probably receive the name of the " Father of the 
Revolution," as to his efforts, more than to any one man, was 
due the first impulse that awakened the colonists to the danger 
of their situation and the necessity for their firm and united 
action. He was a native of Virginia, quick, fiery, determined, 
and brave, and his tireless zeal inspired the co-operation of all 

Other dis- \vho fell within its influence. Then there were the Whartons, 

I'aderl William H. and John A., both men of commanding abilities, 

ready resources, and large ambitions ; the Jacks, Patrick C. and 
William H. ; the Bordens, Gail, Gail, Jr., Thomas H., P. P., 
and John P. ; David G. Burnet, Thomas J. Chambers, S. 
Rhoades Fisher, Robert M. Williamson, Adolphus Sterne, 
Henry Smith, Sterling C. Robertson, Jesse W^hite, James B. 
Miller, Robert R. Peebles, Thomas and William Menefee, Clai- 
borne West, W. D. C. Hall, Abner Kuykendall, Samuel High- 
smith, Oliver Jones, Bartlett Sims, Francis W. Johnson, Henry 
S. Brown, George B. McKinstry, James B. Patrick, Collin 
McKinney, Rezin P. Bowie, John Caldwell, and an innumerable 

Travis, Bowie, array of their patriotic followers. There was that triumvirate of 
heroes — William B. Travis, Ben R. Milam, and James Bowie — 
whose matchless courage has made old Bexar immortal. Others 
there were whose services became conspicuous as the drama 
developed ; and there was one, but lately come, whose name is 

Sam Houston identified with all that followed. Sam Houston was a native of 
Virginia, born in 1793, — the same year with Stephen F. Austin, 
— reared in Alabama and Tennessee, spending part of his boy- 



THE REVOLUTION. 



177 



hood among the Cherokee Indians ; he was afterwards distin- 
guished as a brave soldier under General Jackson. He became 
successively adjutant-general, congressman, and governor of 
Tennessee, retired to voluntary exile among the Cherokees at 
Fort Gibson, in 1829, where he 
lived and loved an Indian wife, 
until he came to Texas in Decem- 
ber, 1832, settling first at Nacog- 
doches, where he at once became 
a leader by the commanding quali- 
ties of his natural ability and the 
valuable attainments of his varied 
experience. 

On August 31, 1835, after two 
years and a half of captivity in 
Mexico, Stephen F. Austin re- 
turned to Texas. During his ab- 
sence many and important events 
had transpired, new and ambitious 
men had come to the front, and 
some there were who were not 

always mindful of his sufferings, sacrifices, and labors for Texas. 
He returned to find the Revolution rapidly approaching matu- 
rity, and to realize that the state he had founded by wisdom 
and courage was soon to take her place among the independent 
nations of the earth, although many who now so valiantly es- 
poused her cause were strangers to her birth in the wilderness. 




Sam Houston (aged lliirty-five). 
In Indian costume, witli sword 
of San Jacinto. 



Pkkiod III. 
The 

Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Austin's re- 
turn to Texas 



QUESTIONS. 

What can you say of the causes that produced the Texas Revolu- 
tion? What was the general character of the population of Texas in 
1832? What of their political and social habits and traditions? How 
about tlie population of Mexico in these respects ? Describe the several 
classes of people in Texas who.se inclinations were in the direction of 
revolution from Mexico. W'hat fundamental defects existed in the Mex- 
ican Constitution of 1824, as compared with that of the United States? 
Why did not the Texans become sooner dissatisfied with Mexican rule? 



10 



178 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period III. What were the powers and duties of Austin and the early enipresatHos f 
' """^ What was the first example of Mexican injustice towards the Texas col- 

'"'^ '.i_ " onists, and what did it produce ? What followed upon the growth and 
'^^32 strength of the American colonists in Texas? When and how did the 

Mexican system of laws and institutions first begin to bear upon the 
Texans? What brought on the open rupture with the Mexican author- 
ities ? What steps did Bustamente adopt to enforce his decree ? What 
motive besides hostility to Texans prompted Mexico's tyrannical con- 
duct? Describe how this was brought about. Give an account of the 
acts of the United States in reference to Texas. What steps were taken 
by Mexico towards the military occupation of Texas? What persons 
figured most prominently in these movements? Describe the acts of 
Bradburn, and their effect on the colonies. What occurred in Eastern 
Texas at this tirne, in the municipality of Liberty f When and where did 
the colonists hold their first meeting to protest against Bradburn' s con- 
duct? What did it do, and with what result? Wliat occurred in the 
spring of 1832? Describe what was done by the colonists to relieve the 
prisoners. What followed at Anahuac ? Describe what movement this 
affair caused among the other colonists, giving the names of the persons 
concerned. When and where was the first conflict of the Texas Revolu- 
tion had, and with what result ? Explain exactly the feelings and attitude 
of the Texans at this time towards the Mexican government. WHien and 
where was a meeting held by the colonists to declare their position, what 
resolutions were adopted, and who drew them up ? W^hat distinguished 
Mexican officer visited Texas at this time, and who came with him? 
What action was taken by the Texans while he was in Texas? Describe 
what occurred at Nacogdoches in July, 1832. Who took part in this 
moveiuent? What followed? What had been the policy and conduct of 
the state legislature of Coahuila and Texas towards the colonists in 
Texas since the establishment of the state government ? What occurred 
in 1830 that seemed favorable to Texas? What influence did Austin 
exert in the legislature ? Describe the important acts of the legislature in 
1832. What became evident to all thinking men at this time? What 
provisions existed for accomplishing this peaceably ? W'hen, where, and 
how was the first poputar coiivcntio7i of the Texas colonists called to 
meet, and for what purpose ? Describe this convention, who presided 
over it, how many delegates were present, and what did they do? Give 
the substance of the Memorial to the Mexican government adopted at 
this meeting. W^ho were appointed to carry the Memorial to Mexico, 
and with what result? What effect did this meeting have on the Mexican 
authorities, and why? What was Santa Anna's advice at this time? 
What were Austin's views on the subject, and when and how did he 
express them ? How was this first Memorial treated by the government ? 
When and where was the second convention of colonists called to meet, 
and for what purpose ? Who was elected president of it, and how was it 
comjKJsed? What new and notable man ajipeared in this convention. 



THE REVOLUTION. Ijg 

and from what municipality did he come ? At the head of what commit- Period ill. 

tee was he placed ? What man, afterwards distins^uished, was chairman „ ""^ 

1 " ,• 1 1 • Revolution 
of the committee to frame a Mcmonal f How long did the convention 

sit, and what did it do? Who were appointed commissioners to Mexico? ^^32 

Of these, which one actually went to Mexico? Describe the condition ^° 

of affairs in the Mexican capital when he arrived there. What did he _A 

succeed in securing, and what did he then do? What letter did he write, 
what became of it, and what happened in consequence ? Describe Aus- 
tin's imprisonment in Mexico. What did Santa Anna do with the Texas 
Memorials ? What course did he pursue towards Austin ? What did the 
legislature of Coahuila and Texas do in 1833? What can you say of its 
acts ? What occurred in reference to the state capital ? What character 
of legislation was passed in regard to the public lands, and for what pur- 
pose ? When did the next legislature meet ? Describe what occurred as 
the result of the dispute between Saltillo and Monclova. What became 
of this controversy? Who was the last governor of Coahuila and Texas? 
What was the result of the disputes that had arisen in regard to the 
capital, and liow did the Texans feel in reference to the state government? 
When and how did Santa Anna establish his despotic power? What 
occurred among the Mexican states ? What occurred in Coahuila? Who 
was placed in command of the eastern internal provinces ? When and 
how did the government of Coahuila and Texas come to an end ? What 
became of Governor Viesca ? What was the situation then in Mexico, 
and what position did Texas occtipy ? What can you say of the early 
public men of Texas who came to the front during these events ? Who 
was the "Father of the Revolution"? What can you tell about him? 
Name some of the other distinguished and influential men of those days. 
W'ho was Sam Houston? When did he come to Texas? Give a sketch 
of his life prior to this. When did Stephen F. Austin return from his 
captivity in Mexico ? What had occurred in his absence ? What condi- 
tion of affairs did he find in Te.xas on his return ? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. Consider the necessary and fundamental causes of the Texas 
Revolution, as follows : 

(a) The essential difTerence between the American colonists in Texas 
and the Mexican population beyond the Rio Grande, as found in their 
respective social and political instincts, traditions, and institutions. The 
former were the product of Anglo-American civilization as worked out 
through centuries of liberty regulated by law ; the latter was the result of 
the Spanish colonial system, with its tyrannical and arbitrary decrees, its 
mixture of church, state, and army, and its violent disposition to resort to 
lawless revolutions for remedies against e.xisting evils. 

[b) The radical defects of the Mexican Constitution of 1824, which, 
though republican in form and name, was without the customary safe- 



I So A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period III. cryards of political and personal liberty as known to the English and 
^"•^ American constitutions. The Constitution of 1824 was framed by the 

— central government, and the several states of the Mexican federation 

'^32 derived their existence and powers from the federal authority ; while 

'^'^ that of the United States was framed by the States or the people, and the 

^^•^ federal government derives all its powers from the States, or from the 

body of the people composing them in severalty. 

(c) The rapid growth and strength of the American colonies in Texas, 
with their fundamental hostility to the Mexican system, excited the fear 
and jealousy of Mexico, and provoked the government to acts of tyranny 
which the colonists could not endure. 

(d) The several invasions from the United States, beginning with 
Magee's expedition ; the fact that the Texas colonies were composed of 
former citizens of the American Union ; and the repeated attempts of the 
United States to buy all or a part of Texas, — all created a violent jealousy 
on the part of Mexico, and a real fear that Texas would be seized by the 
United States. This led to unfriendly acts towards the colonists. 

2. The open and actual causes of the Revolution, as shown : 

{a) By the Decree of April 6, 1830, prohibiting further immigration 
from the United States, and practically violating and annulling all the 
colonial contracts in Texas. 

((5) By making Texas a penal colony for Mexican convicts, requiring 
the colonists to be disarmed, closing the ports on the Gulf, so as to 
destroy the trade of the colonies, quartering troops in Texas and levying 
taxes on the people to support them, and arbitrarily arresting citizens of 
Texas for protesting against these wrongs. 

(c) By discriminating against Texas in not allowing her proper repre- 
sentation in the state legislature of Coahuila and Texas, so that her 
people were placed at the mercy of the Mexicans beyond the Rio Grande. 

{d) By the acts of the state legislature in denying the right of petition, 
in squandering the public lands, and in requiring all persons charged with 
offences to be carried to Mexico for trial. 

(e) By refusing Texas her constitutional right to have a separate 
government, which was guaranteed to her by repeated provisions of the 
federal and state constitutions, and which right had been freely given to 
New Leon at an early date. 

(/) By imprisoning for three years the commissioner from Texas, 
who went to Mexico to present her Memorial and request for constitu- 
tional rights. 

3. As long as the empr-esario system existed, under which the col- 
onists enjoyed local self-government, these influences tending to a rupture 
with the government were not felt. But when the state government was 
established, in 182S, matters rapidly approached a crisis. 

4. The first meetings and declarations of the colonies were strictly in 
favor of tlie Constitution of 1824, and they simply demanded their rights 
under that instrument. It was only when that Constitution was violated 



THE REVOLUTION. 



l8l 



and overthrown, that they assumed tlie attitude of revokition and 
resistance. 

5. The first revolutionary meetings in Texas, — their members, pro- 
ceedings, and character. 

6. The public leaders of the Texas Revolution, — their ability, firm- 
ness, and courageous devotion to freedom. 

7. Stephen F. Austin's relations to the events of those times. He 
was a sincere patriot and lover of liberty, but his long and intimate inter- 
course with Mexican affairs led him to seek a peaceable rather than a 
revolutionary solution of the difficulty, until he was convinced that 
revolution was inevitable. 



Period III. 
The 

Revolution 

1832 

TO 

1836 



Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I. ; Brown's 
" History of Te.xas," Vol. 1. ; Williams's " .Sam Houston and the War for 
Texas Independence." 




Cc-^-t^ 



SiGNATIIRE OK BHN R. MiLAM. 



CHAPTER XI. 



The Outbreak of the Revolution ; Consultation called ; 
The Campaign of 1835. 



ri'Kioi) 111. 
Rkvolution 



IS32 

vo 

1836 



s 



t 



'\ 



ANTA ANNA'S detention of Austin in Mexico for so 

long had two motives. It deprived the colonists of 

his patriotic aid and counsel in their difificulties ; and it 

operated to hold the great empresario as a hostage for 

the good behavior of the Texans. Austin in his absence had 

been elected to the legislature, in 1834, with Oliver Jones and 

Vasquez as his colleagues, and no doubt his presence during the 

troubles in Coahuila would have been valuable. 

But his captivity was a far greater incumbrance to 

the struggling patriots, by reason of the fact that 

fear for his safety prevented them from taking any 

decisive step towards declaring their hbcrties or 

securing their independence. In all the halting 

counsels and timid temper displayed during the 

trying events of 1834 and until the summer of 

1835, ^^'^ \^^■^^y read the anxiety of the colonists for 

their imprisoned chief. 

During the discussions and plans that preceded 
actual revolution, there were two parties in Texas, 
known as the war party and the peace party. The 
oijM.K jcNi-.s. former was led by such men as the Whartons, 

Henry Smith, Branch T. Archer, William B. 
Travis, Bowie, WiUiamson, Edward Burleson, J. B. Patrick, 
Asa Hoxey, and Alexander Horton. They were in favor of 
active and aggressive measures, looking to separation and inde- 
pendence from Mexico. The conservative or peace party was 
in favor of delil)c'ration, caution, and constitutional remedies for 
existing evils, at least until relief failed to be thus attained, and 
the colonies were in a position to act justly on the defensive. 
182 




THE REVOLUTION. I 8 



All thinking men had come to the conclusion that war was in- Period in. 

Thk 
Revolution 



evitable, and it was simply a question of how best to proceed, 



in order to be prepared for it when it came, and having due " 

regard always for the safety of Colonel Austin in Mexico. There to 

was a very small faction in favor of absolute submission to Me.xi- 1836 

can tyranny. 

The plans of Santa Anna towards- Texas were by this time Santa Anna's 
matured and pretty well understood. He had created a cen- gu^e'rVexaT 
tralized despotism beyond the Rio Grande, and it was his pur- 
pose to invade Texas, disarm her citizens, establish an army of 
occupation, expel all Americans, annul all colonial contracts, and 
reduce the country to a military dependency of Mexico. To 
accomplish these ends General Cos was placed in command at 
Matamoros, as military and civil governor of Coahuila and Texas, 
and a large force was prepared to march into Texas. 

To resist the threatened invasion and secure their freedom, Texans organ- 

, T. 1 • . ^ ize to resist 

the lexans, early m 1835, began to organize Coiiumttces of t;-.e invasion 
Safety in the several municipalities. This movement 
was started in Mina (Bastrop), imitated by Gonzales 
and Robertson's colony, and during the summer it 
spread to all the other municipalities. On June 22, 
a meeting was held at San Felipe, and Captain W. 
B. Travis with a small force was sent to drive the 
Mexicans under Tenorio out of Anahuac, where ex- 
cessive duties were being collected to support the 
army of invasion. The expedition was successful, 
and Tenorio and his men were sent out of the coun- 
try with their arms and effects. Public meetings 
were held everywhere to discuss the situation and to 
prepare for defence. Even in Bexar, such men as , . , 

1^ ^ ' JOSE Antonio Navarro. 

Navarro, Cassiano, Seguin, Zambrano, and other 

patriotic Mexicans, joined in the general movement to uphold Texas Mexi- 

the rights and liberties of Texas. In all such assemblies the '^^"^■'°'" 

o revolution 

uniform expression was that all the Texans askeci was their 
rights under the Constitution of 1824, to which every munici- 
pality declared its allegiance. 

At San Felipe, on July 14, 1835, the political chief of caiisforagen- 
Brazos, J. B. Miller, held a joint meeting of the delegates from "f" '°"'''''*" 




1 84 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkkiod hi. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



The peace con- 
ference 




Order for the 
arrest of lead- 
ins Texans 



the jurisdictions of Austin and Columbia, at which resolutions 
were passed in favor of calling a general consultation of delegates 
from all Texas, to consider the state and necessities of the coun- 
try, and a committee was appointed to arrange for such a con- 
vention. In the same month a similar meeting, with the same 
action, was held on the Lavaca and Navidad. During the first 
half of 1835, the colonists suffered much from Indian hostilities, 
and the anxiety and loss from this source added to their distress 
and deepened the general gloom. 

On July 17, three days after the meeting which had declared 
for a general consultation, another conference was held at San 
Felipe, in which only eleven men took part. It was intended to 
be conciliatory, and appointed D. C. Barrett and Edward 
Gritton as messengers of peace to Colonel Ugartachea 
at San Antonio ; but nothing came of the mission. 
The meeting was self-constituted, and represented 
nobody but the individuals composing it. 

At this time there came to Texas a noble exile 
from Mexico, whose subsequent services identified 
liim with the cause of independence. Lorenzo de 
Za\ala, who had been the friend of Santa Anna and 
governor of the State of Mexico, had become dis- 
satisfied with the course of events under his former 
companion in arms, was appointed Minister to France, 
and instead sought refuge in Texas, where he had 
lands on the San Jacinto River. Being specially desirous of 
capturing Zavala, Santa Anna, in July, sent Tenorio to Texas 
to seize and bring him to Mexico, including in the order of 
arrest Travis, Johnson, Williamson, Mosely Baker, Carbajal, 
and Zanibrano, all of whom had been conspicuous in the recent 
mox'ements among the colonists. It was this order and the 
attempt to execute it that aroused the Texans to their real 
danger. In July, also, Ugartachea occupied San Antonio with 
five hundred troops, and the Mexican vessel El Correo attacked 
Anahuac, was captured by the Texas schooner San Felipe, and 
the crew sent to New Orleans as pirates. In August a large 
meeting was held at Columbia, which reiterated the call for a 
general consultation, and Zavala issued a spirited address to the 



THE REVOLUTION. 



185 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



Militia 
organized 



same effect. From these various efforts it was decided to hold 
an election on October 5, for delegates to attend a General Con- 
sultation of Texas, to be assembled at San Felipe on October 16. 
In the meanwhile, James B. Miller and Henry Rueg, the political 
chiefs of Brazos and Nacogdoches, began to organize the militia 
in their departments, and men's minds hardened into the con- 
viction that a desperate struggle was approaching. Sam Hous- 
ton was elected commander of the troops at Nacogdoches, com- 
panies originally organized and experienced in Indian warfare 
were recruited for more regular service, and both Mexico and 
Texas were gathering strength for the coming shock. 

The I St of September, Austin returned from his enforced Austin takes 
exile, was enthusiastically and affectionately received, ioined in ^^^ '°, ^ 

' J J 1 i general move- 

the appeal for a consultation, was elected chairman of the com- ment 
mittee of safety at San Felipe, and entered into the great enter- 
prise of defending with warlike valor what he had established by 
peaceful toil. 

Renewed demands were made by the Mexicans for the de- 
livery of the leaders of what they termed treasonable rebellion, 
and such delivery was made the condition of 
peace and security to the colonists. Of course, 
peace at such a price was indignantly rejected. 

In September, Ugartachea sent a force 
under Castinado to Gonzales, to take by force 
a cannon belonging to the citizens. News of 
the threatened seizure was sent to the nearest 
neighbors, while Captains Albert Martin and 
George W. Cottle organized and led the citi- 
zens of Gonzales to the ciefence of their prop- 
erty. Castinado arrived on September 28, and 
camped near town. Very soon Edward Burle- 
son from Bastrop, Robert M. Coleman and 
John H. Moore from the Colorado and La- 
vaca, Ben Fort Smith from Columbia, Allen, 
Goheen, Williamson, and John J. Linn, were 
marching from different points with men to aid Gonzales in her 
resistance. On October 2, 1835, the Texans attacked Casti- 
nado in his camp, defeated him and drove his command towards 




John J. Linn. 



1^5 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

pkriod 111. San Antonio. In this action Colonel John H. Moore com- 

''"^ manded the Texans, with T. W. E. Wallace as lieutenant- 

— colonel. This was the first battle of the actual revolution, and 

1832 , , 

TO war was at last upon the country. 

1.S36 Six hundred additional Mexican troops were marched into 

San Antonio in October, to reinforce the garrison there. Goliad 

Mexicans IkuI already been occupied by the Mexicans, and early in Octo- 

fortify San An- |^^j Georoe M. CoUiuosworth organized a company on the lower 

tonio de Bexar ' ° ° "^ _ _ ^ -^ 

Colorado and moved on that historic fort to dislodge the enemy. 
Ben Milam When rteariug the place, they met Ben Milam, who had escaped 

from Saltillo after the dissolution of the government there, and 
Capture of La was endeavoring to reach his friends in Texas. He at once 

Bahia.october j,,;,^^.^} tj^^^jj- ranks. Captains Smith and Allen ioined the com- 
9, 1835 J ' -' 

mand, coining from Gonzales, and on the night of October 9 

they seized the old fort of La Bahia which con- 
trolled the town of Goliad, capturing the small 
garrison in charge, with a large quantity of military 
stores, arms, and some artillery. The capture of 
La Bahia broke the communication between Bexar 
and the Gulf, which the Mexicans were never able 
afterwards to restore, and the attempt to do so lost 
Santa Anna the battle of San Jacinto. Up to this 
time it had been the policy of the leaders, under 
Austin's advice, to act on the defensive. Inde- 
pendence, although in every man's mind, was not 
GuoRGK M. Collingsworth. y^^ definitely proposed. But to make a proper 
defence of Texas it was necessary to control the 
principal points of military value. It was therefore considered 
of first importance to occupy San Antonio, and capture or expel 
the strong garrison stationed there. Heretofore the various 
municipalities had been acting in their local capacities, without 
any central authority to direct general oj)erations. San Felipe 
was regarded as the capital, and Stephen F. Austin was looked 
General coun- to as the practical head of all movements. But now, at his sug- 

cil formed ,. , .... . , , ^ . 

gcstion, each municipality appointed one member from its conv 
mittee of safety, to form a general council for the control of affairs, 
and R. R. Roy.il was elected president of this new body, which 
left Austin more at libertv to act with the forces in the field. 




THE REVOLUTION. 187 



Cos was now in command at San Antonio, with about twelve Period hi. 

The 
Revolution 



hundred men, and Ugartachea was despatched to the Rio Grande 



for reinforcements. ~r~ 

1832 
The Texan forces at Gonzales were organized into a small 



TO 



army, and on October 11, 1835, Austin was elected to the chief 1836 

command, with the title of General. His staff were W. D. C. 
Hall, adjutant ; David B. Macomb, assistant adjutant ; Peter Austin elected 
W. Grayson and William T. Austin (no relative of the General), ^°'"'"^" ^'" ° 
aides ; William H. Wharton, judge-advocate. A regiment of 
three hundred men was formed, with John H. Moore, colonel ; 
Ed\yard Burleson, lieutenant-colonel ; and Alexander Som- 
ervell, major. Milam was placed in command of the 
scouts. This little band marched towards San An- 
tonio, and on October 20 camped on the Salado, 
fourteen miles east from the town and fort. Here 
it remained for a week, and was visited by Hous- 
ton, Rusk, John A, Wharton, Branch T. Archer, , _^- «v 
and other delegates of the Consultation, who came ^'^^^'^s^^X. 
on from San Felipe ; the meeting of the Consulta- ^. nl i ^^^^ 
tion having been postponed until November, owing I J/A '\ '^ 
to the absence of so many delegates in the army. By liyj "^ y' 
request of the soldiers, all delegates were urged to 5|^ , / 
leave the army and attend to their duties in the Con- eq^v^kd Burlfson 
sultation, and they all set out for San Felipe as soon 
as the force removed from the Salado to the mission L' Espada, 
nine miles below San Antonio, on the river. 

Austin now had between six and seven hundred men, and 
had been waiting further additions ; but he determined to move 
nearer to Bexar. On October 27, he sent Bowie and Fannin 
with ninety men to reconnoitre. They selected the mission Con- 
cepcion, about one and a half miles from town, and disposed 
their men in a strong position on the river, with the stream and 
timber as a protection. At sunrise, on the 2Sth, the enemy's Battle of con- 
cavalry rode onto the Texan pickets under Henry Karnes, and btr'28°"i'8 '^^° 
drove them in. It was very foggy, and when the troops were 
finally able to see the position of the enemy, it was discovered 
that the Mexicans had practically surrounded them. Fannin 
and Bowie at once rallied and arranged their men so as to co- 



1 88 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period III. operate effectively. The Mexican infantry came up in force 
'""^ in front, and the cavalry invested the Texan flanks. At eight 

REVOLUTIUN ' ■' • 1 r 1 T- 

— o'clock the batde opened from the side of the lexans, and was 

TO soon general and fierce along the whole line. The enemy began 

1836 firing grape and canister from a six-pounder about eighty yards 

from the Texan right flank. It was silenced by the Texan rifles 
Texan victory jn a fcw miuutes, and by a brilliant movement was captured and 
turned on the Mexicans. The engagement lasted thirty minutes, 
and the Mexicans lost about sixty killed, many of them officers, 
and as many wounded, while the Texan loss was one man killed. 
The Mexican force engaged was about four hundred, and the 
Texans were ninety in number. This is known as the battle of 
Concepcion, and it had ended before Austin with the main body 
of the army arrived from L' Espada. 
Texan army After the victory of Concepcion, Austin moved his army, 

A^uonfo ^" ^^^^^ nearly a thousand strong, to the head of the San Anto- 
nio River, east of the town, and, after various demonstrations 
intended to secure a surrender of the place, the Texans took 
their j)osition on the west bank of the river, at the " Old Mill," 
about half a mile north of the main plaza in San Antonio. The 
town, or rather combination of town, fort, and mission, was 
situated on the San Antonio River and San Pedro Creek, which 
were about six hundred and fifty yards apart. The town lay 
between the two streams, — the San Pedro on the west and the 
San Antonio on the east, — -with a remarkably deep bend outward 
of the latter, into which the town extended ; and just across the 
Description of rivcr, cast, was the Alamo Mission and Fort. The main part of 
,8^" " °"'°'" the city was built around the t^o plazas, — the main and military 
squares, — which were divided by the church of San Fernando, 
priests' houses, and a small row of buildings. One main street 
ran along the north side of these squares, extending through the 
town and east of the ri\'er to the Garita, or lookout and powder 
house, a mile or more from the plazas, and the only bridge 
across the river was at the crossing of this street. The surround- 
ing country is mostly level, with eminences on the west at the 
Alazan and on the north at the old mill. The houses were all 
built of stone ^x\(\.- adobe, with thick walls, flat, parapeted roofs, 
fronting directly on the street, and admirable for defence. There 



THE REVOLUTION. 



189 



Period HI. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



was a system of irrigation ditclies, or acequias, all through the 
town and country between the San Antonio and San Pedro. 

Cos had strongly fortified the place, had excellent artillery, 
and was well equipped for resisting a siege ; while the Texans 
had only a few very inferior cannon. The days passed away, 
and nothing was done beyond an occasional skirmish, and one 
spirited engagement on November 
28, led by Colonel Bowie, known 
as the "Grass Fight," in which 
the Mexicans lost about fifty killed 
and wounded, and seventy head of 
horses were captured. The delay 
caused many of the volunteers to 
leave the army, and the siege 
seemed likely to fail. On Novem- 
ber 21, General Austin issued an 
order to prepare for the storming 
of Bexar, but certain influences 
among the men caused them to 
oppose the movement, and he coun- 
termanded the order the next day. 
It is significant that Milam, Bowie, 
and Travis were absent from the 
army at that time, engaged in 
scouting towards the Rio Grande. 
But some valuable acquisitions were 
being made to the Texan forces, 
and the call for volunteers was being 
responded to, not only in Texas, but 
in the United States, where men and 
su|)plies were raised to aid the struggle against Mexico. Gen- 
eral Rusk was now with the army, and " Deaf" Smith was be- 
ginning his valuable service as a scout. General Houston was General Hou- 
at San Felipe, and he was accused of writing letters to officers 
at Bexar, calculated to produce dissatisfaction and dissension 
among the gallant men who were gathered there, and who con- 
stituted the only army Texas had. General Houston did not 
believe that San Antonio could be taken without cannon, and he 




Map of San Antonio de Bexar and its Envi- 
rons, ETC. 



ston's views 
of the siege of 
Bexar 



190 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period III. 

Thi- 
Revolution 

1S32 

TO 
1836 



Austin resigns 
the command 

Succeeded by 
Edward Bur- 
leson 



The New Or- 
leans Grays 




Adoi.piil's Stkrnk 



Ben Milam 
leads the 
storming of 
Bexar, Decem- 
ber 5, 183s 



was opposed to the policy of making a stand so far from the 
supporting line of the American settlements. In the latter 
opinion he was probably correct ; but that he was wrong in the 
first, Milam and Johnson demonstrated within a few days. 

On November 24, Austin and Wharton were notified that the 
Consultation had elected them, with Branch T. Archer, commis- 
sioners to the United States to solicit aid for the struggling col- 
onists. They resigned at once from their positions in the army, 
and Colonel Edward Burleson was elected to the chief com- 
mand in place of General Austin ; Francis W. Johnson was 
made adjutant, but General Burleson retained the same aides 
his predecessor had. 

On November 21, the first volunteers from the United States 
joined the Texan army at San Antonio. These were the two 
companies of the Grays, from New Orleans, commanded by 
Captains Robert C. Morris and Breese. These troops 
were raised by the efforts of Adolphus Sterne, aided 
by the generous support of William Christy and other 
citizens of New Orleans. They brought many army 
supplies with them, and their coming greatly en- 
couraged the people and soldiers of Texas. 

After Austin's departure from the army, the 
plan which he had proposed of storming the town 
grew in favor. The Texan force had decreased in 
numbers by inaction, but those left were determined 
and brave. Milam had returned, and. on December 4 
he resolved to end the matter by an appeal to the men. 
Drawing a line, he took his place on one side of it, ex- 
claiming, "Who will follow old Ben Milam?" Three hundred 
soldiers responded. The storming party was divided into two 
divisions, one commanded by Milam, aided by Captain Morris, 
and the other by Francis W. Johnson, aided by Colonels Austin, 
Grant, and Brister. Just before daylight, on December 5, they 
entered the suburbs, and moving rapidly, one command along 
Acequia Street and the other along Soledad Street, they ap- 
l)roachcd the viajji plaza ; the first division occupied the house 
of Im (larza, while the second seized the W-ramcndi house. 
These two buildings were a block from the main plaza and near 



THE REVOLUTtON. 



191 




Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

' 1832 

TO 
1836 



.1- OR I'l.AN SHOWING OPERATIONS AND LOCALITIES OF TeXANS IN THE STORMING 

OK Bexar. (Both ancient and modern buildings and streets are shown, and the 
doited lines indicate route of Texaiis in the siege.) 



192 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OE TEXAS. 



I'KRion 111. 

The 
Rkvoi.ution 

TO 
1836 



the fight 



the pn'es/s' /loi/sc which faced ihat />/asa on the north side. The 
Zambrano Row and Navarro s house were farther around to the 
west and south, near the military plaza, which was defended by 
a redoubt a block west of those buildings. Barricades and forti- 
fications protected all the streets near the plazas, and most of the 
houses were garrisoned by Mexican soldiers. A battery at the 
Description of Alamo could shcU the town, and the enemy's artillery was every- 
the locality ^here well disposed. The first day's fight was slow but desper- 
ate, — the Texans using their rifles, while the Mexicans kept up 
Progress of a deadly fire from their cannon and breastworks. During the 
night of the 5th both sides were busy strengthening their posi- 
tions, the Mexicans firing all night, and on the 6th the Texans 
were able to use their small cannon to better effect, while 
they extended their line and fortified themselves in 
trenches. The Mexicans occupied the tops of the 
houses near the plazas, and from the parapet walls 
directed a terrible volley at Milam's men, while a 
continual cannonade was kept up from the Alamo 
and the batteries at the entrances to the main 
and military squares. Great danger was experi- 
enced in passing from house to house, and the 
storming force was not able to keep up com- 
munications as well as they wished, but towards 
evening they advanced from the Garza house to a 
building near the main plaza. On the 7th the con- 
flict continued much the same, the Texans steadily 
gaining ground. But at three o'clock that afternoon. 
Colonel Milam, in passing to Johnson's position in 
the Veramendi house, was instantly killed by a shot in the head. 
Francis W. Johnson succeeded to the command, with Robert C. 
Morris next in authority. At ten o'clock that night the Navarro 
house was taken, being a material advance towards the plaza. 
On the morning of the 8th Zambrano Roiv was seized by the 
Texans, after a desperate resistance by the enemy, the storming 
party forcing their way by tunneling through the thick stone 
walls and fighting from room to room. This was accomplished 
by the companies of Llewellyn, English, Crane, and Landrum, 
and a detachment of the New Orleans Grays, those troops being 




i^ ■> 



Bkn R. Milam. 



Death of Ben 
Milam 



THE REVOLUTION. 



19: 



Period III. 

The 
Rkvolution 



1^32 
TO 

1836 



now commanded by William G. Cooke. At ten o'clock on the 
night of the 8th the priests house was stormed and captured. 
The enemy had been strengthened that day by Ugartachea with 
a large force, and that night they kept up a furious firing against 
every point of the Texan position. But at nine o' clock on the 
morning of the 9th, General Cos sent a flag of truce to Colonel 
Johnson, and surrendered San Antonio to the Texans, agreeing 
to leave Texas with his officers at once, and never again 
to take up arms against the Constitution of 1824. All -f.?"''''" 
his men were to be permitted to go or stay as they 
pleased, but the battalion of convict soldiers was 
required to be taken back to Mexico by General 
Cos. All stores, arms, and military property 
were delivered to General Burleson for the Texan 
army, and all prisoners on both sides were re- 
leased. Thus, on December 9, 1835, Bexar had 
fallen, and the Mexican invaders were driven from 
Texas soil. The loss on the Texan side in the 
storming of Bexar was very trifling. Colonel Milam 
being the only one killed outright, while about thirty 
were wounded. The Mexicans were said to have had 
about one hundred and fifty killed and wounded. It 

is a remarkable fact that this desperate undertaking was accom- Losses in the 
plished by a volunteer force of three hundred men under a sub- ^'°'''"^"e 
ordinate officer, while the commanding general and main body 
of the army remained in camp. 

About the time the siege of Bexar began, a small conflict Lipantitian 
occurred at Lipantitian, near San Patricio, on the Nueces. This 
was on November 4, Captain Westover commanding the Texans. 
The Mexicans were defeated and retired from the country. 

The campaign of 1835 had ended, and the results were of Results of the 
incalculable value to Texas. Had the capture of Bexar been ^^"^p^'S" °'^ 
postponed, as General Houston advised in November, until the 
following March, the Mexicans would have overrun the whole 
country west of the Brazos before money, arms, or troops could 
have been collected ; before a government could be put in oper- 
ation ; before a single volunteer could come from the United 
States ; before the colonists could have organized any but the 

13 




William C. Cooke. 



November 4, 
1835 



194 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



18^12 



I'liRioD HI. most disordei'lv and feeble resistance. As it was, not a Mexican 
„ ^"^ soldier was in Texas at the close of December; Bexar, Goliad, 

Revolution _ ' ' 

and Gonzales were held by Texan troops ; the provisional gov- 
ernment had been organized, and its agents were in the United 
• '■^o^ States enlisting substantial aid and generous sympathy every- 

where ; \'olunteers were coming from all the colonies and from 
the patriotic towns and cities of distant States, while practical 
steps were being taken to equip an army and navy capable of 
coping with the Mexican invasion, which it was certain would 
soon attempt the subjugation of Texas. None of these things 
could have been accomplished but for the patriots of Goliad 
and Gonzales, and the heroes of Lipantitlan and Bexar, in the 
campaign of 1835. 



QUESTIONS. 

What were Santa Anna's motives for detaining Austin as a prisoner 
in Mexico? To what position was Austin elected during his absence, and 
who else was elected with him ? How did his captivity aflfect the col- 
onists ? What two parties were there in Texas at the time of the Revolu- 
tion, and what were their views on the subject ? W^hat was the general 
conclusion of all thinking men ? W^hat were Santa Anna's plans for con- 
{}uering Texas? W^hat did the Texans do towards organizing for resist- 
ance and freedom? Describe the Tenorio incident. What about public 
meetings? What was the sentiment in Bexar? W1iat was the uniform 
sentiment in all the public meetings? When, where, and by whom was 
the first meeting held suggesdng a "Consultation"? W' here else and 
when were other meetings held for the same purpose ? What occurred at 
tliis time in regard to the Indians ? What can you say about the meeting 
held by the "peace party" in July, 1835? Who came to Texas from 
Mexico at this time, and why ? What had been his career in Mexico ? 
What did .Santa Anna do towards securing his arrest and return to Mexico, 
and who else were included in the order of arrest ? What effect had the 
order in Texas? What occurred in July? What in August? What was 
decided ujion ? What was done towards organizing the militia ? Who was 
elected commander at Nacogdoches ? When did Austin return from Mex- 
ico, and what did he do in Texas ? Wliat condition did Mexico propose as 
the basis of peace, and how did the Texans receive it ? W^hen and where 
was the first battle of the Revolution fought ? Describe the events leading 
to the battle and capture of Gonzales. What place did tiie Mexicans fortify 
and reinforce ? What steps did the Texans take to capture that point ? 



THE REVOLUTION. 



195 



TO 
1836 



What man, afterwards distinguished, joined the Texans at this time ? I )e- Period Hi. 

scribe the capture of La Bahia or Gohad, and what was the importance of „ "^ 

' . ' . Revolution 

that event ? What was the purpose of the Texans at that time ? Describe 

what took place in regard to organizing a central council, and who was the ^^^^ 

president of it? Who was in command of the INIexicans at San Antonio, 
and what did he do ? Describe the organization of the Texan army at Gon- 
zales. Who were the various officers ? What did the army do ? Who vis- 
ited it in camp, and what occurred ? Where did the army then go ? When 
was this, and what was the size of the Texan forces? Describe the battle 
of Concepciott, and how it happened. When was this ? Where did Austin 
then move to ? Describe the location, surroundings, and plan of San Anto- 
nio de Bexar in 1835. What was the Grass Fight, when and how did it 
occur? What order did Austin issue on November 21, and why was 
it not executed? What reinforcements did the Texans receive at this 
time ? Where was General Houston, and what were his views as to the 
situation at Bexar ? What can you say of them ? What changes occurred 
in the army on November 24, and why? When did the first volunteers 
from the United States join the army, who were they, and by whose 
influence were they raised? What occurred after Austin left the army? 
Who called for men to storm Bexar, and descril^e what happened ? How 
was the storming party divided and commanded ? Describe the locality 
involved in this storming. Explain the course of the Texans on entering 
the town. Describe the storming, giving the progress of the fighting 
each day, and explaining the movements of the Texans. Who finally 
won, and when ? What were the terms of the surrender ? What were 
the losses on each side, and what was the result of the Texan victory? 
Who was killed on the Texan side, how, and who succeeded him in the 
command? Give the names of the principal officers and troops engaged 
in the storming of Bexar. When, where, and by whom was the battle of 
Lipantitlan fought, and with what result ? What were the results and 
importance of the campaign of 1S35, and explain the value of what was 
accomplished by the Texan army in that campaign ? 



Topical Analysis. 

1. The progress of the Revolution, as shown in the public meetings, 
committees of safety, general council, and final call for a " General Con- 
sultation of all Texas." Note the times and places of the various meet- 
ings. 

2. Santa Anna's attempt to arrest citizens of Texas and carry them to 
Mexico for trial for political ofTences. This precipitated the actual break- 
ing out of the war. 

3. Capture of Gonzales (the first battle of the Revolution), followed 
by capture of Goliad and the marcii on San Antonio, being the beginning 
of the campaign of 1S35. 



96 



A COMPI.ETF. HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



rKRlOD III. 

Thk 
revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



4. Continuation of tlie cainpais;n, battle of Concei)cion, the Grass 
Fight, Lipantitlan, and the storniin.i^ of Bexar. Mexicans driven out of 
Texas. 

5. Importance and vaUie of the cainpais;n of 1S35. 

Geography. 

The student should locate the se\eral ymmicipalitics of Texas as they 
existed in 1835-6, as they formed the first political institutions of the 
colonies and were afterwards adopted as original counties at the organiza- 
tion of the permanent government of the Republic. Trace the route of 
the Texan army in the campaign of 1835, and locate the battles of Gon- 
zales, Goliad, Lipantitlan, Concepcion, the Grass Fight, and siege and 
storming of Bexar. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarfif's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I. ; Brown's 
"History of Texas," Vols. I. and 11.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" 
I'Vancis \V. Johnson's "History of Texas," MS.; Crane's "Life of 
Houston." 




SUTNATURK Ol'' Jl'AN Nl'roM rClsNO Sl'til'IN. 



CHAPTER XII. 

The Consultation ; The Provisional Government ; 
Preparations for War. 



T 



HE General Consultation of all Texas, called to meet Period hi. 

for October i6, 1835, did not organize on that day revolution 

owing to the absence of a quorum, many of the dele- "T" 

gates being with the army at Gonzales. The organi- to 

zation was postponed to November i, and on that date, there '"'^36 
still being a number absent, the proceedings were deferred until 

November 3, — Austin's birthday. The general council, or cen- The Consuita- 

tral executive committee, which had been previously formed by !!°" ** ^f " 

. Felipe, No- 

the municipalities, had been up to that time the only government vember 3, 1835 
for all the colonies, and it had not been able to do much. It 
had a delicate and difificult question to deal with, in satisfying 
the Cherokee and Cushatta Indians, who were becoming very The Indian • 
restless and even clamorous about their settlements in Eastern ^'^° ^"^ 
Texas. They had built villages and engaged in farming, to 
some extent, near Nacogdoches and along the Neches and 
Trinity, and they were anxious to have the titles to their lands 
confirmed. In a critical moment like this it would not do to 
incur their hostility, and ex'cry effort was made to pacify 
them. Both Austin and Houston wrote to them in October, 
1S35, assuring them that their lands and rights would be pro- 
tected ; and they were invited to send a representative to the 
Consultation. 

The council managed to keep up a weekly mail through Early newspa- 
Texas and to the United States. The Telegraph was published ^"^ ^"'^ '"^'•' 
weekly by Raker and Borden at San Felipe, and "The Emi- 
grant's Guide" was about starting at Nacogdoches ; so that the 
colonists were kept informed of passing events. The council also 
appointed Sims Hall army contractor, and Thomas F. McKin- 
ney financial agent to contract a loan of one hundred thousand 

197 



198 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 




Thomas F. McKinney. 



Independence 
deferred 



dollars in New Orleans. These acts were regular and appar- 
ently necessary, and the action of the council was afterwards 
approved by the Consultation. 

The Consultation finally met on November 3, fifty-five dele- 
gates being present, representing thirteen municipalities. Branch 
T. Archer was elected president of the body, and a committee 
was appointed, with John A. Wharton as chairman, 
to prepare a declaration of the causes which impelled 
the colonists to take up arms against Mexico ; while 
another committee, of which Henry Millard was 
chairman, was appointed to draft a plan for a pro- 
visional government for Texas. The question of 
whether the colonists should declare their absolute 
independence came up and was warmly discussed. 
Perhaps all the delegates wished for such action and 
believed it would soon come, but it was not then 
thought to be prudent and wise to so declare. The 
motion for a Declaration of Independence was defeated by a 
\'ote of fifteen yeas to thirty-three nays. John A. Wharton led 
the debate in favor of independence, while D. C. Barrett led 
the opposition to it. Houston also opposed an immediate decla- 
Deciaration of ration of independence. The declaration of grievances reported 
grievances |^^. ^j^^ committee and adopted, set forth fully all the despotic 
and unconstitutional acts of the Mexican government, as they 
have appeared in the history of the preceding ten years, and 
declared for the Constitution of 1824. The plan of the provi- 
sional government, agreed upon on November 13, provided for 
the election by the Consultation of a provisional governor and 
lieutenant-governor, and an acKisory council composed of one 
member from each municipality. Henry Smith was elected 
governor and James W. Robinson lieutenant-governor. It was 
desired to elect Austin provisional governor, but he was with 
the army at San Antonio, and it was thought that his services 
would be more valuable as one of the commissioners to the 
Tnited States, to which position he was appointed, with Branch 
T. Archer and William H. Wharton. Wharton at first declined, 
ior the reason that he was in favor of declaring the absolute 
independence of Texas. He argued that anything short of 



Provisional 
government 
organized 



William H. 
Wharton 



THE REVOLUTION. 



199 



Pkriod III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



He was, how- 



such a declaration would accomplish nothing ; that all Mexico 
would unite against Texas, no matter what was done ; and 
that nothing could be expected from the United States in the 
way of men, money, or sympathy so long as the colonists oc- 
cupied the position of a revolted province of Mexico, still 
claiming allegiance to the Mexican constitution, 
ever, at last prevailed upon to accept the posi- 
tion of commissioner, upon the assurance that 
what he desired would very soon be accom- 
plished. In December the commissioners set 
out for the United States. 

The Consultation provided for a commander- 
in-chief of the army, and Sam Houston was 
elected to that rank, while the organization of 
a regular army of eleven hundred and twenty 
men was ordered, and one hundred and fifty 
Rangers on the frontier. A loan of one million 
dollars was authorized ; all land commissioners 
were suspended and no further land titles could 
be issued ; the fraudulent and illegal land grants 
made by the legislature of Coahuila and Texas 
were declared void ; and it was solemnly enacted that the Chero- 
kee and other friendly Indians should be secured in the titles 
and peaceable possession of their lands in Eastern Texas. The 
Consultation adjourned on November 14 to meet March i, 1836, 
the adjourned meeting to be composed of the same delegates 
unless the council should order an election for new delegates. 

As soon as the provisional government began operations, an Quarrel be- 
unfortunate hostility arose between the governor and the coun- 
cil. It would be a waste of time to undertake to decide who 
was right in the various controversies that arose, or to enter 
into the details of their differences. The continual disagree- 
ment between Governor Smith and his council paralyzed the 
government, and prevented the organization of the army for a 
month. It progressed to the point of the most violent and 
abusive language on both sides, and finally resulted in the 
council adopting a resolution deposing the governor, although 
he still claimed and continued to exercise such authority as he 




Henry Smith. 



Cherokees 
guaranteed 
their lands 



tween g v- 
ernor and 
council 



200 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

I'KKioi. III. could. The plan of the provisional government provided that 
^"'^ the commander of the army should be "subject to the eov- 

Revoi.ution ■' ' ° 

— - ernor and council," but as the latter could never agree among 

TO themselves, General Houston was powerless to do anything. 

1836 The spectacle of this disgraceful controversy disgusted every- 

I)ody, discouraged the colonists, and well-nigh drove away the 

Ks.'isastrous svmpathy and aid of the outside world. It was but another 

effects example of the folly, so often demonstrated in modern times, of 

placing the military operations of a revolutionary war under the 
control of a political government. 

Organization At last, on December 13, General Houston secured such ac- 

t e army ^^j^^^ from the govcmor and council as enabled him to proceed 

Land bounties to organize a regular army. The council declared that all sol- 
diers in the regular army should receive six hundred and forty 
acres of land as a bounty, which was afterwards increased to 
eight hundred acres ; all volunteers in the war against Mexico 
should receive six hundred and forty acres ; and all persons 
who sht^uld leave Texas in her then condition forfeited their 
lands entirely. Houston issued a proclamation, setting forth 
these inducements and calling for soldiers to enter the service, 
but the continual conflict in the provisional government greatly 
retarded all his efiorts. 

indep;nc';nce Meanwhile, the sentiment in favor of the declaration of ab- 

Goiiad,^De- solute independence from Mexico grew apace among the people. 

ccmber 20, 1835 In November and December public meetings were held in Na- 
cogdoches and Brazoria, which adopted resolutions to that 
effect, and on December 20, at Goliad, ninety-two citizens drew 
up, adopted, and signed a declaration ' ' that the former province 
and department of Texas is, and of right ought to be, a free, 
sovereign, and independent state." Major Ira Ingram got up 
this movement, and he was aided by Captain Philip Dinimitt's 
volunteer company and the citizens of Goliad. Thirty-one out 
of the ninety-two signers belonged to the Irish colonies of San 
Patricio and Refugio. 

The Mataino- About this time the country was agitated by the scheme of 

ros expedition ... j o j 

an expedition to capture Matamoros. Dr. James Grant, who 
owned \aluable estates in Northern Mexico, seems to have 
started this scheme, and it was favored bv Colonels P^rancis W. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



20I 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



council 



Johnson and J W. Fannin. The soldiers were idle and rest- 
less, and there was a desire to engage in some sort of desperate 
enterprise against Mexico. General Houston and Governor 
Smith were opposed to the expedition, but it seemed impossible 
to prevent the volunteers who had gathered in the west from 
taking part in the movement, and to preserve the enthusiasm 
of the men the Matamoros raid was partially authorized by the 
commander-in-chief. The council was wholly committed to the Aided by the 
expedition, and in January, 1836, it went so far as to ignore 
General Houston's authority by appointing Johnson and Fannin 
as agents to raise troops and prosecute an independent war- 
fare on Mexico. This was clearly beyond the powers of the 
council, amounted to setting aside the general of the 
regular army, and it led to most serious conse- 
quences. All the confusion and disaster that fol- 
lowed in the spring of 1836 were traceable to this 
Matamoros scheme and the arbitrary action of the 
council in regard to it. The troops were stationed 
throughout the western country under separate 
ciiiefs, the soldiers were in doubt as to what would 
be the next move, the otiticers were involved in con- 
troversies wilh the government and with each other, 
and what should have been a united and well orgau- 
ized army under one competent commander became 
a disorganized and discordant force, made up of 
widely scattered detachments engaged in pushing the individual 
plans of their several leaders. The fall of the Alamo and the 
massacre at Goliad were among the terrible results of such a 
policy. 

The financial condition of Texas at this time was very critical. 
The people were poor and the provisional government had no 
funds. Private aid came from many sources in and out of the 
province. Mobile and New Orleans being especially generous 
in their contributions. The finance committee of the council 
recommended a system of taxation and customs duties which 
would provide necessary funds for the future ; but what was 
needed then was money and supplies -to conduct the war, and 
these must be had at once. A public loan was the only remedy,' 




Fr.'\ncis W. Johnson. 



Financial con- 
dition of Texas 



202 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



pERion III. 

Thi-; 
Revolution 



1S32 

TO 
1836 



Mexico pre- 
pares a srcond 
invasion of 
Texas 



Volunteers 
from Alabama 
and Georgia 



Houston's 
orders in the 
west 



and for the negotiation of this the people looked to their com- 
missioners in the United States. 

In November, 1835, Mexico sent two war-ships, the Bravo 
and the Monte ziana, to the Texas coast, and began to do great 
harm to the importation and exportation of merchandise in 
Texas. In the interior of Mexico extensive preparations were 
made for the second invasion to subdue the Texans. A large 
army was collected at San Luis Potosi in November and Decem- 
ber, to be led to Bexar by Santa Anna in person ; Urrea was 
sent to defend Matamoros and to march thence to Goliad ; Cos 
was at Laredo, where he had been joined by Sesma with fifteen 
hundred fresh troops, so that, unknown to the colonists, the 
storm was gathering" beyond the Rio Grande. 

On December 25, 1835, General Houston removed his head- 
quarters to Washington, on the Brazos, where he met two com- 
panies of volunteers from Alabama under Colonel Wyatt ; while 
about the same time the famous Georgia Battalion, under Major 
William Ward, arrived at San Felipe. Houston 
had been industriously trying to concentrate the 
regular troops at Goliad and Refugio, and the 
supplies at Copano and Matagorda on the coast. 
On December 30 he ordered all volunteers to 
gather at Copano and to remain there for further 
orders. These dispositions were all upset by 
the- Matamoros excitement in January, and San 
Antonio was left practically undefended by the 
departure of men from there to join that expedi- 
tion. On January 8, General Houston set out 
for the west, having appointed Colonel Travis 
chief of the recruiting service, and ordered 
Colonels T. J. Rusk. J. K. Allen, and A. Hor- 
. ton to report at headquarters. At this time 
General Houston expressed himself as convinced that absolute 
independence was the only course for Texas to pursue, and 
almost at the same date General Austin wrote to Houston from 
New Orleans, expressing the same conviction. 

Houston reached Goliad on January 16, ordered the command 
of Colonel R. C. Morris to proceed to Refugio, and on the 17th 




All XANm.R IldKTON 



THE REVOLUTION. 



20' 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



San Antonio 

practically 

abandoned 



Matamoros 
expedition 
continues to 



he sent Bowie with thirty men to Colonel Neill at San Antonio, 
with orders to destroy the fortifications there and retire with the 
artillery to Goliad, as the position could not be held with the 
small force then there. Captain Smith was also directed to raise 
a hundred men and go to San Antonio ; it having been learned 
that a Mexican force of one thousand men were marching on 
that place. Neill replied that he had no teams to move the 
cannon, and therefore did not destroy the fortifications. Only 
eighty men were now left at Bexar, and Governor Smith assumed 
the authority to remove Travis from his position as recruiting 
ofificer, and sent him to San Antonio with a small command. 
Travis called for men and money. Of the latter there was none, 
and the former were few to respond in the disordered condition 
then prevailing. 

Meanwhile, the Matamoros expedition was being still nursed 
by Grant, Fannin, and Johnson, supported by the council, and 
it operated as a counter-movement to anything attempted by disorganize 
the commander-in-chief. Houston reached Refugio and learned ^^^ ^''™^ 
that no supplies had been gathered at Copano, as he had 
directed. On January 20, Colonel Francis W. John- 
son arrived at Refugio and informed General Hous- 
ton that the council had deposed Governor Smith, 
arid had appointed Colonel Fannin and himself 
agents to raise troops and supplies and invade 
Mexico by taking Matamoros. Houston's con- 
duct was simple and natural. One branch of the 
provisional government had assumed to destroy 
the other, thereby practically destroying itself 
It had ignored the military organization estab- 
lished by the Consultation, by superseding the com 
mander of the army with independent agents of its own, 
and all discipline, unity, and intelligence of action were 
rendered impossible. General Houston at once returned 
Washington and reported the facts to Governor Smith. 

By a previous order of the council. General Houston, John 
Forbes, and John Cameron had been appointed to make a treaty 
with the Cherokee Indians and their associate bands, for the 
purpose of carrying out Xhe solemn promise made by the Con- 




JoHN Forbes. 



to 



Treaty with 
the Cherokees 



204 



A COMTLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod 111. 
Thk 

KlCVOI.lTlON 

IS32 
TO 



Santa Anna 
marches to 
Texas 



sultalR)!! in reference to securing the Imlians in the title to their 
lands. By order of the gtnernor, General Houston was granted 
a furlough until March i, and directed to proceed on his mission 
to the Indians. He and Forbes went to Chief Bowles's village, 
and, on I'ebruary 23, 1836, entered into a treaty in acci>rdance 
with the action of the Consultation. Tliis treaty was never 
formally ratified by the go\'ernment of Texas. 

Turning now to Mexico, we find Santa Anna at Sallillo in 
January, 1S36, whence, on the ist of February, he set out for 
Texas at the head of six thousand men. He reached the Rio 
Cirande on the 12th, and sent General Jose Urrea to Matamoros, 
whence the latter, on February iS, marched with about seven 
hundred men to attack Johnson and Grant at San Patricio, 
arriving tht^re on the 27th. Santa Anna's generals in this 
expedition, besides Urrea, were Filisola, Sesma, Gaona, Tolsa, 
Castrillon, Andrade. Woll, and Cos. Marching from 
the Rio Grande in February, Santa Anna's army 
reached the heights of the Alazan, overlooking San 
.\ntonio, on the 23d, — the spot where the " Repub- 
lican Army of the North" had so signally routed 
l^lisondo in 18 13. The recovery of Bexar by the 
Mexicans was about to begin. Texas was not well 
prepared for the ensuing conflict, but her ]ieople felt 
no fear, trusting in the bravery of their men and 
the justice of their cause. The commissioners to 
ihe I'nited States had met with reasonable success 
Austin matle a great speech in Louis\ille, Kentucky, 
which was widely circulated and aroused much sym- 
pathy and enthusiasiu for the struggling colonists. 
*."()lonel William Christy, of New Orleans, was the faithful friend 
and helper of Texas in this crisis, and bv his aid the commis- 
Sccurcsaioan sioiiers securcd a loan of two liundred thousand dollars, — ten 
per cent, in cash and the balance in instalments, — and another 
cash loan of fifty thousand dollars. 

The iK'ople at large, however, seemed strangely indiflterent 
to the approaching danger, and it was with the greatest difficulty 
tlu'y could be aroused. This was largely due to the general 
disgust at the provisional government and its unseemly discords, 




Will I A ,1 IHKls 1 ' 



Austin n the 
United States 



General 
apathy in 
Texas 



THi: RKVOI.UTION. 



^05 



vv iiich continued to paralyze the army and dishearten everybody. im-kiod hi. 

Thk 
Revolution 



In spite of this continual trouble between the governor and the "'*' 



council, some good measures were adopted, which formed the ~ 

basis for the subsequent legislative system of the Republic and ,0 

State. One notable act of patriotism in those times was the gift ''^36 

by Thomas J. Chambers of ten thousand dollars, for support- 
ing an army of reserve which he was authorized to raise and 
organize. 

As a result of the general and growing sentiment in fa\-or of Election 
the absolute independence of Texas from Mexico, on December general con^ 
10, 1835, the council had passed an ordinance providing for an vention to de- 
election to be held throughout Texas on February i, 1836, to 'l^nde^pendence 
select delegates to a general convention to be assembled at 
Washington on March i, for the purpose of forming and declar- 
ing an independent government for Texas, destined to place her 
among the sovereign republics of the world. To that declaration 
and its vindication on the field of battle we have now come. 



QUESTIONS. 

VV^HK.N' did the General Consultation finally organize, and what 
caused the delay? Prior to that time what sort of government did the 
colonies have, and what difficult question did it have to deal with? E.x- 
l)lain what was done in regard to the Indians. What did the central exec- 
utive council do in regard to the mails, army contracts, and negotiating 
a loan ? What publications were issued in Texas at that time ? What did 
tlie Consultation do in regard to the council's acts? How many delegates 
were there in the Consultation, and how many municipalities were repre- 
sented? Who was elected president, and what committees were ap- 
pointed? What action was taken in regard to a Declaration of Indepen- 
dence ? Who led the two sides in the debate on that question ? What 
kind i)l declaration was adopted, and what did it contain? When was 
the plan of provisional s^overiiment adopted, and what was that plan ? 
Wlio were elected provisional governor and lieutenant-governor? Why 
was Austin not elected governor, and to what position was he appointed 
by the Consultation ? Who else was appointed with him ? Explain the 
position and action of William H. Wharton. What provision was made 
in regard to the army, and who was elected commander-in-chief? What 
other important acts did the CcMisultation pass ? When did it adjourn, 
and when and how was it to assemble again ? What controversy arose 



RKVOl.rXION 



206 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

pHRion 111. at this time between the governor and council, and explain the progress 
'^"'■' and effects of this quarrel ? When did General Houston finally begin to 

organize the army, and what provisions were made for donating lands to 
J ^32 the soldiers? What progress was made in the direction of independence, 

'^ what meetings were held, and when, where, and by whom was a decla- 

-"* ration of independence actually adopted? Who constituted a large part 

of the signers of that declaration ? What scheme was agitated at this 
time ? Who originated and favored it ? Who opposed it ? What did the 
council do in the matter, and with what result? Explain the disastrous 
consequences of that scheme. What was the financial condition of Texas 
then, from whence was private aid received, and what was necessary to 
raise money? When and how did Mexico do injury to Texan commerce? 
What preparations were made for a second invasion of Texas ? Explain. 
. General Houston's movements and plans at this time. What troops came 
to Texas to aid the Revolution? What effect did the Matamoros expedi- 
tion have on the army ? When did Houston go to the W^est, and what 
orders did he give? What views did he and General Austin entertain at 
that time in regard to independence ? When did Houston reach Goliad, 
ar.d what orders did he issue? Explain how they were executed, and 
wiiat was the situation at .San Antonio ? W^hat was being done in regard 
t ) the Matamoros expedition, and by whom? What occurred at Refugio, 
and what did General Houston do, and why? Explain the relations and 
treaty with the Cherokee Indians at this time. When and by whom was 
the treaty made, and what were its provisions? Describe Santa Anna's 
movements in January and February, 1836. Who were his generals in 
the invasion of Texas ? When did the ^Mexican army reach .San Antonio ? 
What success had the Texas commissioners in the United States ? What 
great speech did Austin make, and with what result? What citizen of 
New Orleans rendered valuable aid to Texas ? What loans were made 
to Texas, and on what terms ? What was the condition among the people 
at large, and wiiy? \\1iat good measures did the council adopt? What 
notable act of patriotism occurred at that time ? W'hen was an election 
for a general convention ordered, for what purpose, and when and where 
was it to meet ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The General Consu/hifioii ^t San Felipe, November 3, 1835. Or- 
ganization of a provisional government. Declaration of grievances 
adopted instead of declaration of independence. Commissioners to the 
United States ajiixjinted, to secure a public loan and general sympathy 
and aid. 

2. The organization of the army, scarcity of men and means, and 
difficulties of the situation. Land bounties granted the soldiers. Volun- 
teer troojis from the United States. 

3. Tlie Matamo7'os Expeditioji, and its disastrous influence and results 
in the ensuing campaigns of 1835-6. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



207 




TO 
1836 



4. The quarrel between the governor and council, and its paralyzing 
effects upon the army and the people. 

5. Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, by which they were solemnly 
promised secure title and peaceable possession of their lands in Eastern '°32 
Texas, in consideration of their remaining neutral in the fight l^etween 
Mexico and Texas. 

6. Second invasion of Texas by a Mexican army, led l)y Santa Anna 
in person. 

7. Growth of sentiment in favor of absolute independence, and the 
calling of a general convention for that purpose. 

Geography. 

The student should familiarize himself with the locations of the 
various points of interest in this period of the history ; such as San 
Felipe, Goliad, Gonzales, Refugio, San Patricio, San Antonio, and the 
various rivers in that region. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" ( 1897), Vol. 1. ; Brown's 
"History of Texas," Vols. I. and II.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" 
Francis W. Johnson's "History of Texas," MS.; Crane's "Life of 
Houston." 



Bible ok Colonki. \V. B. Travis (found in the Alamo). 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The Independence of Texas Declared ; Campaign of 

1836; Fall of the Alamo; Battle of the 

Coleto ; Massacre at Goliad. 



1832 



T 



iKRioi) III. l^^^HE first Constitutional Convention of Texas met at old 
„ '"'■■ I Washineton on the Brazos, on March i, 1836. It 

Kkvoi.ltion m ^ 'J 

contained fifty-eight members, comprising most of the 

men then prominent in Texas and many who after- 

i^3^ wards became so. Among the leading members were Sterling 

C. Robertson, Bailey Hardeman, George C. Childress, Charles B. 

First consti- Stewart, James B. Collinsworth, Edwin Waller, Thomas J. Rusk, 

tutionaicon- j^^, Antonio Navarro, ColHn McKinnev, Albert H. Latimer, 

vention, •' ' • ' 

March i, 1836 William Menefee, Richard Ellis, Stephen W. Blount, Matthew 
Its leading Caldwcll, W. C. Crawford, Sam Houston, Lorenzo de Zavala, 
members Qeorge W. Smvthe, Claiborne West, B. B. Goodrich, M. B. 

Menard, Jesse Grimes, James G. Swisher, A. B. Hardin, Elijah 
Stapp, Robert Potter, R. M. Coleman, William Morley, S. 
Rhoads Fisher, Samuel A. Maverick, Andrew Briscoe, and John 
W. Moore. James Kerr and John J. Linn were members, but 
did not arrive in time to participate. Richard Ellis, of Red 
River, was elected president, and H. S. Kimball, secretary. 
Declaration of On the uext day, March 2, a Declaration of Independence 

adopted, *"'^* ^^'''^ unanimously adopted and signed by the members present, 
March j, 1836 the absentees signing as they came in. The Declaration was 
prepared by a committee composed of George C. Childress, 
Collin McKinney, Edward Conrad, James Gaines, and Bailey 
Hardeman. The convention spent no time in investigating the 
difficulties of the provisional government, but simply demanded 
the books and papers and took charge of affairs. On March 4, 
General Houston was elected to the supreme command of all the 
military forces then or thereafter in the service of the new gov- 
ernment. Houston was a delegate from Refugio, ha\ing been 
20S 



THE REVOLUTION. 



209 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 




Bailey Hardkman. 



elected from there, instead of from his home in Nacogdoches. 
All able-bodied persons between the ages of seventeen and fifty 
were declared liable to military duty, and provisions were 
adopted to compel their service. Liberal land bounties were 
likewise offered to the soldiers. Those then in the army, and 
who should continue to the end of the war, should receive 
twelve hundred and eighty acres ; for six 
months' service, six hundred and forty acres ; 
for three months, three hundred and twenty 
acres ; and all new recruits serving six months, 
or to the end of the war, nine hundred and 
sixty acres. An appeal to the people of the 
United States for aid in money, supplies, and 
troops was published. 

On March 16-17, a permanent constitu- 
tion for the Republic of Texas was adopted, 
modelled after that of the United States, with 
some provisions borrowed from the various 
State constitutions of the American Union. It 

provided for a president, vice-president, and congress composed Constitution 
of two houses ; and a temporary government, called the govern- 
ment ad interwi, was to be established 
until a regular election could be held. 
The constitution was to be submitted 
for ratification to a vote of the people, 
at an election to be held on September 
I, at which time also the first perma- 
nent ofificers and members of congress 
were to be elected by popular vote. 
On the 17th the convention elected 
David G. Burnet president ad interim ; 
Lorenzo de Zavala, vice-president ; 
Samuel P. Carson, secretary of state ; 
Bailey Hardeman, secretary of the 
treasury ; Thomas J. Rusk, secretary of war ; Robert Potter, 
secretary of the navy ; and David Thomas, attorney-general. 
On the following day the convention adjourned, its labors having 
been thoroughly harmonious. The headquarters of the govern- 

i4 




of the Repub- 
lic of Texas 
adopted in 
convention, 
March 16, 17, 
1836 

Government 
ad interim 



David G. Burnet. 



2IO 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Military situa- 
tion at the 
opening of the 
campaign of 
1836 



James B. 
Bonham 



ment ad interim were removed to Harrisburg, on Buffalo Bayou, 
and General Houston had already set out, on March 6, for the 
scene of active operations in the west. 

At the commencement of the campaign of 1836, the military 
situation in Texas was as follows : Francis W. Johnson was at 
San Patricio, while Dr. James Grant and Robert C. Morris were 
scouting for horses west of the Nueces. Fannin had marched 
from Copano, by way of Refugio, to Goliad, where he was sta- 
tioned with his regiment composed of the Lafayette and Georgia 
battalions under Majors Wallace and Mitchell, with Fannin as 
colonel and William Ward as lieutenant-colonel. The plan was, 
that as soon as Grant returned to San Patricio, 
he and Johnson would join Fannin at Goliad. 
At San Antonio there were about one hundred 
and fifty men, under the four notable leaders 
whose names are imperishably linked with the 
bloody memories of Bexar. William B. Travis, 
a native of North Carolina, was in command. 
He was a lawyer by profession, twenty-eight 
years old, of indomitable courage, fine physical 
bearing, and great personal attraction. There 
was James Bowie, originally of Georgia, as 
desperate and dangerous a foe as lived in those 
deadly days, — but withal a kind-hearted and 
chivalrous man, — a duellist, a filibuster, a pirate 
and slave-trader with Lafitte, a skilful Indian 
fighter, and now a devoted defender of Texan 
liberty. Lately there had come from Tennes- 
see to Texas, and to the little band at San 
Antonio, the famous Davy Crockett, — the bear- 
hunter, the politician and ex-congressman, the former friend and 
subsequent caricaturist of Jackson and Van Buren, — who "ever 
with a frolic welcome took the sunshine and the thunder. ' ' And 
there was the quiet and soldierly James B. Bonham, from South 
Carolina, whose cool daring was concealed beneath a surface of 
kindly reserve. These men and their loyal comrades were des- 




David Crockett 



' From oil-paintins^ by W. H. Huddle. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



21 I 



tined to make the Alamo as immortaLLn-riie calendar of historic 
heroism as Leonidas and his three hundred had rendered the 
mountain pass of northern Greece. 

It should be borne in mind that, in what followed, most of 
the events in different places occurred without the knowledge of 
what was passing elsewhere. Communication was slow and 
difficult in those days, and the scattered detachments of Texan 
soldiers fought their battles and met their fate in entire isolation 
from each other and from the great body of the colonists east of 
the Colorado. 

As we have seen, Urrea reached San Patricio from Matamoros 
on the night of February 27, and immediately assaulted the town. 
The Texans, numbering about a hundred, were nearly all killed, 
a few were captured, and Colonel Johnson and three others 
escaped and made their way to Refugio. Urrea had nearly a 
thousand men, and, learning that Grant was absent with a scout- 
ing party, he sent out a force to capture him. On March 2, at 
the Agua Dnicc Creek, twenty miles from San Patricio, the 
Mexicans ambushed "Grant's party and killed all of them, includ- 
ing Colonel R. C. Morris, except Grant and Reuben R. Brown, 
who escaped and fled with the horses. They were pursued for 
several miles, and Grant was finally lamed and shot to pieces by 
the Mexicans, while Brown was captured and lived to relate the 
story of the butchery. Urrea, having thus disposed of two 
leaders in the famous Matamoros expedition, now turned his 
attention to the remaining one at Goliad. Fannin, having occu- 
pied Goliad early in February, fortified the town and began 
collecting men and supplies for its defence, rechristening old La 
Bahia as Fort Dejia^icc. His means of transportation and sub- 
sistence were scarce, and he had great difificulty in maintaining 
his force. When he heard of the fate of Johnson and Grant and 
Urrea' s advance on Refugio, Fannin sent Captain King with 
twenty-eight men to remove some families who were at that 
mission. King reached Refugio on March 12, where he was 
immediately besieged by Urrea' s cavalry and took refuge in the 
old mission, sending a messenger to Fannin for aid. The mes- 
sage reached Goliad at midnight the same date, and F^annin at 
once sent off Major Ward with one hundred men to King's relief. 



Period HI. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Isolated na- 
ture of the 
war move- 
ments 



Urrea cap- 
tures San 
Patricio 



Grant killed at 
Agua Dulce 
Creek 



Fannin at 
Goliad 



Sends Kin? 
and Ward to 
Refugio 



A rOMPI.ETK HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 111. 

Thk 
Revolution 

1S32 

TO 
1836 



King's com- 
pany Cuptured 
and shot 

Battle at Re- 
fugio Mission. 
Ward escapes 



Houston at 
Gonzales. Or- 
ders Fannin 10 
retreat 



The Texans 
besieged in 
the Alamo, 
February 24, 
1836 



Description of 
the Alamo 



Ward reached the mission on the 13th, and next day Mexican 
reinforcements arrived. It was intended to return to Fannin on 
the 14th, but, hearinij of the Mexican increase of force, King 
took a few men from the mission and went to reconnoitre. He 
lost his way and wandered around for two days, when his jiarty 
were all captured and shot. The same morning King left the 
mission (the 14th), Ward, becoming alarmed by tiring in the 
direction the party had gone, started after them with his com- 
mand. They came on the enemy, eight hundred strong, and 
retreated to the mission, where a desperate battle ensued, — the 
Mexicans losing two hundred killed and wounded. The follow- 
ing night. Ward and his men escaped fi\)m the mission and 
marched to X'ictoria. 

Meanwhile, on March 11, General Houston had reached 
Gonzales, and the same day sent a despatch to Fannin, at Goliad, 
to abandon that place, blow up the fort, and retire to X'ictoria 
on the Guadalupe. Fannin recei\'ed this order on the 14th. and 
at once sent runners after Ward and King, while he prepared to 
evacuate Fort Defiance. His fatal delay in waiting for the return 
of his officers and men from Refugio led to the tragedy that 
o\-ertook his command a few davs later. 

We return now to the little garrison at Bexar. As has been 
stated, Santa Anna reached San Antonio with the advance of his 
army, on February 23. The Texans took refuge in the Alamo 
Mission, on the east side of the river, driving as they went a 
herd of some fifty beeves. Santa Anna at once sent a flag of 
truce and demanded the surrender of the place. Travis an- 
swered with a cannon-shot. The blood-red flag of "No quarter 
to rebels !" was hoisted over the church of San Fernando in the 
town, and the siege of the Alamo began February 24, 1836. 
The same day Travis issued and sent to the people a pathetic 
appeal for help, in which he declared, " I shall ne\-er retreat or 
surrender. ' ' The enemy, after losing several men by the Texan 
rifles, succeeded in erecting a battery three hundred yards south 
of the entrance to the mission, and another at the powder-house to 
the southeast. The mission, as then constructed, covered con- 
siderable space, and fully garrisoned would have been invincible. 
It lay along-side the northern angle of the great bend in the river, 



THE REVOLUTION. 



21 



about two hundred yards or more from the eastern bank and 
facing obliquely towards the town on the west. There was first 
the mission church, which is all that now remains, a building of 
stone, with walls five feet thick, narrow, deeply embrasured 

windows and heavily barred doors, fronting the west. It was 

constructed in the form of a cross, with the longer end in front 

and the arms in the rear, there being two small rooms in front Description of 

on either side of the entrance. The body of the structure then 

had no roof, l)ut the two front rooms were closed in, and a room 



Period HI. 
The 

RliVOLUnoN 

1832 

TO 
1836 




Plan ok the Alamo.' 

Oil the north side towards the rear was roofed in with stone and 
used as a powder magazine. Adjoining the church on the 
northwest was the convent yard, about a hundred feet square, 
enclosed with stone walls sixteen feet high and three feet thick, 
strengthened by an embankment on the inside half the height of 
the walls. Along the west side of this yard and beyond to the 
north ran the row of priests' cells and hospital rooms, built of 
adobe, two stories high, eighteen feet wide, and one hundred 
and ninety-one feet long. Just west of the convent yard was the 
main area or quadrangle of the mission, containing two or three 



' From Corner's " History of .San Antonio," by permission. 



214 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KKUUl 111. 
THIi 

Rkvolution 

1832 

TO 

i3.-,6 



acres. It was oblong from north to south, being about four 
hundred and ninety feet long and two hundred feet wide. Its 
southern end thus projected about sixty feet beyond the south 
line of the church, and at a distance of about a hundred feet from 
the front of that building. This large area was enclosed with a 
stone wall eight feet high and thirty-three inches thick, and along 
Description of its west sidc ou the inside was a row of buildings or stalls used 
the Alamo j^^ vaHous purposcs. lu the south end of it were some rooms 
against the wall, used as barracks and prison, and about midway 
of this side was a gateway or porte-cochere, with a room on either 
side of it, that being the real entrance to the mission. Across 
the triangular open space in front of the church a stockade of 
heavy cedar logs had been built, running diagonally from the 
southeast corner of the large area to the southwest corner of the 
church, thus protecting the entrance to the latter. On the 
north side of the convent yard was a sally-port defended by a 
redoubt. There were two large acequias running around the 
mission on the west, north, and east sides, with a branch from 
the larger one entering the main quadrangle, running along its 
west side and furnishing water to the fort. 

For the defence of this extensive fortification Travis had 
taken one hundred and forty-five men with him into its walls. 
He had fourteen pieces of artillery. Some of the guns were 
placed in the church, at its south, east, and north windows, on 
raised platforms, so as to command the openings. They did but 
little good there, as the assault of the Mexicans was finally di- 
rected to other parts of the mission. Other cannon were stationed 
at the main entrance to the mission, at the stockade, at the sally- 
port and redoubt of the convent yard ; and it is believed that one 
of the best guns was mounted on a raised platform near the 
centre of the large enclosure. 

Santa Anna continued to erect batteries on all sides of the 
mission, and kept up the cannonading from day to day and some- 
times at night. Not much damage was done to the fort, except 
a breach in the northern wall of the large area. No assault was 
attempted until the final storming. At dawn on March i. Cap- 
lain Albert Martin, with thirty-two men from Gonzales, entered 
the fort. In the last days of Fel)ruary, Travis sent Captain 



Plan of defence 
by Travis 



Santa Anna 
bombards the 
mission 



thp: rp:volution. 



215 



Bonliam to Goliad with an appeal to Fannin to come to his aid. period in. 

Thk 
Revolution 



Bonham returned on the 3d, bringing the news that Fannin "''' 



would come. The latter did in fact start on February 28, with ~ 

three hundred men and four pieces of artillery, but his wagons to 

broke down a few miles out from Goliad, and he abandoned the 1836 

attempt. On March 3, Travis sent his last message to Texas 

and the .world, and to a friend in Washington County he ad- Travis's last 

dressed a pathetic note, in which he said : ' ' Take care of my "^^^^^^^ ^° 

^ ■' Texas and 

little boy. If the country should be sa\ed, I may make him a the world 
splendid fortune ; but if the country should be lost and I should 
perish, he will have nothing but the proud recollection that he 
is the son of a man who died for his country." 

On March 2, Santa Anna's entire army had arrived, and he Santa Anna's 
had not many short of ten thousand men at San Antonio. Dur- °'^'^^. """^ 

•^ the siege 

ing the eleven days of the siege, the Texans, by repeated sallies 
from the walls and by the unerring aim of their rifles, had killed 
quite a number of the enemy, forcing them to keep at a safe 
distance. On the 4th, at a council of war held by the Mexican 
commanders, it was decided to carry the Alamo by storm, the 
morning of the 6th being selected as the time for the assault. 

Between midnight and day on that Sunday morning the The final 
Mexican infantry was formed into three columns, under the im- g^jg*^ ' 
mediate command of General Castrillon. One column was to 
enter the breach in the northern wall of the large enclosure ; the 
other two were to approach from the south, — one of them to 
attack the main entrance of the mission, the other to storm the 
church. The assault was so timed as to reach the walls at day- 
light. Santa Anna and his staf? were stationed south of the 
mission at the old bridge across the river, surrounded by the 
regimental bands. At the signal of a single bugle-note the 
Mexican columns advanced in the dead stillness of the Sabbath 
dawn. No sound but the tramp of the assaulting host was heard 
until the guns of the little garrison opened from the fort. Then 
all the bands at the bridge broke forth in the shrill and terrible 
strains of the dcgiiello (da-gwal-yo), — the music of merciless 
murder. The approach was so rapid that the artillery of the 
Texans did little or no service. But when the enemy reached T^^.H^ '^"^" 

-' gle 01 the 

the breach on the north they were driven back by the deadly Texans 



i6 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IK. 

The 
Revolution 

1S32 

TO 

1 8^,6 



Death of 
Travis 

No quartei 



rifles of the defenders, aided by the cannon that commanded the 
area from within. The column that attacked the southern gate- 
way was more successful and effected an entrance. The Texans 
fought with incredible bravery and inflicted terrific slaughter. 
Travis was probably killed near the northwest angle of the large 
area, as his body was found lying near the cannon there. After 
the outer walls were carried by the Mexicans, the gairison sought 
refuge in the inner buildings, and were killed as they were over- 
powered. No prisoners were taken and no quarter was asked 




SlEGK OF THE AlAMO. 



Death of 

Bowie 



The desperate 
fight in the 
barracks and 
church 



or given. Bowie had been injured by a fall, and was in bed in 
an upj)er room in the southwest corner of the convent yard. 
There he was found and was shot to death, with his smoking 
pistols in his hands and more than one dead Mexican near his 
couch. As the heroic men were driven into the barracks and 
towards the church, the struggle became more furious and des- 
perate. Volleys of musketry were followed by bayonet charges 
on the part of the enemy, while the Texans fired as rapidly as 
they could, and then clubbed their muskets or used their bowie 
knives in hand-to-hand conflicts. Retreat was impossible, and 
each hero fell where he was brought to bay. The bloodiest 
struggle occurred in the long barracks or row of priests' cells in 



THE REVOLUTION. 



21 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



the convent yard, and the dead were piled thick in front of it. 
Crockett was killed in one of the rooms near the main entrance, 
on the south side of the large area. His body was found alone, 
but many a slaughtered Mexican lay around him. Where Bon- 
ham died is not known. 

The church was the last point taken. The assault upon it 
had been at first repulsed, but it was finally carried by a terrible Last stand 
effort. Here the few remaining Texans continued the conflict, ^^rch" *Tex 
and, firing from the upper platforms, did fearful execution. Here ans aii slain 
they were all despatched, and the Alamo was in the hands of 
Santa Anna's army. In thirty minutes one hundred and eighty- 



^' ^ ! BlgT - 





•HM it*t<«^ 



The Alamo. (Restored.) 



two Texans had killed and wounded over five hundred of their 
foes, and had died to a man with their guns in their hands. 
And behold the grim irony of their isolation ! They fell with 
the flag of the Constitution of 1824 floating over their heads, 
while four days before the banner of a free republic had been 
unfurled on the Brazos ! 

The defence of the Alamo is unparalleled in the history of The heroic na- 
desperate and unyielding valor, inspired by the purest and loftiest -r^J^an defence 
patriotism. But the most melancholy feature connected with 
that immortal combat is, that it was a mistaken and fruitless sac- 
rifice of noble human lives. As was said of another marvellous 
exhibition of heroic courage : " It was glorious, but it was not 
war !" By nine o'clock the reduction was complete. Santa 



2l8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'ERion III. 

Till-; 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



The news at 
Gonzales 



The "Run- 
away Scrape. 



Character cf 
troops at 
Gonzales 



Fannin leaves 
Goliad for Vic- 
toria, March 
19, 1836 



Is attacked by 
Urrea on the 
Coleto 



Anna then appeared upon the scene, and by his orders the dead 
bodies of the Texans were piled up in the church and burned. 
The charred bones and half-consumed bodies were left there, to 
be collected and buried in the church of San Fernando, a year 
afterwards, by Colonel John Seguin, mayor of San Antonio. 

When General Houston reached Gonzales on March 11, the 
news of the fall of the Alamo had arrived there, and a scene of 
grief and terror was enacted. Women and children, many of 
them widows and orphans by the butchery at San Antonio, were 
wild with fear of the approaching Mexicans. It was then that 
the universal panic began which, spreading afterwards as Hous- 
ton retired to the east, was known among the old settlers as 
the ' ' Runaway Scrape. ' ' 

General Houston found at Gonzales about three hundred 
militia, and a hundred more came in soon. But these were raw 
troops, unorganized and incapable of resisting Santa Anna's 
large invading army, now ready to proceed to the interior, to 
say nothing of Urrea' s thousand men then on the Guadalupe. 
Houston decided to retire to the Colorado, expecting Fannin, to 
whonrwe have seen he sent a peremptory order on the nth, to 
join him with the force then at Goliad. Fannin delayed his 
departure from the latter place until the i8th, when he learned 
that Refugio had been captured and that Ward had fled towards 
Victoria. He at once prepared to leave Goliad, dismantling his 
fort, burying such of the cannon as could not be taken, and on 
the 19th he set out for Victoria. He had about three hundred 
and fifty men, ten pieces of artillery, and some ox wagons. His 
line of march lay over the prairie towards the Coleto Creek, ten 
miles from town. In the afternoon he halted to rest in a de- 
pression of the prairie, about three miles from the Coleto. This 
was an unfortunate delay and was opposed by Fannin's officers. 
After an hour's stop, as he started to move on, Urrea' s cavalry 
came in sight and rode between the Texans and the creek, while 
a heavy infantry force approached from the rear, completely 
surrounding Fannin's men. Undismayed, he prepared for bat- 
tle. The wagons were meissed in the centre, a hollow square 
three lines deep was formed around them, and the artillery was 
placed at the corners. The Mexicans advanced rapidly and 



THE REVOLUTION. 



219 



fiercely, but were driven off by the Texan rifles. Charge after period hi. 

The 
Revolution 



charge was repelled by the gallant square, and dead men and ^"^' 



riderless horses soon covered the prairie. There was no water t~ 

. 1832 

to sponge the cannon, and they became useless early in the to 

action. Night came on, and the Mexicans drew around the little 1836 

band, out of range, while a hundred Campeachy Indians crawled 
through the long grass and kept up a murderous fire upon the 
Texans until dark. Then the flashes from their guns enabled 
Fannin's marksmen to silence them, and many a dead Indian 
was afterwards found with a rifle-bullet in his head. The night a dismal night 
that followed was one of dense darkness and deep gloom#in the 
Texan camp. There was no water, and it was discovered that 
the provisions had been left at Goliad. There were sixty 
wounded men whose injuries and sufferings could not be relieved, 
and the red camp-fires of the watchful enemy gleamed all around 
them in the distance, while the shrill cries of Urrea's sentinels 
broke the stillness of the dreary darkness. The proposition to 
retreat was discussed and rejected, because the men would not 
leave their wounded comrades. At daylight, Urrea received 
three or four hundred fresh troops with two pieces of artillery. 
The battle commenced again, and the enemy's cannon did such The batUe con- 
deadly work upon the men and wagons that it was decided to ^Ith^^ °" 
surrender if honorable terms were offered. Fannin opposed it, 
but he and three officers met a like number from the Mexican 
lines. Written articles of capitulation were drawn up and signed Fannm sur- 
by both sides, and the Texans laid down their arms. By the w"i,^en arti^"^ 
terms agreed upon the men were to be treated as prisoners of cies of capitu- 
war, the officers were to have their arms and property restored 
to them, and they were all to be paroled and sent to the United 
States as soon as arrangements could be made for that purpose. 
This was the distinct understanding, as embodied in the written 
instrument and as stated by the Mexican officers at the time. 
This battle is known as the daff/c of f/ir G;/("/'t> among the Texans, 
and as that of the Encinal or Perdido bv the Mexicans. The Losses in the 
loss on Fannin's side was sc\en killed and sixty wounded, some 
of whom died ; while the Mexicans lost between two and three 
hundred killed and wounded, they having about fifteen hundred 
men in battle. The prisoners were marched back to Goliad and 



220 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Santa Anna 
orders the exe- 
cution of the 
prisoners 



The massacre 
of Goliad, 
March 27, 183G 

The survivors 



The prisoners 
nearly all vol- 
unteers from 
the United 
States 



Disheartening 
effect of these 
tragedies on 
the Texans 



guarded in the old church of Espiritu Santo. On the 25th, 
Major Miller and eighty-two volunteers from the United States, 
who had been captured at Copano, were brought to Goliad ; and 
on the same day Major Ward and his men, who had surrendered 
at Victoria, were also brought in. There were thus in the 
hands of Urrea about four hundred and forty-three prisoners. 
Several days passed in apparent hope among the Texans. Ar- 
rangements appeared to be in progress for sending them to 
Copano and thence to New Orleans. But on March 26, Urrea 
being absent, Santa Anna sent an order from San Antonio to 
Lieutenant Portilla that the prisoners should all be instantly shot. 
This he claimed to do under an act of his congress, dictated by 
himself, requiring all rebels taken with arms in their hands to be 
executed as pirates. 

On Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, the Texajis were marched 
out in squads and shot like dogs, those who fled being pursued 
and murdered without mercy. Miller's command was spared, 
and the physicians and attendants to the number of eight were 
also omitted from the execution. Senora Alvarez, a humane 
Mexican lady, — the same who saved Reuben Brown's life at San 
Patricio, — secreted and saved two or three officers ; while in the 
wholesale butchery twenty-seven men succeeded in getting away 
from the massacre. Three hundred and thirty were victims of 
this cruel and treacherous slaughter. Fannin and Ward were 
shot separately from the men, and the latter died denouncing his 
murderers. Nearly all the Goliad prisoners were volunteers 
from the United States. Fannin himself was originally from 
Georgia, and Ward had but lately come with his battalion from 
that State. Among those who perished were the soldiers 
composing the New Orleans G^'ays, under Captain Pettes ; the 
Mustangs of Kentucky, under Captain Duval ; a company from 
Louisville, Kentucky, and Huntsville, Tennessee, under Captain 
Bradford ; Captain King's company from Georgia ; and the Red 
Rovers from Alabama, under Captain or Doctor Shackelford. 
These were in addition to Ward's battalion. 

The campaign of 1836 had thus far been one of fearful tragedy 
to the young republic, and the feelings of horror and terror pro- 
duced by its bloody work drove the colonists in panic-stricken 



1832 

TO 



^ THE REVOLUTION. 22 1 

flight towards Eastern Texas. But the rage and resentment that period hi. 

possessed the gathering troops under Houston nerved them to r^volio-ion 

such a pitch of excitement that it was with difficulty they could 

be restrained from sacrificing their army in vain resistance against 

the approaching foe. A time came, however, and right speedily, 1836 

when their valor and vengeance should find satisfaction in a 

decisive and glorious victory over the butcher of the Alamo and 

Goliad. 

QUESTIONS. 

When and where was the first Constitutional Convention held in 
Texas ? How many delegates composed it, and give the names of the 
leading members ? Who were president and secretary of the convention ? 
What did the convention do on March 2, 1836? Who prepared the 
Declaration of Independence ? What did the convention do in regard to 
the command of the army? W^hat district did Houston represent in this 
convention? Describe what provisions were made in regard to military 
service, land bounties, etc. When was a permanent constitution for the 
Republic of Texas adopted by the convention, and after what was it 
modelled ? What officers of government did it provide for? What provi- 
sion was made for a government until an election should be held ? When 
was the constitution to be ratified by the people and permanent officers 
elected ? What was the temporary government called ? Give the names 
of the officers of the government ad infei'iin, and how were they elected ? 
When did the convention adjourn ? WHiere did the government ad 
interim establish its headquarters, and \\ hen did General Houston start 
for the west? Describe the military situation at the beginning of tiie 
campaign of 1836. Who was William B. Travis ? Who was James Bowie ? 
Who was David Crockett ? Who was James B. Bonham ? Describe the 
characters of each of these men. Where were they at that time ? What 
did they afterwards do? What is necessary to be borne in mind in 
reference to the events that followed in that campaign ? Describe w hat 
occurred at San Patricio and Agua Dulce Creek. When did those events 
occur, and who took part in them ? When did Fannin occupy Goliad, 
and what did he do there? W'hat did he call his fort? What occurred 
in regard to sending relief to Refugio Mission? Describe the subsequent 
events in relation to the commands of King and Ward. When did Gen- 
eral Houston reach Gonzales, and what message did he send to Colonel 
Fannin ? Why did Fannin not obey this order, and to what did his delay 
lead ? What did the Texans at San Antonio do on the arrival of Santa 
Anna at that place ? What did Santa Anna do, and what reply did the 
Texans make? What then occurred ? On what date was this? Describe 



Rhvolition 



22 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period 111. the nioveiiieiits and acts of Travis and of the enemy after this. Give a 
^"^ description of the Alamo Mission as it then existed, and make a sketch 

of its ground plan. What part of it now remains? Describe the church 
'^32 or chapel as it was in 1836. Describe the surrounding buildings, enclo- 

^" sures, etc. How many men had Colonel Travis to defend the Alamo, 

■3 and what arrangements did he make for the defence ? What did Santa 

Anna continue to do, and with what results ? WHiat occurred in the last 
days of February and on March i ? When did Bonham return to the 
fort, and with what news ? What effort did Fannin make to go to the 
rescue of the Alamo, and how came he to fail ? When did Travis send 
his last message, and what letter did he write about his little boy? When 
did Santa Anna's entire army arrive, and how many men had he then ? 
What losses had he sustained? When was it decided to storm the 
Alamo ? What date was fixed for the storming ? Describe the beginning 
of the assault, giving the plan of the Mexican attack. Describe the open- 
ing scenes of the battle. What occurred at the breach in the north wall ? 
What, at the southern gate-way? How did the Texans fight? Where 
was Travis killed? When the outer walls were carried, where did the 
Texans retire, and describe what happened there? Where and how 
was Bowie killed? Describe the retreat to the inner works, and the 
character of the struggle. Where was the bloodiest fighting? Where 
were Crockett and Bonham killed ? Where was the last stand made by 
the Texans? Describe the final struggle and slaughter. How long did 
the storming of the Alamo last ? How many men had the Texans. and 
how did they die ? How many Mexicans were killed ? What flag floated 
over the Alamo at the time, and what can you say of this incident? 
What may be said of the defence of the Alamo ? What was done with 
the dead bodies of the Texans, and by whose order? When and by 
whom were their remains afterwards buried, and where ? What eftect did 
the news of the fall of the Alamo produce at Gonzales ? What was the 
"Runaway Scrape"? How many and what character of troops were 
collected at Gonzales? What did General Houston decide to do, and 
what did he expect? What was Fannin doing meanwhile at Goliad? 
When did he finally decide to leave that place, and what steps did he 
take in that direction ? When did he finally leave, and for what place ? 
Describe his movements and what occurred, until the battle began with 
Urrea's troops. How did Fannin arrange his men, and what was the 
progress of the battle until night? Describe the scenes, events, and 
surroundings of the night that followed. W'hy did the Texans not 
retreat that night ? What occurred on the Mexican side at daylight next 
morning? What was the result of the battle when renewed? What was 
decided by the Texans, and what was Fannin's position on that question ? 
By whom were the terms of surrender agreed upon, and what were those 
terms? Were they verbal or written ? What is that battle called ? What 
were the losses on both sides ? When did it occur ? How many Mexicans 
were in the fight ? How many Texans were taken prisoners, and what 



TO 
1836 



THE REVOLUTION. 2 2^ 

was done with them after the battle? What other Texan prisoners were I'eriod ill. 

brousrht to Goliad at that time, and how many Texans in all were then in 

^ ' -' Revolution 
Urrea's hands? What happened for several days? What order was 

received on March 26, and by whom was it executed? When did the ^°32 

massacre of the Texan prisoners at Goliad occur ? Describe the deed. 

How many were shot, how many escaped or were spared ? W^hat noble 

woman saved several Texans ? How were Fannin and Ward executed ? 

Where were inost of these men from ? Give the names of the troops who 

thus perished. What had been the character and results of the campaign 

of 1836 thus far? What effect did these things have on the Texans? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The first Constitutional Convention in Texas, at W^ashington on 
the Brazos, March i, 1836. Adopts a Declaration of Independence for 
the Republic of Texas, frames a constitution, organizes a government ad 
interim, and provides for the ratification of the constitution by the people, 
and the election of a permanent government. Provisions for an army. 

2. The campaign of 1836. The military situation in the west, at 
Bexar, San Patricio, Refugio, Goliad, and Gonzales. General Houston's 
plan of campaign. 

3. The heroes of the Alamo, — Travis, Bowie, Crockett, and Bonham. 

4. Fannin at Goliad. His delay in obeying Houston's orders, by 
reason of attempting to relieve King and Ward at Refugio. Urrea's 
advance on San Patricio. The battle at Refugio Mission. Capture and 
killing of Dr. Grant at Agua Dulce, and slaughter of King's command. 
Escape of Ward. 

5. The siege and fall of the Alamo. The desperate and heroic 
struggle of Travis and his men. 

6. The battle of the Coleto, and the massacre of Texan prisoners at 
Goliad. Disastrous results of the campaign thus far. 

Geography. 

Study the geography of Western Texas between the Colorado and 
the San Antonio Rivers, and in the neighborhood of San Antonio, Goliad, 
San Patricio, Refugio, Victoria, and Gonzales, so as to understand the 
exact locations and relative situations of those places. Study also the 
original plan of the Alamo and its location. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Te.xas" (1897), Vol. T. ; Brown's 
"History of Texas;" W^illiams's "Sam Houston and the War for 
Independence ;" Corner's " History of San Antonio de Bexar ;" Crane's 
"Life of Sam Houston." 



CHAPTER XIV. 

General Houston's Retreat; Battle of San Jacinto; 
Close of the War. 



1832 

TO 



plan of cam- 
paign 



A 



Period III. "1^^ FTER the barbarities at San Antonio and Goliad, 
Thh f 1 Santa Anna seemed to think that he had practically 

Rkvoi.ltion ^^i^^ ^ ■' 

conquered Texas, and that he had only to complete 

the subjugation by easy stages. He divided his army 

J836 into three columns. The first, under Gaona, was to march to 

Nacogdoches by the old Comanche trail and the upper crossing 

Santa Anna's of the Trinity; the second, under Sesma, was to advance to 
Bastrop on the Colorado, and thence to San Felipe ; and the 
third, under Urrea, after scouring the country between Victoria 
and Galveston, was ordered to cross the Colorado at Matagorda 
and march to Brazoria. The point of concentration of the sec- 
ond and third columns was evidently at the mouth of the Brazos, 
or i)erhaps at Anahuac, whence it was expected the Mexican 
])resident and his victorious troops could embark for Vera Cruz. 

He leaves Santa Anna himself was to personally direct the operations of 

the army of occupation, and for that purpose he set out with 
F"ilisola from Bexar, on March 31, accompanied by two battalions 
and five pieces of artillery, to join Sesma' s column. 

Houston's re- Meanwhile, General Houston left Gonzales in llames, on the 

treat to the • 1 c ivt i • i i • r 

Colorado night ot March 13, with about three hundred men and a tram of 

fleeing and homeless women and children. The weather was 
wretched ; the rain poured in torrents, the roads were quagmires, 
the prairies were trackless seas of water, the streams were swollen 
and swift, and the dull and lowering skies covered everything 
like a pall of gloom and despair. The " Runaway Scrape" had 
begun in earnest, and the frightened colonists, seeing in Hous- 
ton's retreat and the removal of the government to Harrisburg 
the sure signs of Mexican conquest of the whole country, fled in 
wild confusion, sjireading dismay and dread ex-erywhere they 
224 



THE REVOLUTION. 



225 



came. The wretchedness and desperation of those times were 
frightful, and the women and children suffered most. The great- 
est terror was caused by some cowardly deserters, who left the 
army and ran through the country, even to Eastern Texas, circu- 
lating the most outrageous accounts of the size of Santa Anna's 
forces and the retreat of the Texan troops. 

Houston reached. Burnham's Crossing on the Colorado, near Texan army at 
the present town of Columbus, on March 17, and at once sent 
William T. Austin to the mouth of the Brazos for artillery. It 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
IS36 




Map showing Route of the Armies from Gonzales to San Jacinto. 

was his purpose to make the Colorado his line of defence, ex- 
pecting reinforcements from Eastern Texas and some news of 
Fannin. On the 19th, Houston crossed to the east bank of the 
river and marched down stream a few miles to Season's Crossing, 
where he remained until the 26th. On the day the Texans left Mexicans 
Burnham's, Sesma and Woll reached the Colorado with about l^^'^^^]''' 

Colorado 

seven hundred men, and stopped on the west side two miles 
above Beason's. Houston then had about twelve hundred men 
and could have easily defeated Sesma, but he waited for his 
artillery and for information from Goliad. On the 25th the story 
of the battle of the Coleto reached the Colorado, and that event 
had left Urrea free to join Sesma or to march to the rear of the 

15 



226 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAg. 



Period III. 
The 

Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Houston re- 
tires to the 
Brazos 

Dissatisfac- 
tion at his 
course 



P.t the Brazos 



San Felipe 
burned 



Santa Anna 
concentrates 
his army on 
the Brazos 



Texan army by a flank movement lower down the river. A 
battle with Sesma at that point would also no doubt have con- 
centrated the entire Mexican force on the Colorado, and this 
would have brought on the decisive struggle farther from the 
base of supplies and troops in the settlements of the east than 
was deemed prudent. A victory would not have been final and 
a defeat would have been destructive. At any rate, for these or 
other reasons. General Houston decided to retire to the Brazos, 
and he began his retreat on the evening of March 26. His 
action provoked great criticism and almost mutiny in his army. 
The soldiers were anxious to fight, and they knew they could 
whip the enemy just in front of them, and to fall back under the 
circumstances was considered by many to be the height of folly, 
not to say cowardice. Some of the ofificers shared this feeling, 
notably Captains Mosely Baker and Wylie Martin, who then 
and afterwards were unsparing in their condemnation of General 
Houston. But he pursued his own course, reaching the Brazos 
at San Felipe on the 27th. From there he marched up the 
river, and this strange and unexplained movement excited open 
rebellion on the part of Baker and Martin, and they refused to go. 
Baker, with one hundred and twenty men, stayed at San Felipe, 
while Martin took his company below to guard the crossing at 
Fort Bend. 

The rains and floods continued, and the experiences of the 
troops in the Brazos bottoms were dreary indeed. Houston 
reached Groce's Ferry, and remained there and at Donoho's, 
both near the present town of Hempstead, until April 14. On 
March 29, Captain Baker had burned the town of San Felipe, 
as he always claimed, by Houston's orders. In the first days 
of April, Vice-President Zavala and Secretary of War Rusk 
joined the army. 

While the Texans were thus scattered up and down the 
Brazos, Santa Anna was gathering all his forces towards the 
same locality. He countermanded Gaona's march to Nacog- 
doches and directed him to join Sesma, who had advanced from 
the Colorado to San Felipe. Gaona reached the latter place on 
April 17, having been lost in coming from Bastrop. Urrea had 
also been ordered to come from west of the Colorado to join his 



THE REVOLUTION. 



227 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 



Crosses the 
river 



Burns Har- 
risburg 



forces with Sesma, Gaona, Tolsa, and Woll on the Brazos, where 
a final victory was expected. But when Santa Anna reached 
San FeHpe in person on April 7, and found that Houston had 
gone up the river, he thought the Texan army had concluded to 
get out of his way and give him free course to overrun the 
country. He sent word to Urrea to proceed on his original 
route to Matagorda, and, leaving Sesma to await Gaona' s de- 
layed arrival, he took about one thousand men and one cannon 
and tried to cross the Brazos. Baker was still at San Felipe 
and gallantly disputed the passage, so that Santa Anna went 
below and effected a crossing at Fort Bend, in spite of Martin's 
defence there. Pushing on down the river and through the 
bottoms, he reached Harrisburg on the 15th, whence the gov- 
ernment had barely escaped towards Galveston Island. He 
burned the town on the i6th, and marched to the town of New 
Washington, on Galveston Bay, where President Burnet and 
family were just leaving in a boat in full view of the enemy, and 
escaped unharmed because Almonte would not permit the sol- 
diers to fire on account of the ladies. 

Learning of Santa Anna's movejiients from his scouts, on the Houston pre 
14th Houston left Donoho's to follow him. Baker had rejoined fjfj^,^^;^ 
the army, but Martin's conduct was such that he was sent to the 
Trinity to guard the families there against Indi- 
ans. It was just as the little army was leaving 
the Brazos that there came to them two can- 
non, the first artillery they had possessed in this 
campaign, — the generous gift of the citizens of 
Cincinnati, — known afterwards as the "Twin 
Sisters," and used effectively at San Jacinto. 
Santa Anna was now separated from his army, 
and had placed himself in a trap by entering 
the narrow peninsula below Harrisburg, into 
which the Texan army now hurried to catch 
and hold him fast. 

Buffalo Bayou was reached on the i8th. 
Deaf Smith brought in a captured courier with 
despatches, from whicli it was rendered certain that Santa 
Anna was in front of them. Houston made the men a speech 




Erastus Smith. 



228 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period III. 

The 
Rkvohtion 



1832 

TO 

1836 



which set them wild with enthusiasm and tilled their souls with 
righteous vengeance, as he bade them ' ' Remember the Alamo ! 
Remember Goliad !" 

On the 19th, by rafts and in rickety boats, the army was 
crossed over the Bayou two miles below Harrisburg, marched 



r..L .cidoi 

Sai, JncintO 




Miu.i-kN Map of Rkgion near San Jacinto Battle-Ground. 

nearly all night, and at sunrise on the 20th they were halted on 
the borders of the heroic field of San Jacinto. The scene of 
this encampment was picturesque and beautiful. In the rear 
lay the deep and sluggish waters of Buffalo Bayou, skirted by 
groVes of live-oaks, whose vivid green was sobered by the soft 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Hkriod III. 

Thk 
Revoluiion 



1832 

TO 

IS36 



gray moss that hung in festoons from the giant trunks antl 

spreading limbs ; in front, for two miles, stretched the rolling 

surface of a fertile prairie, covered with tall, waving grass, and 

interspersed with small clumps of trees ; while beyond this lay 

the Gulf marshes of the San Jacinto Bay, treacherous and miry, 

and covered with a thick growth of rank verdure and swampy 

timber. The wet and late spring was now ripening into early 

summer, the atmosphere was soft and balmy, the trees and grass 

were fresh and fragrant, and the whole scene was full of those 

sights and sounds that make life sweet and hope strong in human 

breasts. Almost immediately in front of the Texan camp there Texan camp 

were two small groves of live-oaks, a few hundred yards distant ; 

while the whole ground in front for a length of five hundred 

yards rose above the level of the camp, and to the top of this 

rise there ran a skirt of timber from the Bayou, 

about midway, reaching to near the top where 

the level of the prairie began. 

Santa Anna was then at New Washington 
on the upper arm of Galveston Bay, and his 
route of escape by Lynch' s Ferry would neces- 
sarily bring him past the Texan camp. The 
Mexicans proceeded towards the Ferry on the 
way to Anahuac, on the 20th, and coming 
upon a part of the Texan camp soon after- 
wards, a sharp skirmish ensued, after which 
the enemy withdrew towards the San Jacinto 
and camped. In the afternoon. Colonel Sid- 
ney Sherman, with a small force of cavalry, 
went out to reconnoitre, and became engaged 
with the Mexican infantry, which for a while 

seemed about to develop into a battle, but the Texans withdrew Cavalry fight 
successfully. In this action Mirabeau B. Lamar first displayed °" pri2o, 13 
his bravery and skill, which resulted in his being placed in com- 
mand of the cavalry next day. The Mexican army spent the 
night in extending their lines and erecting fortifications of packs 
and baggage, with an opening in the centre for the artillery. 

Nothing occurred on the 21st until the afternoon. It was Cos brings re- 
a bright and beautiful day, and the two armies lav i" expectant '" °J^^I"^!! ^ 

&• -' -^ I to Santa Anna 




Sidney Sherman. 



230 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 111. 

This 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 



Vince's bridge 



Houston's 
plan of attack 



The Mexican 
position 



The battle. 
April 21, i8j6 



impatience waitin": for the result. At nine o' clock in the morn- 
ing, General Cos arrived from the Brazos, bringing to Santa 
Anna five hundred of Sesma's choice troops, which increased 
the Mexican force to about fifteen hundred men. They came 
b)- Vince' s bridge, o\er an arm of the Bayou by that name, and 
Houston at once sent Deaf Smith to destroy the bridge, so as 
to prevent any further reinforcements from that direction, or 
the escape of the enemy by that route. At half-past three 
o'clock in the afternoon, General Houston paraded his troops 
in their position, and arranged to attack the Mexican camp. 
The location of the Texan camp, with the protection given by 
the timber and the nature of the ground as before described, 
enabled Houston to make his dispositions for the attack with- 
out being seen by the enemy. He divided his army into four 
divisions. On the extreme right the cavalry was placed, under 
command of Colonel Lamar ; next towards the left came the 
infantry, under Millard ; then the "Twin Sisters," under Hock- 
ley ; Colonel Burleson with the first regiment occupied the cen- 
tre ; and the second regiment, under Sidney Sherman, formed 
the lefl wing. The troops advanced to the edge of the pro- 
jecting neck of timber at the top of the rise in front of their 
camps, while the cax'alry went to the front to draw the atten- 
tion of the enemy. Santa Anna's cavalry was on his left wing, 
his infantry and artillery in the centre, behind fortifications of 
boxes and baggage, while his extreme right had been extended 
so as to reach the timber along the San Jacinto. 

The Texan army had no band, its only martial music being 
a drum and fife, and to the air of "Will you come to the 
bower?" it formed its line of batde. At four o'clock the com- 
mand " F"orward" was given along the whole line. The men 
adxanced rajMdly, and Houston had difficulty in making them 
hdUl their fire until near enough to do execution. When at 
p(»iiU-l)lank range, the two cannon were wheeled, and poured 
their contents into the barricades of the Mexican centrci while 
the Texan soldiers dashed headlong upon the startled camp, 
delivering a destructive volley at close quarters. Santa Anna's 
army seemed to be taken by surprise. He himself was asleep 
in his tent, and the soldiers were lying about in confusion. But 



THE REVOLUTION. 



231 




I'eriod III. 

The 
Revolution 



1 832 

TO 



2^2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

I'liKion 111. when those terrible words — "Remember GoHad ! Remember 
'^"'"' the Alamo !" — smote on their ears, they endeavored to form in 

Revolition -^ 

line and stem the Texan charge. It was useless. Castnllon 
w as shot dead while trying to rally his men. Santa Anna in 
1S36 terrified haste mounted a swift horse and fled towards Vince's 
bridge, now destroyed. The Texans were too eager to reload 
often, and, in their furious haste to wreak vengeance for past 
outrages, they clubbed their muskets and drew their bowie 

Mexican de- kuivcs. At first uo quarter was given. The route was com- 

^^^^ plete and the slaughter terrific. The intensity of the rage and 

violence of the victorious colonists were something fearful. After 
the battle, many dead Mexicans were found into whose heads 
the heavy knixes had been struck with such force as to shatter 
their skulls like panes of glass. The few Texans who were 
injured received their wounds from the first scattering volley, 
fired by the enemy as the barricades were reached and over- 
thrown. 

The rout and The fugitives ran in wild terror over the prairie and into the 

boggy marshes of the San Jacinto, and were pursued and killed 
or driven into the mud and water and drowned. In thirty 
minutes it was all over. The inhuman butchery of Travis, 
Bowie, Crockett, Ward, and Fannin had been terribly avenged, 
but not without regard to the usages of civilized war. Almonte 
rallied about four hundred men and formally surrendered, their 

Mexican jiycs and rights as prisoners being respected. But six hundred 

losses in the ii- »»• 1 ii',/-ii ■, , ■, . 

battle ^I'l^i thirty Mexicans lay dead on the field, two hundred and 

eight were wounded, and seven hundred and thirty prisoners 
were taken, a very few having escaped, most of whom were 
afterwards captured, including Generals Santa Anna and Cos, 
Colonel Almonte, and several other officers. Large quantities 
of arms, army stores, camp equipage and mules and horses w^ere 
also taken, and eighteen thousand one hundred and eighty-four 
dollars in money, three thousand dollars of which were at once 

Texan losses votccl to the uavy. The number of men engaged on the Texan 
side in the battle of San Jacinto was seven hundred and forty- 
three, and their loss was six killed and twenty-fi\'e wounded, 
(icneral Houston was painfully and seriously wounded, his ankle 
being shattered by a ball in the first volley fired by the Mexi- 



THE REVOLUTION. 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 



1832 

TO 
1836 




cans. That night was one of unbounded joy and uproarious 
celebration. The men were simply wild with the intoxication of 
victory and the sense of freedom at last gained, after so much 
suffering, such tragic losses, such sickening suspense, and oft- 
times despair. 

Next day, James A. Sylvester, a sergeant in Wood's com- Capture of 
pany, with six others, was scouting for prisoners on Vince's ^^"^^ ^""^ 
Bayou. Sylvester, while separated from the others, 
came on a man concealed in the tall grass. He was 
dressed like a common soldier, but wore a fine linen 
shirt with studs in the bosom, which convinced Syl- 
vester that he was in disguise. When the others came 
up, they started to camp with the prisoner, a distance 
of eight miles, the captive walking part of the way 
and riding behind Joel W. Robinson the remainder. 
When they reached the Texan camp, Sylvester con- 
ducted the strange man to where General Houston 
was lying under a tree, talking with General Rusk. 
As the party passed some Mexican prisoners, the 
latter exclaimed in Spanish, "The President," "General Santa 
Anna." This was the first intimation of his identity. As soon His interview 
as Sylvester reached Houston and Rusk, Santa Anna stepped ^^^ ^^^^^ 
forward, and with dignity stated his 
name and rank, and demanded the 
treatment of a prisoner of war. A con- 
\ersation of nearly two hours ensued. 
At first Moses Austin Bryan, a youth 
about grown, acted as interpreter ; then 
General John A. Wharton and Vice- 
President Zavala came up, and the 
latter interpreted for a while, when 
General Rusk asked Santa Anna if he 
would like to have Almonte sent for, to 
which the prisoner gladly assented, and 
Almonte translated the greater part of 
the interview. After the first exchange of courtesies between 
Houston and Santa Anna, General Rusk did most of the talking 
on the part of the Texans. A warm discussion was had between 



JoKL VV. KuBlNSON. 



with Houston 




Moses Austin Br^an. 



234 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



rKKiop 111. 

The 

RkVOLI'TION 

1832 

10 




Sant.\ .\nn.\'s SAuni.i 



Armistice 
agreed upon 



Treaty of 
peace 

Changes in 
the Texas 
army and 
government 



him and the Mexican coniniancler as to the massacre of Fannin's 
men, the responsibility for which Santa Anna denied, but did 
not dispute Urrea's treaty with Fannin. At last Santa Anna 
said lie wanted to end the war and would order Filisola to retire 
from Te.xas with the army, to which Rusk replied that Filisola 
would not obey him. The prisoner said his 
otticers and men would obey any order he 
mii^ht issue. "Then," said Rusk, "order 
them to surrender." With great dignity and 
spirit Santa Anna responded : "I am but a 
single Mexican, and you can do with me as 
you please ; but I will do nothing that would 
be disgraceful to me or my nation." The cap- 
tive president was much exhausted, mentally 
and physically, and asked for opium, which was 
given him. He finally addressed a note to Gen- 
eral Filisola, directing him to retire to San An- 
tonio, and to order Gaona to do the same, while 
Urrea should retreat to Victoria, and all hostili- 
ties should be suspended until further orders, pending 
an armistice which had been agreed upon between him 
and Generals Rusk and Houston. These orders were at 
once sent off to the Mexican commander, and the war 
practically ceased. 

As soon as the news of the \ictory reached GaUeston 
Island, President Burnet and his Cabinet came to the 
camp on the San Jacinto, reaching there April 28. The 
outline of a treaty of peace had already been draw n up by Rusk 
and Houston, and was submitted to Burnet. On Meiy 5, General 
Houston was granted leave of absence to go to New Orleans for 
treatment of his wound, and Rusk was appointed to the com- 



San 1 a 
Anna's 
Cane. 



^^^■^^^V ^^W|^( 



Sama Anna's Eielu-IiLass. 



mand oi the army, while Colonel M. R. Lamar was made 
secretary of war. Lamar and the secretary of the na\y, Robert 



THE REVOLUTION. 235 

Potter, were opposed to treating with Santa Anna, holding him period hi. 
to be a miscreant outside the pale of civilized warfare, and revouttion 
entided only to be shot as a murderer. A violent controversy T~ 

arose as to the standing and treatment to be accorded the pris- to 

oner, which did not end without further serious trouble extend- 1836 

ing over several months. But on May 14, 1836, a treaty was 
finally signed between Santa Anna and David G. Burnet, as Terms of the 
presidents of their respective republics, by the terms of which jg^g*^' ^^'''' 
Santa Anna pledged himself never again to take up arms against 
Texas, and to use his influence to end the war ; all hos- 
tilities should cease on land and water, and the Mexican 
troops must immediately evacuate Texas ; all property 
should be respected, captured property to be restored ; 
and all prisoners held by the Mexicans must be ex- 
changed for an equal number of Mexicans held by 
the Texans. On the same date a secret treaty was 
made, by which Santa Anna was to use all his inHu- 
cnce in Mexico to secure a recognition of Texan in- 
dependence and the establishment of the boundary at 
the Rio Grande. The government ad interim had estab- 
lished itself at Velasco on May 8, and the treaties were ~ , 

■' . . Thomas J. Rusk. 

executed at that port. The Mexican army, amounting in 

all to about seven thousand troops, continued its retreat to the Mexicans 

Rio Grande, and in the early part of June they all retired beyond 

that river. 

Meanwhile, great numbers of volunteers were constantly Arrival of 
arriving from the United States, and the enthusiasm produced 
by the victory of San Jacinto brought troops from Eastern Texas ; 
so, that when the enemy's last column crossed into Mexico, there 
were enough men in the recruited Texan army to have driven 
out the invaders had they delayed their departure. 

In following the exciting operations of the army on land in The Texas 
the campaign of 1835-36, it must not be forgotten that Texas "^^^ 
also had a small and efficient navy in the Gulf. Early in the 
year 1836, the government succeeded in procuring three armed 
vessels, — the Invincible, the Brtdus, and the Independence, — 
which did valuable service in destroying Mexican commerce and 
securing supplies for the army. Other small vessels were after- 




236 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1832 

TO 



I'KRioD 111. wards added, and the Texan navy was an important factor in 
, ^""^ some of the events that followed under the Republic. 

RlAOLUTlON _ '^ 

Having declared and achieved by the test of heroic battle 
her sovereign independence, the new Republic prepared to 
1836 assume her place among the nations of the world, and to main- 

tain a government suited to the needs and capacities of her great 
territory and her growing population. 



QUESTIONS. 

What plan of campaign did Santa Anna adopt for the further con- 
quest of Texas, after the fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad ? 
At w hat point did he intend to centre and complete his final campaign ? 
When did he leave Bexar, and with what general and forces? When 
and under what circumstances did General Houston leave Gonzales? 
Describe the condition of the weather, roads, and surroundings. Describe 
the " Runaway Scrape," and its progress. W^ho caused a great part of 
this general panic? When and at what point did Houston reach the 
Colorado River? What did he do there, and what were his plans? 
Describe his movements on the Colorado. When did the Mexicans 
reach that river, and under what oflficers? How many men had Houston 
at that point, and explain why he did not fight the Mexicans then and 
there? What did Houston decide to do, and what effect did his conduct 
at that time have upon the officers and men? When did he reach the 
Brazos, and what disposition was made of the Texan army at that river ? 
Where did Houston go with the main body of the army, and what were 
the experiences of the troops on the Brazos ? When and by whom was 
the town of San Felipe burned ? W' ho joined the Texan army on the 
Brazos, and when ? What was Santa Anna doing meanwhile ? Explain 
the movements of the several divisions of the Mexican army. What did 
Santa Anna think and do? Wlio prevented his crossing the river at San 
Felipe, and where did he finally cross? Where did he then go, and 
describe what happened at those places? Describe Houston's plans and 
movements as soon as he heard of Santa Anna's course. What gift did 
the Texan army receive at this time ? What was Santa Anna's situation 
at this juncture ? When did the Texans reach Buffalo ]5ayou, and describe 
their subseciuent movements until they reached the field of San Jacinto? 
Describe the scene and surroundings of the Texan camp at the latter 
place. Where was Santa Anna then? Describe his movements, and the 
cavalry fight on April 20. Wiio distinguished himself in that action? 
What did the Mexicans do that night? What occurred in the forenoon of 
the 2 1 St? What reinft^rcements did the Mexicans receive? How did 



THE REVOLUTION. 237 

they come ? What did Houston at once do, and for what purpose ? 
What occurred at three o'clock in the afternoon? How did Houston 
arrange his troops for the attack, and give the names and disposition of 
the Texan troops ? How did they advance ? How was the Mexican ^832 

army phiced ? Describe the battle of San Jacinto, giving the several ^° 

events in its progress. What can you say of the impatience and violence ^ •^ 

of the Texans? What became of the Mexicans after the rout began? 
What did Colonel Almonte do ? What were the Mexican losses in killed, 
wounded, and captured, and who were included among the captives? 
What property was also captured by the Texans ? How many men had 
the Texans in this battle, and what was their loss? Who was wounded 
on the Texan side? What occurred that night? Describe the circum- 
stances of the capture of Santa Anna. Describe the interview of Santa 
Anna with Houston and Rusk when he was brought into camp, giving 
the substance of what was said, the persons present and participating, 
etc. What was Santa Anna asked to do, and what did he reply? What 
did he finally do towards ending the war? Where was the Texan govern- 
ment at that time, and what did its officers do when they heard of the 
victory at San Jacinto? What treaty was outlined, and by whom? What 
changes occurred in the army and cabinet ? W^hat controversy arose in 
regard to Santa Anna, and what position did Colonel Lamar and Secre- 
tary Potter take in the matter ? When and by whom was the final treaty 
of peace signed, and what were the terms of that treaty? What secret 
treaty was made at the same time ? Where were these treaties signed, 
and why at that place ? When did the Mexican army finally leave Texas ? 
What had occurred during this period in regard to the Texan army ? 
What can you say of the Texas navy during the war for Texan indepen- 
dence ? What did the new Republic now prepare to do ? 

Topical Analysis, 

1. Santa Anna's plan of campaign for the further conquest of Texas, 
the disposition of his army, and his movements in the advance from San 
Antonio. 

2. Houston's retreat from Gonzales to the Colorado, and then to the 
Brazos. The reasons for these movements, and the criticism and opposi- 
tion they caused in the Texan army. 

3. Santa Anna's advance across the Brazos and down to Harrisburg 
and New Washington. The situation this movement placed him in, cut 
off from the main body of his army and liable to be hemmed in on a 
peninsula. 

4. Houston's rapid march from the Brazos to Harrisburg and across 
Buffalo Bayou to the field of San Jacinto. His position of advantage 
there, being such as to cut oflf Santa Anna's return up the Bayou, or his 
escape across Lynch's Ferry to Anahuac. The IVIexican army was caught 
in a pocket, and a battle was inevitable. 



2 3^ 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Periop III. 
Thk 

RkVOLV'TION 

IS32 

TO 

IS36 



5. The battle of San Jacinto. Its desperate and \ iolent character, 
under tlie inspiration of Texan vengeance and the know ledge that the 
issue involved tiie salvation of Te.xas. The disparity in numbers, and in 
lo.sses, between the two armies. The completeness of the victory. 

6. The end of the war, the treaty of peace, and the future prospects 
of the young Republic. 

Geography. 

Study particularly the route of the two armies from Cionzales to San 
Jacinto. Study also the plan of Santa Anna's campaign and the routes 
his several generals were expected to pursue. Locate and understand 
clearly the battle-field of San Jacinto. 



Parallel Readings. 

Williams's " Sam Houston and the War for Indejiendence ;" Crane's 
" Life of Sam Houston ;" Brown's " History oi Te.xas ;" Scarf?'s " Com- 
prehensive History of Te.xas" (1897). 




Monument to Burnkt and Siikrman 



TilK RKVOLUTIUN. 



239 



CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1832-1836. 
Parallel with Period III. 

AMERICA. 

1332.— Morse originates the telegraph. 

1333.— Andrew Jackson inaugurated President for his second term, 
March 4. Santa Anna president of the Mexican repubhc, April 18. 
First successful American locomotive— the " Arabian"— built. Clay's 
compromise tariff. Jackson removes the deposits from the bank of 
the United States. 

1834. —The IVhiiT party in the United States organized, to succeed the 
National Republican party. Growing hostility between North and 
South on slavery and States'-rights issues. 

1 835.— The second Seminole Indian war. Colt's revolving pistol patented. 

1836.— Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. Congress refuses 
to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. United .States treas- 
ury issues the " specie circular." United .States debt extinguished. 
Michigan admitted to the Union. Territory of Wisconsin created. 
The Me.xican republic ends. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

1833.— The Reformed Parliament meets. Daniel O'Connell in parlia- 
ment. Slavery abolished in the British colonies. Edmund Kean 
and Wilberforce died. 

1834. — New Poor Law passed. System of national education begun. 
Agitation by O'Connell in Ireland. Houses of Parliament burnt. 
Ministry of Sir Robert Peel. 

1835. — Death of James Hogg, the " Ettrick Shepherd." Municipal Cor- 
porations Act passed, restoring local government to towns, wliich liad 
been taken away in the fourteenth century. 

1836. — Act passed allowing Dissenters civil marriage. General Registra- 
tion Act. Continued agitation in Ireland. 

EUROPE. 
1833. — Donna Maria, Queen of Portugal. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. 
1834.— Death of Lafayette. Monasteries abolished in Portugal. 
1835. — Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria. Death of Humboldt. 
1836. — M. Thiers, first minister of Louis Philippe in France. Death of 
Charles X. of France and Abb^ Siey^s. 



Period III. 

The 
Revolution 

1832 

TO 
1836 




periob TO. 



THE REPUBLIC.-1836-1846. 



¥¥ 



CHAPTER XV. 



Government 
at Velasco 



Volunteers 
from the 
United States 



Hostility to 
Santa Anna 



Events following San Jacinto ; Troubles in the Army ; 

First General Election ; Organization of 

the Permanent Government. 



T 



'HE government having been established at Velasco, the 
course of events was for a time somewhat confused and 
disorderly. Some changes had taken place in the 
composition of the Cabinet. Lamar was now secretary 
of war ; Samuel P. Carson being disabled by sickness, James B. 
Collinsworth was secretary of state ; and David Thomas having 
been accidentally killed, Peter W. Grayson was attorney-general. 
Meanwhile the volunteers from the United States and else- 
where continued to arrive, until June i, 1836, the army had 
increased to nearly twenty-five hundred men, and many of them 
were not of the most conservative and obedient character. 
Among the prominent new arrivals were General Felix Huston, 
a Mississippi lawyer who had raised and brought with him a 
command of five hundred men from that State ; General Thomas 
J. Green, also at the head of a band of volunteers ; J. Pinckney 
Henderson, and General Memucan Hunt. Nearly all the new- 
comers were ambitious and adventurous, and their zeal seemed 
proportioned to the litde they had had to do with preceding 
events. The hostility to Santa Anna which had been so em- 
phatically expressed by Lamar and Potter rapidly extended to 
240 



THE REPUBLIC. 



!4I 



Period I\'. 
The Republic 



1 87,6 



1846 




many officers in the army, and the freshly arrived troops were 
especially anxious for his trial and execution as a murderer. The 
captive president of Mexico had been brought to Velasco, and 
on June i he was placed on board the Invincible to be sent to 
Vera Cruz, in accordance with the treaty. 

But Thomas J. Green, Generals Hunt, Huston, Henderson, 
and others stirred up such a tumult against letting him go that 
President Burnet was compelled to submit to his being brought 
ashore. It was then proposed to try him by court- 
martial. President Burnet vigorously resisted these 
violent acts, and his opposition aroused such resent- 
ment that there was an organized movement in the 
army against the President, which accused him of 
starving the soldiers and demanded all sorts of arbi- 
trary relief. Burnet was firm but powerless, and the 
civil power for a time seemed in danger of being over- 
thrown by the military. To add to the difficulty, 
some of the old officers, like Colonel Millard, took 
sides with the mutineers, and it was known that the 
secretary of war sympathized with them, at least in 
regard to Santa Anna. General Houston was then at Natchi- 
toches, and he wrote a most positive protest against the conduct 
of the army and the proposed trial of Santa Anna. The latter 
was finally sent for safe-keeping to the plantation of Dr. Phelps, 
at Orozimbo on the Brazos. Sometime before that General 
Rusk had asked to be relieved of the chief command of the 
army, and suggested General Felix Huston as his successor. 
President Burnet, about July i, instead appointed Colonel La- 
mar, a most unfortunate.' selection under the circumstances. The 
army rebelled against the appointment, and, upon the question 
being submitted to a vote of the soldiers, they decided by a large 
majority that they would not accept Lamar, but preferred to 
retain Rusk in immediate command, with Sam Houston as real 
commander-in chief. Lamar did not take his defeat with good 
grace, but at last he saw that the army would not receive him 
and he retired. 

The vacancy created in the Cabinet by his appointment had changes in the 
been filled by Colonel Alexander Somervell, and during tlie 

16 



GfNKRAI. I'^ELIX HlSTON. 



President 
Burnet resists 
attempt to kill 
Santa Anna 



Insubordina- 
tion in the 
army 



government 



24: 



A 'COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1836 

TO 
1846 



Isaac W. Bur 
ton's notable 
feat 



Period IV. Slimmer otlicr changes occurred in the government. John A. 
phe Republic \Yharton became secretary of the navy instead of Robert Potter ; 
Barnard E. Bee succeeded Bailey Hardeman as secretary of the 
treasury, the latter having died ; William H. Jack became sec- 
retary of state, to succeed James B. Collinsworth ; while Peter 
W. Grayson having been appointed commissioner to the United 
States, the office of attorney-general remained vacant for most 
of the time until the regular government was installed. 

The army was unemployed, except as above stated, during 
the months following San Jacinto, except the one notable feat of 
Captain Isaac W. Burton, who with a company of Rangers cap- 
tured three Mexican vessels in the harbor of Copano, 
which was rather more of a naval than a military 
exploit, and was certaifily a novel performance for 
mounted Rangers. 

The news of the battle of San Jacinto reached the 
City of Mexico on May 15, the day after Santa Anna 
had signed the treaty at Velasco. By that time the 
Mexican troops were all leaving Texas, and, notwith- 
standing several attempts were made during the sum- 
mer to send a second invading army into Texas, 
nothing was accomplished in that direction. The ru- 
mors of invasion, however, served to keep the Texans 
uneasy and to necessitate some preparations to meet 
it. Mexico repudiated Santa Anna's treaty and de- 
clared she would never recognize Texan independence. In 
June, 1836, Manuel Flores and other Mexican agents renewed 
their efforts to organize and excite the Indians in Eastern Texas 
against the colonists, and they did succeed in stirring up enough 
hostility among the Cherokees, Caddos, and Cushattas to render 
the situation a dangerous and delicate one. But for the presence 
of United States troops on the eastern border, there might have 
been serious trouble. 

During the war for Texan independence in 1835-36, the 
United States government had jireservcd strict neutrality. An- 
drew Jackson was President, and his sympathies were with the 
struggling patriots, but the law of nations required him to main- 
tain an attitude of perfect impartiality as between the two con- 




Gknerai. Barnard E. Hee. 



Indian 
hostilities 



Attitude of 
United States 



THE REPUBLIC. 



243 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 
1846 

Protection 
against In- 
dians by 
American 



tending parties. Mexico complained bitterly of the volunteers 
who were allowed to join the Texan army from the United States, 
but the government was powerless to prevent them from leaving, 
so long as they did not actually march out in military array. 
But there was one thing the United States did do. During the 
war it was known that the Indians along the Trinity and next to 
Louisiana were being influenced by Mexican agents to rise and 
massacre the families of the men who were struggling for liberty troop 
at San Antonio, Goliad, and San Jacinto. 
The nearness of these tribes to the United 
States territory, and the instincts of hu- 
manity and justice required that the 
United States, as a neutral power, should 
keep the Indians from such an uprising, 
and accordingly General Edmund P. 
Gaines was stationed with troops on the 
Louisiana frontier, to watch and quell 
any outbreak among the Indians in East 
Texas. At the request of the Texan 
government, in the summer of 1836, he 
performed the same service, making his 
headquarters at Nacogdoches. 

As soon as the victory of San Jacinto 
had rendered their independence secure, 
the Texans were anxious to have the new 
government recognized by the United 

States, and, if possible, to be annexed to the American Union. Movement 
The commissioners who had been sent to the United States in *°^Y- ^ ^"' 

nexation to 

December, 1835, were not accredited as diplomatic agents to the United states 
American government, but were merely representatives commis- 
sioned to solicit the sympathy and aid of the people of the United 
States, which they did most successfully. These gentlemen — Texan com- 
Austin, Wharton, and Archer — returned to Texas in June, 1836 
but on May 30 President Burnet had appointed James B. Collins 
worth and Peter W. Grayson as commissioners to the govern- 

. . Recognition of 

ment at Washington City, to secure the recognition of Texan Texan inde- 
independence, to enlist the influence of that government with pendence by 

,, . . . ... . . , , , ... the United 

Mexico in procuring a similar recognition by the latter republic, states 




Indian War Danck. 



missioners to 
Washington 



!44 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1\'. 
Thk Republic 

TO 
1846 




Early politics 



aiitl to suggest that the annexation of Texas to the United States 
would be most acceptable to her citizens, upon certain terms 
which were to be explained by the commissioners. The news 
of the success of the struggle in which Texas was engaged was 
received with general rejoicing in the United Sates, and on June 
18, 1836, Henry Clay offered a resolution in Congress to recog- 
nize the independence of the new Republic. 
This, however, was postponed, and it was not 
until March i, 1837, that the United States 
finally recognized Texan independence. The 
subject provoked political controversy, and the 
agitation was the beginning of the exciting and 
bitter struggle that occurred over annexation 
eight years later. During the discussion of 
the question of recognition, Henry M. Morfitt 
was sent by the United States to investigate 
and report on the condition and resources of 
Texas. He reported favorably, stating that the 
population was about fifty-eight thousand, of 
whom thirty thousand were white, three thou- 
sand six hundred and seventy were Mexicans, 
five thousand were negroes, and twenty thou- 
He estimated the public debt at one million two 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

On July 23, President Burnet issued his proclamation for the 
first regular election, to be held September i, 1836, to ratify the 
constitution of the Republic, elect the first permanent ofificers of 
the Republic and members of the First Congress, and at the same 
time the people were to vote on the question of annexation to 
the United States. Politics in Texas then and for many years 
afterwards, were entirely personal. There were no great party 
Issues, and no important public measures and policies upon 
which political divisions could be organized. Men rallied around 
their favorite candidates from motives of personal attachment, or 
because they admired their position on some question of local 
and temporary concern. A man's personal popularity and suc- 
cess in winning and holding friends were the secrets of his 
leadeishiij, and strong personal friendships begat equally strong 



Moses Austin Biyan. Lewis demons 

George W. Petty. 

.\ (".ROii- OF Old Texans. 

sand Indians. 



First regular 
election in the 
Republic 



THE REPUBLIC. 



245 



personal hatreds. Hence the difficulty of correctly estimating Period iv. 
the real character and merits of the public men of those days, ^^ ^ublic 
and the danger of accepting the opinions of their contempora- ^^ 

ries, unless their personal attachments are known and made JS46 

proper allowance for. 

In the election of 1836 there were two of these personal par- Austin and 
ties,- — the A us f/?i pa r/j' and the Wharton party. The former was parttes°" 
not strictly an Austin party, for all the people loved and revered 
Stephen F". Austin, but his immediate, personal friends felt that 
injustice had been done him on account of his position in regard 
to the war with Mexico and the early declaration of Texan inde- 
pendence, and that such injustice was largely due to the ambi- 
tious intrigues of John A. and William H. Wharton. Resent- 
ment against the Whartons produced personal opposition to 
them among Austm's closest followers, and it was an aiiti- 
Wharton rather than an Austin party. The Whartons espoused 
the candidacy of Henry Smith for the first presidency, and their 
influence rather than his own gathered a few followers around 
him. Austin was not a candidate in the sense of seeking the 
office, but he could not prevent the use of his name, although 
he took no part whatever in the canvass. The new-comers and Position of the 
the volunteers in the army took but little interest in the personal ^l?!'/^!!," „„^ 

■' r new-comers 

animosities of the Wharton and anti-Wharton factions. They 
had known but little of General Austin, as he had been absent 
in the United States since most of them came to the country, 
and his services as the real founder and father of Texas were not 
felt nor appreciated by them. To them General Houston was 
the central figure in the Revolution, whose success they con- 
sidered had been won by his valor and skill, and as the " hero 
of San Jacinto" his military fame, as so often happens, outshone 
the less sensational achievements of civil life. Besides, Houston 
was a skilful politician, adroit, dramatic, popular in his speech 
and manner, and trained in a State where politics and public 
speaking had reached the position of a fine art. So he was 
brought out as a candidate, apparently against his wishes, by 
public meetings at Columbia, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and 
elsewhere. The Wharton party, finding thev could not elect Sam Houston 

' •' o . ^ elected first 

Smith, threw their influence'to General Houston. In the election president 



246 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KRioD IV that followed Houston received four thousand three hundred 
thk kki'l:blic ^nd sevcnty-four votes, Smith seven hundred and forty-five, 



1836 

TO 
1846 



First Congress 



lJI^ 




«6ac^: 



I'lRST Capitol 01 
I.UMHIA, 1836, lira 



Houston's 
Cabinet 



First Judici- 
ary of the Re- 
public 



and Austin live hundred and eighty-seven. Mirabeau B. Lamar 
was elected Vice-President, in consequence, it was said, of Hous- 
ton's complimentary mention of him in the report of the battle 
of San Jacinto. 

The First Congress met at Columbia, to which place the 
capital had been removed from Velasco, on October 3, and the 
President and Vice-President elect were in- 
stalled on October 22, 1836. The vote for 
annexation was almost unanimous, while the 
constitution was also adopted by a large 
vote, but the proposed authority to Con- 
gress to amend it was defeated. 

President Houston appointed as his 
Cabinet, Stephen F. Austin, secretary of 
state ; Henry Smith, secretary of the 
treasury ; Thomas J. Rusk, secretary of 
war; S. Rhoads Fisher, secretary of the 
navy ; James Pinckney Henderson, attorney-general ; Robert 
Barr, postmaster-general. 

Congress organized with Ira Ingram as speaker of the house, 
and Richard Ellis was president pro tern, of the senate, in place 
of Vice-President Zavala, until Vice-Presi- 
dent Lamar was inaugurated. Zavala died 
on November 15 following his retirement 
from office. 

James B. Collinsworth was elected chief 
justice of the Supreme Court by Congress, 
and Shelby Corzine, Benjamin C. Frank- 
lin, Robert M. Williamson, and James W. 
Robinson were elected judges of the four 
judicial districts of the Republic, who, 
together with the chief justice, constituted 
the Supreme Court. District attorneys 

and county judges were also elected by Congress, and the vari- 
ous county and local officers had been chosen at the election on 
Septenil)er i. These all assumed their duties in December. 




jAMiis B. Collinsworth. 




TO 



THE REPUBLIC. 247 

William H. Wharlon was appointed minister to the United pkriodiv. 
States. The vacancy in the command of the army, caused by "^ ^^lblic 
the appointment of General Rusk to the* ^^ 

war department, left General Felix Huston 
at the head of the army, and soon after- 
wards efforts were made, in view of war 
with 'Mexico, to induce the distinguished 
General James Hamilton, of South Caro- 
lina, to become commander-in-chief of the 
Texan forces. 

The first permanent government of the 

„ , ,. r 11 -1 1 General James Ham- 

Repubhc was now fully organized, and ilton. 

its labors in meeting the severe demands 

made upon it furnish another illustration of the capacity of the 

Anglo-Americans for self-government. 



QUESTIONS. 

Where was the government established after the battle of San 
Jacinto? What changes took place in the officers of the government? 
What can you say of the volunteers who continued to arrive from the 
United States ? Give the names of the most prominent among them, and 
what position did they assume towards Santa Anna ? Where was he at 
that time, and what occurred in regard to him, and how was it brought 
about? Describe what happened between President Burnet and the 
leaders of this movement. What position did General Houston take, 
and what did he do on the subject? What was finally dtme with Santa 
Anna at that time ? What occurred in reference to the command of the 
army? What changes occurred in the government at that time? What 
singular and notable feat was performed by Captain Isaac W. Burton 
at Copano? When did the news of the battle of San Jacinto reach the 
Mexican capital, and what was done in Mexico? When, by whom, and 
where were attempts made to excite Indian hostilities ? What Indians 
were concerned in this movement, and what prevented an outbreak 
among them? What was the attitude of the United States during the 
Texas Revolution ? What did that government do in regard to pre- 
venting Indian hostilities along the eastern frontier of Texas? What 
American officer commanded the troops for that purpose, and what did 
he do in the summer of 1S36? Where were his headquarters? What 
were the Texans anxious for as soon as their independence was secured. 



2J.8 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

pkkiod IV. and what steps did the government of the RepubUc take towards that 
TnK Replbi.ic ^^^-^ ^^ho were sent to the United States, and with what instructions? 

1S36 How was the news of Texan success received in the United States, and 

1 o what occurred in the American Congress ? When was that, and when 

'^46 did the United States finally recognize Texan independence? What 

efTect did the discussion of the subject have in the United States ? Who 
was sent to Texas, for what purpose, and give the substance of his report 
in reference to the population and public debt of the Republic ? When 
was the proclamation for the first regular election issued in Texas? 
When was the election to be held, and for what purposes ? What was 
the nature of politics in Texas then and for many years afterwards? 
Describe how men took sides in political campaigns. What difficulty did 
that condition of affairs create in regard to judging the public men of those 
days? In the election of 1836, what two political parties were arrayed 
against each other? Explain the relations and feelings which existed 
between Austin's friends and the Wharton party. What candidate for 
the presidency did the Whartons support? What was Austin's attitude 
towards the campaign ? What was the position of the army and the new- 
comers, and whom did they favor? What were Houston's qualifications 
as a politician, and how was he brought into that campaign ? What did 
the Wharton party then do ? What was the result of the election ? Who 
was elected Vice-President, and why? When and where did the First 
Congress meet, and when did the inauguration of the new government 
take place? What was the result of the vote on annexation and the 
constitution? Whom did President Houston appoint to his Cabinet? 
How did Congress organize? What distinguished patriot died soon 
afterwards? Who was elected chief justice of the Supreme Court, and 
who were his four associates? How was the Supreme Court then con- 
stituted and elected ? What other officers were elected at this time, and 
by whom ? When did all the officials assume their places ? WHio was 
appointed minister to the United States ? Who became commander of 
the army, and what distinguished American officer was solicited to accept 
that position ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The first troubles of the government of the Republic, growing out 
of the desire to execute Santa Anna. 

2. The arrival of distinguished volunteers from the United States, 
and their somewhat meddlesome disposition to interfere with the govern- 
ment. Beginning of insul)ordination in the army. 

3. Efforts of the Texan government to secure recognition of its inde- 
pendence by the United States, with the ultimate object of annexation. 

4. The political agitation in the United States, caused by the discus- 
sion of the question of Texan recognition and annexation. Delay in 
recognizing Texan independence. 



THK REPUBLIC. 



249 



5. The friendly action of the United States in protecting Texas from Period iv. 
Indian hostilities during the Revolution. Its effects in exciting the enmity ^^ ep ublic 
of Mexico towards the American government. 1836 

6. The first regular election in the Republic of Texas. The personal to 
nature of early Texas politics. The Aus/iii and W/iarton parties. '"46 
General Houston's attitude, and the causes of his political strength in 

that campaign. 

7. The organization of the first permanent government of the 
Republic. Names of the first officers, and a general outline of the 
government. 

Geography. 

Locate Velasco, Copano, Orozimbo, Columbia, and the country 
inhabited by the Cherokees, Caddos, Cushattas, and other Itidian tribes 
in Eastern Texas. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarft"'s "Comprehensive History of Texas" (original text of Yoa- 
kum's "History"), Vol. I. ; Brown's "History of Texas;" Williams's 
"Sam Houston and the War for Texan Independence;" the several 
works on Texas by Foote, Kennedy, and Mrs. Holly ; Benton's "Thirty 
Years' View;" Crane's "Life of Sam Houston;" Jere Clemmon's 
" Bernard Lyle." 




Old Colt's Revolver, i 



CHAPTER XVI. 



Period IV. 
1 HE Republic 

i'836 

TO 
1846 

Release of 
Santa Anna 



Difficulties of 
the new gov- 
ernment 



Indians 



Public debt 
and poverty 



Land scrip 
pnd titles 



Houston's First Administration; Land and Financial 
Policies ; Indian and Army Troubles ; Elec- 
tion of President Lamar. 

ONE of the first acts of President Houston was the release 
of Santa Anna. Already the unwise and violent con- 
duct of certain persons in holding the Mexican chief a 
prisoner, in direct violation of the treaty made with 
him, had lost all the advantages to be derived from holding him 
at all. Houston visited him at Orozimbo, and soon afterwards 
sent him to Washington city, where he was kindly treated by 
President Jackson, and the United States government sent him 
to Vera Cruz, where he landed February 23, 1837. His pop- 
ularity for a time was gone, but his abilities for thriving in the 
troubled politics of Mexico erelong brought him again to the 
head of affairs in that distracted country. 

The responsibilities and difificulties that confronted the first 
administration of the permanent governmenr of the Republic of 
Texas were enormous and complicated. There was the whole 
machinery of regular republican institutions to be devised, con- 
structed, and put in operation. The threats of continued war 
and invasion from Mexico required the support of an army and 
navy suitable to maintain the independence and security of the 
country. The frontier was harassed by hostile Indian tribes, 
many of whom lived in dangerous contact with the best settled 
portions of the Republic, and among whom the agents of Mexico 
were continually plotting and urging murderous outbreaks against 
the American settlers. To provide for all these necessities there 
was not a dollar in the public treasury, and a public debt of 
more than a million dollars had already accumulated against the 
government. Quantities of layid scrip — that is, paper authorizing 
the holder to locate and secure title to a section or less of land, 
250 



THE REPUBLIC. 25 I 

at not less than fifty cents an acre — had been issued to meet the Period iv. 
expenses of the late war and of the provisional governments ^^ _ehlbli 
theretofore existing ; but owiner to the uncertain future of the ^^^" 

. . . TO 

country and its independence, and the great confusion m land ^g^^ 

titles arising from the various grants, bounties, and contracts 
made in Texas since its colonization, this scrip was very difficult 
to sell and commanded a very low price, and the multitude of it 
which continued to be issued rendered it practically worthless in 
a short time. 

In addition to these necessary evils, there existed another, Ambitious and 

11 T-1 . f 11 c 1 1 turbulent men 

most trymg and dangerous. 1 he country was luU 01 reckless 
and ambitious men, many of whom had no patriotic interest in 
the welfare of the new government, and whose presence in Texas 
was but recent and prompted by motives of personal and selfish 
gain. Some of these were lying in wait to secure legislation 
from the Texan Congress, by which they might put on foot large 
schemes of speculation, calculated to defraud the public and dis- 
grace the government. Most of them, however, had joined the Troubles in 
army, which was now quartered on the Lavaca, as volunteers, 
and there they stirred up all sorts of wild and mutinous move- 
ments, which soon converted the army into a turbulent and 
lawless mob, threatening the safety and stability of the civil 
authorities of the Republic. We have seen how this same influ- 
ence had defied President Burnet at Velasco and clamored for 
the blood of Santa Anna. It was not long in finding other ob- 
jects for its visionary and reckless ambitions. The old scheme Matamoros 

• T.T '11 expedition 

of an expedition against Matamoros was revived, and prepara- revived 
tions for the invasion of Mexico were openly advocated. At a 
time when that country was torn with civil strife and unable to 
continue the war ; when the United States had been asked to use 
their influence to secure peace and the recognition of Texan 
independence ; and when Texas was utterly without means to 
maintain her own government and defend her own territory with 
respectable success, — it was proposed to incur the expense of a 
useless and dangerous raid beyond the Rio Grande, destroy all 
hopes of Mexican recognition, and invite a renewal of barbarous 
hostilities. We shall see the disastrous effects of these enter- 
prises on the subsequent fortunes of the young Republic. 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IX . 
iHfc; Republic 

1S36 

TO 
IS46 




An OLD-TiMbc Texas Ran(;er 



Money panic 
of 1837 



Confusion in 
land system 



Land bounties 



But President Houston met these demands upon his capacity 
and patience with firmness and wisdom. His pohcies were well 
defined. He favored peace and good faith with the Indian 
tribes, which his intimate knowledge of Indian character, his 
personal influence with them, and his respect for their rights, 
enabled him to secure more successfully than any other of the 
early executives of Texas. At the same time 
he recognized the fickle and dangerous temper 
of the tribes and the influence of the Mexican 
agents among them, and hence maintained a 
strong Ranger force to watch and subdue them 
as occasion demanded. His administration, 
while not free from some Indian outrages, was 
able to prevent any general hostility among 
them, and the murders committed were generally 
the result of local and temporary causes. 

Houston was opposed to all schemes for 
financial speculation and Jiaf money. The pov- 
erty of the government and the worthlessness of 
land scrip led Congress to favor the issuance of 
treasury notes to a large amount, thus flooding 
the country with paper monev that could not be redeemed, and 
would become practically valueless. The United States, in 1837, 
suffered a terrible financial panic, due very much to the same 
causes, and he tried to save Texas from a similar experience. 
He vetoed the most hurtful acts passed by Congress on this 
and other subjects, and, although some of the bills were passed 
over his veto, he managed to control legislation to a certain 
extent in the interest of the public credit. 

The land system of Texas was in a disorderly condition. 
The Consultation, in November, 1835, had suspended all land 
operations of every description, and no further titles could be 
extended. In the last days of the legislature of Coahuila and 
Texas, great frauds had been committed and large quantities of 
land were voted away without any regard for the laws. The 
provisional government had declared these acts void, and the 
Constitution of the Republic also pronounced them null and 
\()id. But under the provisional go\ernment and the govern- 



THE REPUBLIC. 



253 



ment ad interim extensiv^e bounties had been granted to soldiers Period iv. 
and volunteers in the army, and it was necessary that these ^""^ Republic 
lands should be located, surveyed, and patented to the true '^-5° 

TO 

owners. Many of the colonists who were in Texas before the jg.g 

Revolution had not received their portions of lands, and were — 

anxious for their titles. The Constitution of the Republic pro- General land 
vided for the recognition of all these valid claims, and that a 
general land office should be established, in order to properly 
conduct the business of locating, surveying, and patenting the 
lands. All heads of families living in Texas on March 2, 1836, 
were to receive a league and labor of land (four thousand six 
hundred and five acres), and all single men a third of a league ; 
and this was afterwards extended to persons who arrived between 
March 2 and August i, 1836, who served in the army and were 
honorably discharged, or died prior to December 14, 1837. 
These grants of land were called headrights of \\\ft first class. 

It will be readily seen that there was great room for fraud President 
and speculation in managing the details of this extensive and °"^ °" 

' & & vetoes 

complicated system ; and President Houston favored the most land bills 
rigid safeguards against such dangers. He vetoed several land 
bills passed during his first administration, which were 
some of them passed over his veto and led to much 
fraud and litigation afterwards. 

In regard to the foreign relations of the Repub- 
lic, Houston advocated a dignified and independent 
course, seeking the recognition of all the leading- 
powers, the establishment of commercial relations 
with all of them, including Mexico, and a course of 
wise, conservative, and honest national policy that 
would strengthen the government at home and make 
it respected abroad. He was in favor of annexation 
to the United States, and William H. Wharton and mfmican hint. 

Memucan Hunt were both sent to Washington to 

secure that object. But after much delay the American gov- Annexation to 
ernment confined itself to recognizing Texan independence, on declined 
March i, 1837, and declined the proposition of annexation. 
Houston then believed that Texas should withdraw her offer 
and wait for developments, meanwhile maintaining a friendlv Init 




254 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IV. dii^nihed attitude towards the Union. The course the United 

thk repiklic gi-gfgg i^^^ taken, in placing troops at Nacogdoches to protect 

1336 the colonists from the Indians during the Texan Revolution and 

1°.^ afterwards, had offended Mexico. There were also other causes 

1 040 

— for ill feeling between the two governments, growing out of 

Mexican depredations on American commerce, and in October, 
1836, all diplomatic relations between the two nations ceased for 
several months. 
Reiationswith Jamcs Pinckncy Henderson was appointed minister to Great 
nat'ion"" Britain and France, and while he did not succeed in securing an 

absolute recognition of independence, he did negotiate commer- 
cial treaties with those two governments, by which they estab- 
lished trade with Texas and sent their agents to represent them 
in the new Republic. In the management of foreign relations, 
the secretary of state, Stephen F. Austin, was invaluable, as his 
great tact, conservatism, and prudence peculiarly fitted him for 
the post, and his unselfish patriotism inspired all he did. But 
the Republic, whose foundations he had laid, was all too soon 
Death of ste- to be deprived of his aid in the completion of its fabric. Over- 
p en . us in ^^.qj.],^.^| j^y j.|^g pressing duties of his office, and exposing himself 
to the inclement weather, his health, already impaired, gave way 
to an attack of pneumonia, and after a very short illness he died 
at Columbia, December 27, 1836, at the early age of forty-three 
His public and years. His life had been one of incessant activity, great suf^er- 

private char- . , , . n i i r i i • 

acter and "''8'^ ^"^ cxposures, and of unparalleled usefulness to his race 

services and couutvy. He was never married, and the wealth of devo- 

tion, fidelity, and zeal which most men bestow upon their fam- 
ilies he lavished upon the child of his genius and labor, — the 
magnificent commonwealth whose dawning destiny his dying 
eyes were permitted to behold. President Houston announced 
his death in a bulletin which began with the truthful statement : 
"The Father of Texas is no more." Amid universal sorrow 
and the highest honors official grief could award, he was buried 
at Peach Point, near the mouth of the river on whose banks just 
fourteen years before he had planted the first American colony 
in Texas. 
Turbulence of Early in his administration, Houston was confronted with 

the disorderly and rebellious spirit of the army, camped on the 



THE REPUBLIC. 



255 



Lavaca and Navidad. The troops were in command of General 
Felix Huston, whose military attainments were few, but whose 
reckless and turbulent conduct among his men provoked them 
to great disorders, and often to violence among themselves. He 
and other leaders favored an expedition into Mexico, and he 
came to Congress to secure aid for that enterprise. While he 
was absent, President Houston seijt the secretary of war to the 
Lavaca and furloughed all the soldiers except a small command, 
sending the most of them to their homes in the United States 
and elsewhere. Thus the government was relieved of a great 
expense and a menace to its safety, and the country was spared 
the further development of the second Matamoros expedition. 
General Huston, deprived of his military mob, not long after- 
wards returned for a while to the United States. Prior to these 
events, however, in February, 1837, he had challenged and shot 
Albert Sidney Johnston, who had been sent to relieve him of the 
command. Upon his final departure, Johnston assumed control 
of the remaining troops. 

During the spring and summer of 1837, the Texas navy 
sustained serious loss in the capture, by Mexican vessels, of the 
Independence and the Invincible. William H. Wharton, late 
Texan minister to the United States, having resigned in favor of 
Memucan Hunt, was returning home on the former vessel and 
was captured and taken prisoner to Matamoros. His brother, 
John A. Wharton, went to his relief, proposing to exchange 
thirty Mexican prisoners for him ; but 
he, too, was seized and thrown into 
prison. Both the brothers soon escaped, 
and about a year later they both died 
within a few months of each other. 

Throughout the two years of Hous- 
ton's first administration there was 
more or less trouble with the Indians, 
necessitating continual activity by the 
Rangers. Some daring murders were 

committed by roving bands, and thefts of horses were frequent. 
Among the leading officers in the Ranger service at this time 
were Edward Burleson, John H. Moore, R. M, Coleman, Henry 




George B. Erath. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

TO 
1846 

Disbanded by 

President 

Houston 



General Felix 
Huston 



Texas navy 



Captivity and 
death of the 
\Vhartons 



Indian raids 



The early 
Rangers 



256 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KKIOD 1\'. 

Tmi-; Repibi.ic 

1S36 

TO 

IS46 



First, Second, 
and Third 
Congresses 



Capital at city 
of Houston 



< H.i) Caim roi. 



Commis- 
sioners to 
locate a new 
capital 



Important 
early laws 



W. Karnes, George B. Erath, William M. Eastland ; and Gen- 
eral Rusk took an active part in many of the Indian campaigns. 
In the summer of 1838, Vicente Cordova, a Mexican agent, 
attempted to stir up a rebellion among the Indians and Mexicans 
in Eastern Texas ; but this was speedily suppressed, although 
Cordova remained for some time on the upper Brazos and 
Trinity, to encourage the Indians to war and outrage against 
the Texans. 

Houston's first term extended from the date of his inaugu- 
ration, October 22, 1836, to December 10, 1838. During that 
period the First and Second Congresses and a part of the 
session of the Third Congress were held. The first session of 
the First Congress met at Columbia on October 3, 1836, and 
adjourned on December 21. By one of its acts the capital was 
moved to the new town of Houston, founded at the head of 
Buffalo Bayou by the brothers A. C. and John K. Allen. The 
second session of the same Congress met in Houston May i, 
1837, and remained in session until June 13. The Second 
Congress was elected the first Monday in September, 1837, ^"d 
President Houston called them to meet 
in special session on September 26, 
which lasted until the end of December. 
A second session was held the ist of 
May, 1838^ and continued about a 
month. The Third Congress met No- 
vember 5, 1838, and continued in session 
until the close of January, 1839. 

By an act of the first session of the 
Second Congress, October 17, 1837, 
commissioners were to be appointed to 
select a permanent capital for the Re- 
public, to be located between the Gua- 
dalupe and Trinity Rivers, not more than one hundred miles 
north of the upper San Antonio Road, nor south of a line 
from the Trinity to the Guadalupe, crossing the Brazos at Fort 
Bend. 

There were many laws passed by these Congresses during 
the first jjrcsidential term ; Ijut the most important general laws 




<ii- Kkithi-K \i HorsTON. 



THE REPUBLIC. 257 

adopted were the following : organizing- a complete system of Period iv 



The Republic 



courts, and establishing the practice and procedure therein ; 
organizing the Republic into counties ; establishing a general ^^ 



1846 



land office and eleven land districts, with a land office in each 
district ; providing for surveying the lands into sections of six 
hundred and forty acres each ; issuing land scrip at fifty cents 
an acre, with agents at New Orleans and Mobile to sell it ; estab- ' 
lishing a system of post-offices and mail routes ; organizing 
companies of Rangers for the protection of the frontier against 
Indians ; levying import duties and a direct tax of one-half of 
one per cent. ; appointing a commissioner to act with the com- 
missioner from the United States to fix the eastern boundary ; 
establishing the boundary lines of Texas, from the Rio Grande 
to the Sabine, and to the forty-second degree of latitude on 
the north ; authorizing a loan of $5,000,000, to be secured by 
bonds of the Republic ; authorizing the issuing of treasury 
notes for $500,000 ; appropriating $100,000 to increase the 
navy ; establishing a ' ' board of land commissioners' ' to ex- 
amine and pass on all land titles ; a statute of wills ; declaring 
all emprcsarios' contracts at an end from March 2, 1836 ; and 
a great many acts establishing and naming various towns and 
villages. 

There were frequent changes in President Houston's Cabinet, President 
so that a list is necessary in order to understand them. During; ^°"^*°" ^ 

-' " Cabinets dui 

his first administration the following persons held ofiice by his ing his first 
appointment : secretary of state, Stephen F. Austin, J. Pinckney ^ ™'n>stra- 
Henderson, Robert A. Irion ; secretary of war, Thomas J. Rusk, 
William S. Fisher, Barnard E. Bee, George W. Poe, and George 
W. Hockley ; secretary of the treasury, Henry Smith ; secretary 
of the navy, S. Rhoads Fisher, William M. Shepherd ; attorney- 
general, J. Pinckney Henderson, Peter W. Grayson, John Bird- 
sail, Albert S. Thruston ; comptroller, Elisha M. Pease, Frank 
R. Lubbock ; postmaster-general, Robert Barr ; commissioner 
of land office, J. P. Borden ; minister to United States, W. H. 
Wharton, Memucan Hunt, Anson Jones ; minister to England 
and France, J. Pinckney Henderson. James B. Collinsworth, 
the first chief justice, having died in the summer of 1838, Presi- 
dent Houston appointed John Birdsall to the vacancy. 

17 



tion 



258 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
Thk Kkpihlic 

1S36 

TO 
IS46 

Early life at 
the capital 




kKsir)i:N-CE oi' 
(while the 



Public debt 



Commerce 



President' Houston, 1S36 
capilol was being built). 



President not 
eligible for re- 
election 



Candidates for 
second presi- 
dent 



The mode of life of the President and his Cabinet and Con- 
gress was of the simplest kind. The President's house at Hous- 
ton was a log cabin, with a puncheon floor in one room and a 
dirt floor in the other. The building used for a capitol was a 
cheap frame house, unfinished, and its leaky roof subjected the 
Congress to frequent and involuntary baths. There were very 
few people in the new town, and they dwelt in tents and shanties ; 
but among them were ladies and gentlemen of education and 
refinement, so that the rude simplicity 
of this infant capital was enlightened 
by many of the graces and charms of 
intellectual and social intercourse. 

On the whole, the first administra- 
tion of the Republic was a success, and 
its results compare most favorably with 
those of the first government of the 
American colonies after the revolution 
of 1776. At its close, in December, 
1838, the public debt of all descriptions 
was $1,942,000 ; there were outstanding $739,789 of treasury 
notes, worth from fifty to sixty-five cents on the dollar ; and the 
receipts from the customs duties for the year 1838 were $278, 134. 
A fair trade had been established with Mexico along the Rio 
Grande, and there was really very little to fear from that country 
in its then condition. Commercial relations had been secured 
with the leading European powers, and the United States were 
friendly and favorable to annexation when the time should arrive. 
The only trouble was with the Indians, who were kept hostile by 
the Mexican agents who were active among them. The govern- 
ment was very poor, but its prospects were hopeful. 

The Constitution forbade the re-election of a president of the 
Republic to succeed himself ; so that President Houston could 
not be a candidate at the re-election in September, 1838. The 
regular term of a president was fixed at three years, but the first 
executive was limited to two years. In the canvass for the 
second presidency, Vice-President Mirabeau B. Lamar, James 
R. Collinsworth, and Peter W. Grayson were the candidates. 
During the summer Grayson committed suicide in Tennessee, 



THE REPUBLIC. 



259 



and Collinsvvorth was drowned in Galveston Bay, — by many also period iv. 



The Rkpublic 



TO 

1846 



supposed to be a suicide. This left Lamar without opposition, 
and he was elected by a vote of 6995 out of a total poll of 7247. ^^3° 

David G. Burnet was elected Vice-President over Albert C 
Horton and Joseph Rowe, by a majority of 776. 

President Lamar was inaugurated on December 10, 1838, 
the Third Congress having been already in session since Novem- 
ber 5. On December 14 the new President appointed his Cab- President 
inet, as follows : secretary of state, Barnard E. Bee ; secretary of cabinet 
war, Albert Sidney Johnston ; secretary of the navy, Memucan 
Hunt ; secretary of the treasury, Richard G. Dunlap ; attorney- 
general, John C. Watrous. The Congress elected Thomas J. 
Rusk chief justice of the Supreme Court, who resigned in 1841, 
and was succeeded by John Hemphill. 

The policies of the newly-elected executive, as outlined in His policies 
his inaugural address and as deduced from his well-known views, 
were to be the reverse of those pursued by his predecessor. 
Their nature and results we shall soon see. 



QUESTIONS. 

Describe the circumstances attending: the final release of Santa 
Anna and his return to Mexico. What difficulties met the first adminis- 
tration of the government of the Republic ? What troubles existed with 
the Indians? What was the financial condition of the country? What 
was latid scrip, and what difficulties arose from this source? What can 
you say of the dangers arising from the schemes of ambitious and turbu- 
lent men ? What was the condition of the army ? What old scheme for 
invading Mexico was revived at this time, and to what did these influences 
lead? How did President Houston meet these difficulties? What were 
his policies in regard to the Indians, public finances, and the land system? 
What financial troubles existed in Texas and the United States at that 
time? What confusion and difficulty arose in regard to land titles, and 
what was done to remove them ? What land grants were made by the 
Constitution of the Republic? What bills did President Houston veto, 
and with what result? What was Houston's policy as to foreign and 
commercial relations and annexation ? W^hen did the United States 
recognize Texan independence, and what was done in regard to annexa- 
tion? What state of feeling existed between Mexico and the United 
States, and what caused it? What occurred in consequence? When 



26o A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period IV. vvas that? Who was appointed minister to Great Britain and France, 
TnK Rkpuhlic .^j^j ^.],.jt^ ^\[^] j^g succeed in doing? Who managed the foreign relations 

1S36 of the Republic at that time, and what can you say of him? When, at 

TO what age, and where did he die ? What can you say of his public and 

1846 private life and services? Describe what honors were paid him by the 

government and people. Where was he buried ? Describe the troubles 
that arose in the Te.xan army. Who led this movement ? What did the 
President do in regard to the army ? What can you tell about General 
Feli.x Huston? Who assumed command of the army as his successor? 
What occurred to the navy in the spring and summer of 1837 ? What two 
distinguished men were captured by the Mexicans at that time, and under 
what circumstances? What became of them soon afterwards? What 
was the condition of Indian affairs during Houston's first administration? 
Who were some of the noted officers in the Ranger service of those times ? 
Who tried to arouse the Indians to warfare against the Texans ? Between 
what dates was Houston President the first time? What Congresses met 
during his administration, and give the dates and places of meeting of 
each of those Congresses ? Where was the capital of the Republic then, 
and who founded the town? When were commissioners appointed to 
locate the permanent cajiital, and within what limits was it to be located? 
Give a list and outline of the most important laws passed during 
Houston's first presidency. Give the names and official positions of the 
various persons who held office in President Houston's Cabinet during 
his first term. Who were the first and second chief justices of the 
Supreme Court of the Republic, and when were they elected or appointed ? 
Describe the residence of President Houston at that time, and the general 
mode of domestic and social life at the first capital of the Republic. 
What were the general results of the first administration as to finances, 
commerce, and Indian affairs ? W^hat were the constitutional provisions 
as to re-election of the President, term of office, etc. ? Who were can- 
didates for second President of the Republic? What became of two of 
them ? Who were elected second President and Vice-President of the 
Republic? Who were candidates for Vice-President? When did the 
election occur, and what was the vote? When was President Lamar 
inaugurated? What Congress was then in session? Who were the 
members of Lamar's first Cabinet ? Who was elected chief justice of the 
Supreme Court, how long did he hold the office, and who succeeded him ? 
What were Lamar's policies as compared with those of his predecessor? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. President Houston's first administration. Difficulties of the new 
government, as follows : 
(a) The inauguration of a new and complete system of republican 

institutions. 
(d) Indian depredations and threats of invasion from Mexico. 



THE REPUBLIC. 26l 

(c) Heavy public debt and impoverished condition of the country. Period IV. 

(d) Great confusion in land titles, owing to issuance of /and scrip, ^^'^ Republic 

frauds in procuring bounties, and general spirit of reckless 1836 

speculation. to 

(e) Turbulence in the army, caused by ambitious and reckless men, ^'^46 

who revived the scheme of an expedition to invade Mexico, 

and promoted insubordination among the soldiers. 
Policies of President Houston in dealing with these questions, as fol- 
lows : 
(a) Peace with foreign nations, including Mexico, and the promotion 

of commercial intercourse abroad. 
{d) A firm but friendly attitude towards the Indians, supported by a 

vigorous Ranger service on the frontier. 

(c) Recognition by the United States, with annexation to the Ameri- 

can Union, if possible. 

(d) Opposition to all financial schemes for increasing the public debt, 

issuing yJ^?/ money, or flooding the country with worthless land 
scrip, and speculative land enterprises. 

(r) Opposition to all schemes for invading Mexico, and a determina- 
tion to quell the turbulence of the army and its reckless leaders. 

Important events of this administration : 

(i) Final release of Santa Anna and his return to Mexico. 

(2) Independence of Texas recognized by United States, but annex- 

ation declined. Commercial treaties with United States, Great 
Britain, and France. 

(3) Death of Stephen F. Austin, John A. Wharton, William H. Whar- 

ton, Peter W. Grayson, and James B. Collinsworth. 

(4) Foundation of the land system of the Republic ; general land 

office and board of land commissioners established. 

(5) Continued troubles with Indians, who were excited to hostility by 

Vicente Cordova and other Mexican agents. The Texas 
Rangers organized under their first great captains. 

(6) The army disbanded by indefinite furlough, to prevent its lawless 

conduct. Revival of the " Matamoros Expedition" scheme. 

(7) Movement to- prevent issuance of worthless land scrip and treas- 

ury notes. 

(8) Town of Houston founded and capital established there. Ap- 

pointment of commissioners to locate the permanent capital. 
First, Second, and part of the Third Congresses held their 
sessions at Houston. 

(9) Passage of laws authorizing a five million dollars' public loan, 

organizing a complete judicial system, dividing the Republic 
into counties, establishing eleven land districts, establishing 
post-offices and post-roads, for scctioniziH}^ the public lands, 
organizing the Ranger service on the frontier, and providing 
for establishing the boundaries of Texas. 



<!/■ ^ 



262 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

1836 

TO 
1846 



Geography. 

The student should be required to trace the location and boundaries 
of the original counties of the Republic, and of the eleven original land 
districts, so as to be able to point out the county and district to which 
any one of the present counties of the States originally belonged. Ful- 
more's "Chart of Historical and Political Geography of Texas" will be 
found most useful for this purpose. 



Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" ( 1897), Vol. I. ; Brown's 
"History of Texas," Vol. II. ; Williams's "Sam Houston and Indepen- 
dence;" Crane's "Life of Sam Houston ;" Baker's " Texas Scrap-Book ;" 
Gouge's " Fi.scal History of Texas ;" Kennedy's, Foote's, and Mrs. 
Holly's works on Texas. 




«j.3^^^W 



Tomb of Erastus (Deaf) Smith, 
Richmond, Texas. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

President Lamar's Administration; Santa Fe Expedi- 
tion; Indian VV^ars ; Texas System of Jurispru- 
dence Established ; Foundation of 
Educational System. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 

1846 

Mirabeau B. 
Lamar 



^ JpiRABEAU B. LAMAR was a native of Georgia, and 
l%#l was forty years of age when elected to the presidency 

^ w ^£^ of the Republic. He was a man of stainless charac- 
ter, chivalrous courage, lofty patriotism, and brilliant 
talents, gifted with great facility of language, an ardent imagina- 
tion, and a boundless ambition ; he was an orator, poet, and 
revolutionist rather than a practical statesman, a safe ruler, or a 
wise diplomat. The defects of his character were shown in his 
violent attitude towards Santa Anna and his attempt 
to seize command of the army, in 1836. They were 
now to be disastrously felt in his administration of the 
government of the Republic, from 1838 to 1841. 

His theories on public questions were expressed in 
his messages to Congress and in his acts as President, 
and they were in all points essentially different from 
those of General Houston. He announced open oppo- 
sition to annexation to the United States ; unrelenting 
war against the Indians ; the extension of Texan juris- 
diction over New Mexico, and an alliance with the revo- 
lutionists of northern Mexico ; active aid to Yucatan 
in her revolt against the Mexican government ; the establish- 
ment of a national bank with power to issue irredeemable paper ^, „ ... 

i r^ i the Republic 

money ; and the maintenance of an extensive and expensive 
system of institutions for the Republic. To accomplish these its practical 
ends it was necessary to involve the country in savage warfare, 
to violate the plighted faith of the nation to its Indian inhabi- 
tants, to provoke the renewed hostility of Mexico, to alienate 

263 




MlRAUEAU B. La.MAK. 



His policy as 
President of 



264 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 
1846 



Indian rela- 
tions and 
troubles 



the sympathy of the United States, and to plunge the govern- 
ment into useless and continued expense, which had to be met 
by the endless issue of treasury notes, until the currency of the 
Republic sank to such a low value that it was worth less than 
ten dollars to one of gold and silver. Such public results were 
enough to dim the lustre of the loftiest personal character, and, 
but for his splendid and lasting service to posterity in the foun- 
dation of a magnificent educational system, Lamar's administra- 
tion would be condemned by truthful history as one of unmixed 
disaster to the young and struggling Republic. 

Upon assuming the presidential chair, Lamar found the 
frontier engaged in frequent struggles with the Indians, generally 
])rompted by Vicente Cordova, Manuel Flores, and other malig- 
nant messengers from the Mexican government. The Cherokees 
and their twelve allied bands were not directly con- 
cerned in these outbreaks, but for a long time they 
had been restless and discontented, because the titles 
to their lands had not been secured to them as was 
solemnly promised by the Consultation in 1835, ^"^ 
as had been doubly guaranteed by the treaty nego- 
tiated by Houston and Forbes in 1836. The Mexican 
The Cherokees agcuts took advantage of these fears, and President Lamar con- 
rights in Texas ^^''"■'ed them by publicly declaring that these Indians had no 
legal or equitable rights in the country, and that they must leave 
Texas. The Cherokee chief, Bowles, who was a man of great 
courage and high character, naturally resented this injustice to 
his people, and the tribes, who were for the most part peaceable 
and industrious, were aroused to great excitement. In 1822, the 
Emperor Iturbide had given these people consent to settle in 
Texas ; their residence was older and more permanent than that 
of most of the colonists, and their rights had been recognized by 
every government Texas had organized. Cordova and Flores 
were in constant communication with all the tribes near the 
settlements and with the Comanches and wild tribes in the west, 
and, by direction of the Mexican authorities, urged them to a 
united and general massacre and pillage of the Texans. In 
March, 1839, Cordova was attacked by Colonel Burleson's 
Rangers, near Seguin, and driven beyond the Rio Grande. 




Cherokkks 



Mexican 
agents among 
the Indians 



ork of the 
ingcrs 



THE REPUBLIC. 



265 



Manuel P'lores, attempting to join Cordova, was overtaken on 
the Colorado near where Austin was laid out the same year, by 
Captain James O. Rice, and his party routed, Flores being killed 
in the fight. Early in July, 1839, President Lamar sent David 
G. Burnet, Albert Sidney Johnston, Hugh McLeod, and Thomas 
J. Rusk to the Cherokee village, to remove them from the 
country. To gain time Chief Bowles appeared to agree, but 
next day he rallied his men and retreated towards the Delaware 
village in what is now Cherokee County. Here, on July 16-17, 
Rusk and Burleson, with four hundred Rangers, attacked the 
Indians, killed Bowles, and drove the remainder of the tribe into 
Arkansas. Later on, in December, 1839, a remnant of the tribe, 
under John Bowles and Chief Egg, were overtaken on the San 
Saba River, while they were fleeing to Mexico, and all killed and 
taken prisoners. This ended the Cherokee War, if war it can 
be called, when a sovereign nation violates its plighted faith, to 
rob, kill, and expel its own inhabitants, be their race and color 
what it may. A mistaken sjMrit of vengeance, aided by the 
unscrupulous influence of land speculators, had accomplished 
this great wrong. The Indian policy, thus inau- 
gurated, bore its bitter and bloody fruits in many 
massacres of helpless families the following autumn 
and winter, and in 1840 there was a dangerous and 
formidable war along the whole western frontier, led 
l:)y the wily and murderous Comanches. 

On March 19, 1840, twelve Comanche chiefs and 
sixty-five warriors, women and children came to San 
Antonio to make a treaty with Texan commissioners 
appointed to meet them. The chiefs and commis- 
sioners entered a house to hold a council. The 
Indians were supposed to have many white prisoners "Bk.-imm 
in their possession, of whom they had delivered but 
one. The chiefs were told that they would be held as hostages 
until all the prisoners were brought in. A company of Rangers 
was in the hall, and another outside, to enforce the demand. 
The Indians resisted, a desperate fight ensued, all twelve of the 
chiefs were killed, and the sixty-five warriors outside, joining in 
the struggle, were all shot down after a heroic battle for their 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 
1846 



The Cherokee 
War and 
death of Chief 
Bowles 



Results of this 
policy 




The " Council 
House Fight" 
at San An- 
tonio, March 
19, 1840 



266 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Per ion I\'. 
rm-; KEniiLic 

uS;,6 

TO 

IS46 



Comanches 
and Kiowas 
make a raid on 
V'ictoria and 
Linnville 



Location of 
he permanent 
:apital at 
\ustin 



lives. Several squaws were killed in the struggle, and one 
Indian woman was sent to tell the tale and to demand the 
delivery of all white prisoners. There were other Comanches 
near town, and they soon sent in several white children to 
exchange for the few squaws and Indian children who had 
escaped the massacre. This was known as the ' ' Council House 
Fight. ' ' 

In the following August, one thousand Comanches and Kio- 
was made a raid down through the country, attacked and cap- 
tured Victoria, stole two thou- 
sand horses, killed many persons, 
burned and sacked Linnville on 
Lavaca Bay, rapidly retreated, 
defying the Rangers under Tum- 
linson and Ben McCulloch, and 
finally escaped as far as what is 
now Caldwell County. Here, on 
August 12, they were overtaken 
and defeated by a force of Rangers 
and volunteers under Burleson 
and Caldwell, in what is known 
as the " Plum Creek Fight." In 
the following October, Colonel 
John H. Moore, aided by a party of Lipan Indians under their 
chief Castro, destroyed a large camp of Comanches near where 
Colorado City now stands. These were the 
most prominent operations in Indian affairs 
during 1 839-1 840. 

During the session of the Third Con- 
gress, in January, 1839, further legislation 
was had for the location of the permanent 
cai)ital. It was to be named the "City of 
Austin," and five commissioners were ap- 
liointed to select the location, and an agent 
to lay off the city and erect necessary 
buiUlings, to be ready for the removal of 
the government thereto on October i. The commissioners 
selected were Albert C. Horton, Isaac W. Burton, William 




V.N Indian Raid. 




r 



J. 

William Menefeii. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



267 



1836 

TO 
IS46 




Texas Seal. 



Menefee, Isaac Campbell, and Louis P. Cooke. Edwin Waller period iv. 
was appointed agent to lay off the town, and by October a two- ^"^ Republic 
story frame house was erected for the President, a board house 
for Congress, log buildings for the various department offices, 
and a number of log cabins for residences and business purposes. 
The archives and public offices were removed from Houston to 
Austin in October, 1839, and in a short time the new capital 
had about fifteen hundred inhabitants. 

The First Congress had established the National Seal of the National seal, 
Republic as a five-pointed star on a circular seal, with the letters of^^eRe uWc 
' ' Republic of Texas' ' around it ; and the National Standard for 
the naval service, as a flag, union blue, star central, thir- 
teen stripes prolonged, alternate red and white, — being the 
same as the naval flag adopted by President Burnet in 
April, 1836. This act was amended by the Third Congress, 
January 25, 1839, so as to require the national arms to 
consist of a white star of five points, on an azure field, with 
a wreath of olive and live-oak branches encircling the star, 
as well as the lettering of the name ; while the national flag was 
fixed as a blue, perpendicular stripe, one-third the whole length 
of the flag, with a white star of five points in the c-entre, and 
two horizontal stripes of equal breadth, the upper white and 
the lower red, two-thirds the length of the whole flag. The 
naval standard was left unchanged. During the Revolution 
many banners were devised and ca'rried by different com- 
mands. The only flag at San Jacinto was that carried by 
Colonel Sidney Sherman's regiment, which was of light blue 
silk, with gold fringe, and the figure of Liberty in the centre. . 
The flag of the Alamo was that of the Constitution of 1824. 

President Lamar's policy was to establish a national bank, President La- 
which should issue its notes based on landed securitv and the ^^"^ ^. p ^" 

- a national 

faith of the Republic, supported by a specie reserve of gold and bank 
silver, which Texas did not have and had no means of obtaining. 
Congress, warned by the recent experiences of the United States, 
rejected this scheme, and the President, apparently without 
authority of law, had recourse to the issuance of more treas- 
ury notes, until by November i, 18^9, there were outstanding '^°"'^'*'°" °f 

■' •' _ " _ "^ the finances 

$1,800,000 of these promises to pay, circulating at ten cents on in 1839 




Texas Flag. 



268 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IV. 
Phis Rkpublic 

TO 
1846 

Increase of ex- 
penses and 
public debt 



Land forgeries 



Mexican rev- 
olutionists in 
Texas 



Battle of Al- 
cantra. Octo- 
ber 3, 1839 



" Republic 
of the Rio 
Grande" so- 
licits aid in 
Texas 



Filibustering 
expedition to 
riexico, 1840 



the dollar. The receipts of revenue for that year were $188,000, 
while the expenses of the government were over $900, 000. The 
five million dollar loan not having yet been effected, $280,000 
had been borrowed from the United States Bank, of which only 
$62,000 went into the public treasury, the balance being spent 
in Indian warfare and other military and naval operations. Dur- 
ing Lamar's three years' administration, the enormous sum of 
$2,552,319 was spent or incurred in frontier defence and other 
military expenses, as against $190,000 in the preceding adminis- 
tration, and $104,092 in the succeeding three years. 

The forging of land certificates began to be extensively prac- 
tised in the year 1839, and to prevent it a travelling land board 
was organized, whose duty it was to go from county to county 
and examine all titles to land before they could be patented at 
the general land office. 

The civil commotions in Mexico still continued, and in the 
early part of 1839 they involved the states bordering the Rio 
Grande. The Federalist leaders, Canales and Gonzales, sought 
refuge in Texas and established their headquarters at Lipantitlan 
on the Nueces. Colonels Reuben Ross and S. W. Jordan joined 
them with a considerable force of Texans, and the allied troops 
marched into Mexico under Colonel Zapata. They proceeded as 
far as Alcantra, twelve miles beyond Mier, where on October 3, 
1839, they met and defeated a large Centralist force. After 
various adventures, including a siege at Matamoros and a battle 
at Monterey, the Texans returned home in January, 1840. Soon 
after this what was called the "Republic of the Rio Grande" 
was formed, with Cardenas as president and Canales as military 
chief. Its purpose was to establish an independent republic in 
Northern Mexico, for which they desired the aid of Texas. The 
leaders \isited President Lamar in the spring of 1840, and his 
subsecjuent conduct would indicate that they inspired him with 
their wild and visionary schemes. In the summer of 1840, three 
hundred Texans, under Colonel William S. Fisher and Captains 
Jordan and Segiiin, joined Canales on the Rio Grande. Part of 
the command under Jordan and a Mexican named Molano were 
sent in advance, and they proceeded as far as a hacienda near 
Saltillo. Here the Texans were betrayed by their Mexican 



THE REPUBLIC. 



269 



1836 

TO 
1846 



allies, and after a desperate battle on October 23, 1840, known 
as the battle of Saltillo, Jordan succeeded in beating off the Cen- 
tralist forces and escaped to Texas. And while all these filibus- 
tering expeditions were being organized in Texas, the govern- 
ment despatched Barnard E. Bee as minister to Mexico, to solicit 
peace and a recognition of Texan independence ; while the Efforts to- 
Texan minister at Washington was instructed to request the ^^LXF^^'^^ 

c' 1 with Mexico 

good offices of the American government and the British minis- fan 
ter to the same end. As might have been expected, Mexico 
would not listen to such propositions while Texas was permit- 
ting, if not encouraging, hostile raids into Mexican territory. It 




San Antomii i>i- I'.kxak in ]Sy 



and run the 
boundary of 
Texas 



is true that President Lamar issued proclamations forbidding 
these demonstrations, but his personal conduct and sympathies 
neutralized his public warnings. 

Early in 1840, an attempt was made to run the boundary line Attempts to fix 
between the United States and Texas on the Louisiana border. 
The Sabine and Red Rivers were adopted as the eastern boun- 
dary, which threw a strip formerly belonging to Miller County, 
Arkansas, into Texas. The northern boundary was left unde- 
cided. By the act of December 19, 1836, of the First Congress 
of Texas, the northern boundary was fixed as the forty-second 
degree of latitude, which would include New Mexico as part of 
the Republic, but there was no authority for any such claim. 
New Mexico was a separate province of Mexico long before 
Texas was attempted to be settled, and no pretence had ever 



2 70 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'lCRion 1\'. 

THli RKPIIBLIC 

1836 

TO 

1846 



The Texan 
navy 



Sent to aid 
revolution in 
Yucatan 



Gloomy finan- 
cial prospects 



President La- 
mar retires 



New schemes 



Military roads 



' Franco- 
Texan Land 
Company." 



been made that it was included in the territory of Texas. The 
claim set up to that country by some persons in 1840-41 in- 
volved the Republic in great trouble and expense. 

During- the year 1840, by the efforts of General James Ham- 
ilton, in connection with the Texan ministers, Great Britain, 
France, and Belgium recognized Texan independence, and com- 
merce rapidly increased with Europe in consequence. 

The Texan navy had been greatly enlarged and strengthened 
since the Revolution, but it had cost the government a great 
sum of money. During the first nine months of 1839, sixty 
thousand dollars were spent on it, and the estimated naval appro- 
priations for the year beginning September i, 1839, were nearly 
half a million dollars. This costly armament, not being needed, 
was placed in ordinary, — that is, retired from service by an act 
of the Fourth Congress. But in the spring of 1840, Yucatan, a 
province of Mexico, being in a state of insurrection, sent an 
agent to Texas to solicit aid, and President Lamar, in June, 
1840, placed the best part of the Texan navy in the service of 
that distant and alien country, where it remaineci for two years, 
most of the vessels being lost altogether. 

At the close of the second year of the administration the sit- 
uation was gloomy indeed. The financial distress was alarming. 
No loan had been secured, the public expenses were enormous, 
the issues of government notes were nearly worthless, and there 
seemed no relief. The Congress which met in November, 1840, 
did the best it could by cutting down appropriations nearly sixty- 
six per cent., but it could do nothing with the condition of the 
finances. In December, President Lamar, on account of sick- 
ness, retired from the active duties of office, and left Vice-Presi- 
dent Burnet to act as chief executive. 

At the beginning of the year 1841, notwithstanding the im- 
poverished state of the treasury and the sad experience of the 
two years past, new and magnificent schemes w^ere set on foot. 
A great military road from the Nueces to Red River was put 
under construction, supported by land bounties ; and another 
from Austin to Santa F^, New Mexico, six hundred miles through 
a savage wilderness, was j)rojected. In February the ' ' Franco- 
Texan Land Company" came near getting its gigantic scheme 



THE REPUBLIC. 



271 



of fraud throiio:h Congress, which would have given to that cor- 
poration three miUion acres of the best land in Texas, free from 
taxation until 1849, and exempt from all import duties for twenty 
years. This tremendous monopoly was understood to have the 
endorsement of the administration, but it was fortunately de- 
feated in the Senate. 

In the spring of 1841, President Lamar became enamored of a 
project to extend the jurisdiction of Texas over New Mexico. 
Santa Fe had long been a great trading post between St. Louis 
and Mexico, and its rich commerce would undoubtedly have 
been of great value to the poverty-stricken Republic. But the 
peaceable or forcible acquisition of that territory was out of the 
question at that time. Congress was asked to endorse and sup- 
port the expedition, but refused, and the President then under- 
took it on his own responsibility. The Santa Fe expedition was 
disguised as a peaceable, commercial undertaking, but its whole 
organization showed it to be a military, filibustering enterprise, 
intended to occupy New Mexico, amicably if possible, violently 
if necessary. The expedition started from near Austin 
on June 21, 1841, under command of General Hugh Mc- 
Leod, with two hundred and seventy men divided into 
companies, a full military equipment and supplies, and 
accompanied by adventurers of every description and 
citizenship. Jose Antonio Navarro, William G. Cooke, 
and Richard F. Brenham went along as commissioners 
from the Republic, while George W. Kendall, of the 
New Orleans Picayune, was the historian of the expedi- 
tion. After being lost for days in the canons and arid 
plains of the upper Pecos and Rio Grande, and being 
reduced to a diet of snakes and lizards to keep from starving, 
they reached San Miguel, New Mexico, in August. They were 
all made prisoners by Armijo (ar-me'ho), the governor of the 
province, and sent on foot two thousand miles to the City of 
Mexico, which place they reached after untold sufferings and 
cruelties and many deaths from violence and small-pox. It re- 
quired the best efforts of the United States and England to secure 
the release of the prisoners, and the expense of the venture was 
paid for by more promissory notes of the Republic of Texas. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

i'836 

TO 
1846 



The " Santa 
Fd Expedi- 
tion" pro- 
jected 



It sets out 
from Austin, 
June 21, 1841 




11 McLeuI). 



Captured by 
Armijo, and 
prisoners sent 
to Mexico 



2-2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pi-RioD IV. The end of the administration was drawing near, and with it 

thk rkplblic j.j^g government itself seemed on the verge of dissolution, but in 
1836 j-j^g midst of it all Acting- President Burnet declared : "Texas 

1846 proper is bounded by the Rio Grande ; Texas as defined by the 

— sword may comprehend the Sierra del Madre. Let the sicord 

do its proper work. ' ' 
Financial ruin Th.e proimssory uotes had done their "proper work," and 

.epu ic ^^,]^gj^ ^j^g Sixth Congress assembled on November i, 1841, the 
government was financially wrecked. The expenses for the year 
.had been $1,176,288, and the receipts $442,604, mostly in gov- 
ernment paper taken for taxes and duties. The national debt 
had grown beyond computation, and was variously estimated at 
from seven to twelve viillions. The debt represented dollars in 
good money ; the receipts were in promissory notes worth from 
ten to twenty cents on the dollar. 
Period of La- President Lamar' s administration began December 10, 1838, 

istration ' '^"^ ended December 12, 1841. During that period there were 
two entire Congresses and parts of two others. The Third Con- 
Third, Fourth, gress was iu session when he was inaugurated, and continued 
Sixth Con- '"^bout thrcc months. The Fourth Congress met at the new 
gresses Capital, Austiu on the Colorado, on the first Monday in Novem- 

ber, 1839, and was in session until February, 1840. The gov- 
ernment paid twenty-one thousand dollars in treasury notes for 
seven thousand one hundred and thirty-five acres fronting three, 
miles on the east bank of the Colorado, on which the new cap- 
ital was located, the city tract proper being six hundred and 
forty acres. The Fifth Congress met at Austin on the first 
Monday in November, 1840, and adjourned on February 5, 
1 841. The Sixth Congress met November i, 1841, and ad- 
journed February 5, 1842. 
Important Thc legislation of these several bodies, during Lamar's term 

of ofifice, was extensive and much of it highly beneficial. It 
comprehended the foundation of our whole system of laws of 
'Common property rights and judicial procedure. On January 29, 1840, 
the Fourth Congress adopted what is called the Common Law 
of Lni^Iand, with certain modifications. This identified the 
legal and judicial institutions of Texas with that great and vener- 
able system of jurisprudence by which the English-speaking race 



legislation 



Law" adopted 



THE REPUBLIC. 2 73 

everywhere is governed. The modifications in it were mainly period iv. 
those affecting the property rights of husband and wife, in which 



the Spanish Civil Law was retained ; and also the establishment ^ -^ 

of the law of homestead exemptions, borrowed from the Spanish jg.g 

law and founded upon the preservation of the family home as the 

necessary element of all social and political prosperity. In the Modifications 

(• 1 !• 1 • • 1 . . ii • X from Spanish 

matter of pleadmg and practice m the courts, too, the ancient "civiiLaw" 
and technical forms of the Common Law were abolished, and 
the litigant was required to state the facts of his case without 
regard to forms of action or distinctions between law and equity. 

But it was in the field of educational enterprise that President Foundation of 
Lamar and his Congresses are entitled to special admiration and orfree pubiTc 
gratitude. He was the father of the great system of free public education 
schools supported by a landed endowment,. which has ever been 
the pride of Texas. As far back as May ii, 1829, the legisla- Eariyde- 
ture of Coahuila and Texas had provided for compulsory free ^3"^^ °"^ 
education in a limited number of schools, on the Lancastrian or 
Monitorial plan. The Declaration of Texan Independence had 
complained of the failure of the Mexican government to establish 
and maintain a system of free education by bounties from the 
public domain, as one of the grievances of the colonists. The 
Constitution of the Republic commanded that ' ' it shall be the 
duty of Congress, as soon as circumstances will permit, to pro- 
vide by law a general system of education. ' ' But it remained President La- 
for President Lamar to put these demands into execution. In ^^l. e a er 

r 01 the system 

his inaugural he was eloquent in his advocacy of liberal aid to in Texas 
public education, and his efforts secured the first laws on the 
subject. The Act of January 26, 1839, appropriated three Lands granted 
leagues of land in each county, to found a primary school or J^nfyersItTer 
academy, and fifty leagues were required to be surveyed and set and free 
apart for the endowment of two colleges or universities. An act 
of the Fourth Congress, February 5, 1840, provided further for 
the location of these lands by the county commissioners, and for 
receiving and holding other property for school purposes ; and 
gave an additional league of land in each county to be sold and 
the proceeds applied to the purchase of necessary scientific 
apparatus for schools. Thus was begun that wise and liberal ^"^ "t^thi 
policy of public support to the free schools and the University policy 

18 



274 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
Thk Repibi.ic 

1836 

TO 
1846 



General re- 
sults of the 
administra- 
tion were good 



Growth and 
prosperity of 
the Republic 



Commercial 
activity 



Election of 
September, 



Sam Houston 
elected Presi- 
dent second 
time 



of Texas, which has been the most consistent and meritorious 
feature in the whole subsequent history of the government. All 
of President Lamar's mistakes — and they were errors of judg- 
ment rather than of motive — can be readily forgiven him in the 
contemplation of his zeal and wisdom in the interest of the 
highest function of a free government, — the universal enlighten- 
ment of its citizens. 

During the three years of his administration many new 
counties were organized and their boundaries defined ; several 
important industries incorporated and encouraged ; a general 
bankruptcy law adopted, to enable unfortunate men to rebuild 
their fortunes ; and, outside the reckless financial and foreign 
policy of the government, the general results of his administra- 
tion were good. In spite of the poverty and distress of the 
times, the Republic rapidly filled up with immigrants, domestic 
and foreign trade increased immensely, and Texas was gradually 
learning to export more and import less of the articles of con- 
sumption. In 1836 there was but one newspaper in the Re- 
public ; in 1840 there were over a dozen, and their columns 
showed ability, thought, and hopeful energy throughout the 
country. Foreign nations had sent their representatives to the 
new court, while foreign vessels in considerable numbers whitened 
with their sails the harbors of Galveston, Velasco, Matagorda, 
and Copano, and small steamers plied the Brazos, the Trinity, 
and even the Colorado. But the blight of financial distress 
touched every interest, and there was no remedy but a change 
in the government. In the election of September, 1841, Sam 
I louston and David G. Burnet were the candidates for the presi- 
dency. Houston, since his retirement from the executive chair, 
had been a member in the Fourth and Fifth Congresses, and 
had opposed most of the reckless schemes of the administration. 
He was now regarded as the only man to save the country from 
its ruinous condition. Burnet was universally respected as a 
inire patriot and an able man, but his identity with the disastrous 
jxilicics of the past three years assured his defeat. 

At the election, Houston received 7915 votes and Burnet, 
3619. For Vice-President, Edward Burleson received 6141 
\()tes and Miniucan Hunt, 4336. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



275 



On December 13, 1841, General Houston was inaugurated Period iv. 
for his second term as President of the Republic, and at once "^ _epubli 
entered upon the difificult task of restoring the broken and dis- '^^6 

TO 

ordered affairs of the government. jg^g 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was Mirabeau B. Lamar, what was his age when elected Presi- 
dent, and what can you say of his talents, character, and administration ? 
How did his theories on public questions compare with those of General 
Houston? What were the principal features of his public policy, as 
shown in his messages to Congress? What results followed from the 
pursuit of these measures? What eflfect did they have on Lamar's 
administration, and what single service redeemed the misfortunes of his 
government? What condition existed among the Indians at the time of 
Lamar's inauguration as President? Explain the situation and attitude 
of the Cherokees, — their history, rights, and claims in Texas. Who was 
their principal chief, what was his character, and how did he feel on the 
subject? Who were in communication with the Indians, and for what 
purpose? What happened in March, 1839? Describe what occurred in 
July of the same year, the negotiations with the Indians, and the final 
results of the Cherokee War. What can you say of the causes and merits 
of that war? What was the result of the Indian policy thus inaugurated? 
When, where, and under what circumstances did the "Council House 
Fight" occur? Describe that fight. When and by what Indians was a 
bloody raid made through the country ? What occurred at Linnville and 
Victoria? Who pursued the Indians, and with what results? When, 
where, and by whom was the "Plum Creek Fight" fought? What 
further operations were had against the Indians in that year? When and 
by what Congress was a law passed for locating the permanent capital of 
the Republic ? What were the provisions of that law ? Who were the 
commissioners and agent appointed under it, and what was done ? When 
was the capital removed to Austin? Describe the various laws and 
changes made in regard to the seal, coat of arms, and flag of Texas. 
Give a description of the seal, arms, and flag finally adopted by the 
Republic. What flags were used by the Texans at San Jacinto and the 
Alamo? What did President Lamar propose in regard to a national 
bank, and what disposition did Congress make of his suggestion ? What 
did he then do ? Describe the condition of Texas finances in November, 
I.S39, — amount of outstanding treasury notes, loans, receipts from revenue, 
expenses, and public debt. How did the expenses compare with the 
preceding and succeeding administrations? What occurred in 1839 in 
reference to land certificates, and what was done to remedy it ? What 



qd 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1\'. was occurring in Mexico at this time ? When, where, by whom, and on 
The Republic ^.j^^^ account was the battle of Alcantra fought? What followed that 

1836 battle? What " Republic" was formed at that time, who were its officers, 

TO what were its purposes, and what did the leaders do in Texas ? Describe 

1846 what occurred in the summer of 1840 in regard to an expedition to 

Mexico. What Texans took part in this expedition? Describe their 
experiences. When, where, between whom, and with what results was 
the battle of Saltillo fought ? VV^hat did Texas do at this time towards 
securing peace and recognition from Mexico, with what result, and why ? 
W^hat was done in 1840 towards running the boundary line between 
Louisiana and Texas? Describe the condition of the Texas boundaries 
at that time. What claim was laid to New Mexico by some persons, and 
what can you say of that claim ? By whose efforts and when did Great 
Britain, France, and Belgium recognize Texan independence? What 
were the condition and cost of the Texas navy at that time ? Wliat was 
done with it by the Fourth Congress ? What did President Lamar do 
with the navy in June, 1840, and what became of most of the vessels? 
What was the financial condition at the end of the year 1840? W^hat did 
Congress do to relieve the situation ? What occurred to the President at 
that time ? What new schemes were put on foot in the early part of the 
year 1841? What can you say of the "Franco-Texan Land Company" 
and its projected monopoly? What was the "Santa Fe Expedition," 
and when and how did it originate? Who undertook it? WHien and 
whence did it set out, under whose command, with what force, and 
accompanied by whom ? Describe the adventures, capture, and fate of 
this expedition. What was the condition of the government at the close 
of Lamar's administration? What did Acting-President Burnet declare ? 
What was the state of the finances at that time ? Give the amounts of 
expenses, receipts, public debt, etc. When did Lamar's administration 
begin and end? What Congresses were in session during that period, 
and give the places of their meeting and dates of assembling and adjourn- 
ing of each? Describe the terms and location of the purchase of the 
location for the permanent capital. What was the general character of 
legislation during this administration? What great system was then 
founded ? Describe the adoption of the Common Law, and how modified ; 
what features of the .Spanish Civil Law were retained, etc. What special 
and new legal changes were instituted as to homestead, pleading, and 
practice in the courts, etc. ? In what particular field of enterprise was 
this administration distinguished? Give a sketch of the early legislation 
of Mexico and Texas on the subject of public education. Who was really 
the father of the Texas educational system ? Describe the various provi- 
sions that were made by law for founding that system during his admin- 
istration, gi\ing the dates of each act of Congress. What can you say of 
this policy, and of its effect upon President Lamar's fame and memory? 
Describe the general results of his administration. What were the condi- 
tion, growth, comnu-rcial activity, and foreign relations of the Republic? 



THE REPUBLIC. 



277 



What general blight rested on the country, and what was necessary to Period IV. 

remove it? Who were candidates for President and Vice-President at the ^"^ Republic 

election in September, 1841 ? What can you say of Houston and Burnet? 1836 

Give the result of the vote at that election. When was President Hous- to 

ton inaugurated for his second term of office ? ^^4^ 

Topical Analysis, 

1. President Lamar's administration, Deceml)er 10, 1838, to December 
12, 1841. His policies the reverse of those of his predecessor, in the 
following respects : 

{a) Opposition to annexation of Texas to the United States. 

(b) Unrelenting war on the Indians, and their expulsion from Texas. 

{c) Alliance with revolutionary schemes in Mexico, and filibustering 
expeditions to invade that country. 

(d) Extension of Texas boundary to include New Mexico. 

{e) Aid to Yucatan in her revolt against Mexico. 

(y) Establishment of a national bank, and the issuance of irredeem- 
able paper money and treasury notes. 

(^'•) A generally expensive and extensive administration of the gov- 
ernment. 

2. Important events of his administration : 

(rt ) The Cherokee War in Eastern Texas, expulsion of the Cherokees, 
and a general Indian war on the frontier, accompanied by murderous 
raids of Comanches and Kiov\as as far as Linnville and Victoria. 

(d) "Council House Fight" at San Antonio; battles of "Plum 
Creek," "Battle Creek," and other Indian encounters with Texas 
Rangers. 

{c) Location of permanent capital of the Republic at the city of 
Austin. Adoption of national seal, arms, and flag. 

(d) Expensive navy developed, placed tfi oj'dinary, and finally sent 
to Yucatan. 

(r) Defeat of national banking scheme, increase of public debt, 
expenses, and outstanding treasury notes. Loan from United States 
Bank. Forgery of land certificates. Travelling land board. 

(/) Revolution in northern Mexico, " Republic of the Rio Grande" 
formed, filibustering expeditions from Texas to aid the revolutionists. 
Battles of Alcantra, .Saltiilo, Matamoros, and Monterey. Mexico refuses 
peace. 

{g) Attempt to fix boundaries of Texas. Claim laid to New Mexico. 

(//) "Santa F6 Expedition;" is captured in New Mexico, and 
prisoners sent to the Mexican capital. Their release secured only after 
long delay and difficulty. 

(/) Military roads projected fr.om the Nueces to Red River, and from 
Austin to Santa Fe. The corrupt scheme of the "Franco-Texan Land 
Company." 



2/8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 



1836 

TO 
1846 



Period IV. ij) Adoption of the "Common Law" of England, modified to some 

The Republic extent by Spanish " Civil Law." Homestead exemption, and abolition of 
forms of action and distinction between tazu and equity in the practice of 
courts, adopted. 

(X-) Educationat System of Te.xas founded ; policy of land donations 
to schools and University adopted ; and the liberal endowment of a great 
system of free public instruction established, — entitling President Lamar 
to lasting gratitude and renown. 

(/) Organization of many new counties, general growth and prosperity 
of the Republic, increased immigration, commercial activity, and foreign 
trade. 

(w) Financial distress and enormous public debt, threatening the 
destruction of the government. The Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth 
Congresses sat during Lamar's administration. 

(«) Re-election of Sam Houston as President, defeating David G. 
Burnet. Edward Burleson elected Vice-President. 

Geography. 

Locate the country claimed and inhabited by the Cherokee Indians 
in Texas ; the places where the several Indian battles mentioned in this 
chapter occurred ; the scene of the expeditions and battles in Mexico 
which are described; the route of the "Santa F6 Expedition;" the 
boundaries of Texas as claimed and sought to be established during 
Lamar's administration. 

Parallel Readings. 

ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I. ; Brown's "His- 
tory of Texas;" Foote's "Republic of Texas;" Kendall's "Santa Y€ 



Expedition ;" Bancroft's " His- 
ico ;" Williams's "Sam Hous- 
pendence ;" Crane's "Life of 
Scrap- Book ;" Gouge's 
Mirabeau B. Lamar" 
of Texas Geography." 



" Fiscal 

(1S57); 




tory of Arizona and New Mex- 
ton and the War for Inde- 
Houston ;" Baker's "Texas 
History of Texas;" "Life of 
Fulmore's "Chart of History 



Tomb of General M. B. Lamar, 
Kichmoiid, Te.\as. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



Period IV. 
Thk Republic 

1836 

TO 
1846 

Houston's sec- 
ond adminis- 
tration one of 



Houston's Second Administration ; Financial Reform ; 

Mexican Hostilities ; Indian Treaties ; 

New Colonial Contracts. 

PRESIDENT HOUSTON'S first administration had 
been one of construction ; his second was one of rccon- 
strnction. The results of the three years since he left 
the executive office were such as to render his second 
labor more difficult than the first. To aid him in the work he 
selected able and experienced men. His various Cabinet and 
executive appointments during his second administration were 
as follows : secretary of state, Anson Jones ; secretary of war reconstruction 
and navy, George W. Hockley, George W. Hill ; 
secretary of the treasury, William H. Daingerfield, 
James B. Miller ; attorney-general, George W. 
Terrell, Ebenezer Allen ; treasurer, Asa Brigham ; 
comptroller, Frank R. Lubbock, James B. Shaw ; 
auditor, Charles Mason ; commissioner of general 
land office, John P. Borden, Thomas William Ward ; 
minister to the United States, James Reiley, Isaac 
Van Zandt, J. Pinckney Henderson ; minister to 
France, Ashbel Smith ; minister to Belgium, the 
Netherlands, and Hanse Towns, W. H. Daingerfield ; secretary 
of legation to the United States, Charles H. Raymond. 

It was during this administration that there were developed Personal 
in their fullest intensity the personal issues that divided men into ^° ' '*^^ 
Houston and rt^/ZZ-Houston parties, and the influence of which 
runs through all the politics of Texas from that time even to the 
breaking out of the civil war in 1861. 

In his message to Congress in December, 1841, the Presi- His public 
dent outlined his policies as in the main the same as during his 
former term and directly opposed to those of President Lamar. 

279 




Thomas \Vm. Ward. 



•So 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
The Rkcublic 

TO 
IS46 

Financial 
plans 




Isaac \an Zandt 



Congress 
adopts his 
recommenda- 
tions 

Exchequer 
bills 

Destruction of 
old notes 



Reduction of 
salaries 



He recommended friendship and treaties of peace with the 
Indians, with a Hne of trading posts along the frontier, protected 
by small garrisons ; the absolute suspension of all attempts to 
meet the outstanding obligations and debts of the Republic, 
until their amount and nature could be fixed, and there was 
some certainty of paying them ; the issuance of not more than 
$350,000 of exchequer bills, to take the place of the "red- 
backs," as the old promissory notes were called, — these ex- 
chequer bills to be secured by 1,000,000 acres of the Cherokee 
lands and by the customs revenues of the government, to be 
received for duties and taxes only at par, and to be cancelled 
as fast as they were received ; the reduction of all 
expenses and cutting down of taxes one-half, to be 
paid only in coin or par paper ; and a public loan of 
$300,000. He deprecated all connection with Mexican 
revolutionists, and advised a friendly attitude of armed 
neutrality towards that country. 

Congress at once adopted the spirit of these reforms 
to a considerable extent. It provided, on January 19, 
1842, for the issuance of $200,000 of exchequer bills, 
secured by the customs receipts, and that these bills 
should be received only at par for taxes and duties. 
It did not base these issues on landed security, as the President 
had advised, nor did it reduce taxes ; so that the exchequer 
currency fell for a while to fifty cents on the dollar. This was 
due also to the fear that the government might refuse to receive 
the bills for duties and taxes, as had just been done with the 
treasury notes issued in the past five years. It was further pro- 
vided that all bills received by the government, and all of the 
old notes, bonds, and obligations of the Republic then in the 
hands of the government, should " be cancelled, burned up, and 
utterly destroyed." Congress repealed the law authorizing the 
$5,000,000 loan, and declined to authorize any further loans 
in any amount. It cut down all salaries more than half, and 
itbolished many useless ofifices. At the organization of the 
Re|)ublic in 1836, the public salaries were fixed very high, — 
the President's was $10,000 a year, — and a multitude of un- 
necessary olificials were recjuired to run the government. These 



THE REPUBLIC. 28 I 

were now unsparingly reduced. The beneficial results of this pkriod iv. 
legislation are apparent from the financial records of the times. ""^ j^^piulic 
The expenses of Lamar's three years' term of service were ^^° 

$4,855,215, while those of Houston's second terra were $51 1,082. jg.5 

The salaries of the public ofificials at the capital for the year 1840 — 

were $174,200 ; for 1841, $173,506 ; for 1842, $32,800. 

But with all the wisdom thus displayed in regard to the 
finances, the Sixth Congress was not free from the insanity of 
the times when it came to dealing with Mexico. The news of 
the fate of the Santa Fe prisoners reached Austin on January 
18, 1842, and great were the sorrow and indignation of the 
people. Congress at once passed a bill extending the boundaries Absurd action 
of Texas to include the Californias, New Mexico, Chihuahua, ° °"sress 
Sonora, and parts of Sinaloa, Durango, Coahuila, and Tamau- 
lipas, — a territory as large as the then American Union, and 
containing a population of 2,000,000 Indians and Mexicans. 
Houston promptly vetoed this astounding act, but so great was Houston's 
the feeling that it was passed over his veto. Aside from the ^^*° 
utter absurdity of the declaration, it was a reckless and dan- . 
gerous provocation to Mexico at a time when Texan citizens 
were prisoners in her hands, and when their release as well as 
permanent peace were being sought through the mediation of 
foreign nations. But Mexico was already aroused by the Mexico 
expedition to Santa Fe and the aid to Yucatan in the previous ^^°^^ °^'^' 

'■ " tive hostility 

year. Besides, it was necessary that she should make some 

active movement showing her continued claim to Texas. It had 

been six years since San Jacinto, and the young Republic was 

fast taking its place among the independent sovereignties of the 

world. Foreign nations were beginning to think and to say 

that Mexico's claim was growing stale, if not entirely forfeited. 

Santa Anna had again seized the presidency, and at the begin- santa Anna's 

ning of the year 1842 declared he "would plant his eagles on ^°^^* 

the banks of the Sabine." General Arista, in command at 

Monterey, issued a proclamation on January 9, 1842, inviting 

Texans to return to their allegiance, and declaring his purpose 

to reconquer the lost province. 

On March 5, General Rafael Vasquez, with five hundred J"^^^*"" ^y 

* Vasquez, 

men, appeared at vSan Antonio. The small garrison left the March, 1842 



282 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod I\'. 
Thk Rkpl'bi.ic 

1836 

10 
1S46 

Houston's call 
for troops in 
Texas 

Soldiers 
assemble at 
San Antonio 



Houston's 
plan 



Blockade of 
Mexican ports 



Troubles with 
the Texas 
navy 



Ordered to be 
sold 



town, and he took possession for two days, returning to the Rio 
Grande on the 7th. About the same time small parties of Mex- 
ican troops entered Goliad and Refugio, but they did no dam- 
age, and left in- a few days. These movements were probably 
intended merely to evidence Mexico's claim to the country, but 
they excited the people of Texas. The President issued a call 
for troops on March 10, and published a letter of defiance in 
reply to Santa Anna's boasting utterances. A force of some 
three hundred men assembled at San Antonio ; but, as the Mex- 
icans had retreated to the Rio Grande, it was not considered 
advisable to follow them. There was a dispute as to the com- 
mand of these troops, the men preferring Colonel Edward Burle- 
son (the Vice-President), while General Alexander Somervell, 
by virtue of his rank in the militia, was assigned to the command 
by the President. The men were disbanded on April 2. Mean- 
while the levies and volunteers had swelled the number of men 
at Bexar to nearly thirty-five hundred, and there was great dis- 
satisfaction that they were not permitted to march at once into 
the enemy's country. The fact appears to be, that while Hous- 
ton publicly humored the demand for war and invasion, he was 
determined not to go beyond defending the territory and inde- 
pendence of Texas ; and in the subsequent events it is likely 
General Somervell acted under his secret instructions to that 
effect. 

On March 26, 1842, the President declared a blockade 
against all Mexican ports, from the coast of Tobasco to Brazos 
Santiago. The Mexican navy had been destroyed in the French 
war, and this blockade could have been easily enforced if the 
Texas navy had been on hand to execute it ; but the vessels had 
been sent to Yucatan in the fall of 1841, and did not return until 
May, 1842. Commodore Moore then took them to the mouth 
of the Mississippi for repairs. President Houston ordered Moore 
to bring the navy to the Texas coast for blockading purposes. 
He refused, on the ground that he had contracted debts for the 
repairs of the ships and had pledged his honor not to take them 
away until the amount was paid. On January 16, 1843, Hous- 
ton procured a secret act of Congress for the sale of the navy, 
and soon aherwards sent James Morgan and William Bryan as 



THE REPUBLIC. 



283 



commissioners to bring the vessels to Galveston. But Commo- 
dore Moore had been offered rich spoils if he would return to 
Yucatan and aid in the rebellion going on there. He per- 
suaded the commissioners to let him go, and one of them went 
with him. President Houston at once suspended Moore and 
proclaimed him and his men pirates, requesting the vessels of 
all foreign nations to treat them as such, and to seize and 
return the vessels to the Texan government. Moore served his 
little fleet with brilliant success at Campeachy, and roughly 
handled all vessels that came in his way. Houston's acts pro- 
voked great indignation among the Commodore's friends and 
at Galveston. The act for the sale of the navy was repealed 
on February 5, 1844, and the vessels, having returned, were 
laid up in ordinary. Four of them remained at the date of 
annexation, and were transferred to the United States navy. 
As late as 1857, Congress appropriated money to pay the 
ofificers for the five years succeeding annexation. Thus ended 
the history of the Texan navy. It had a gallant career, but, 
as with the army on land, insubordination impaired its use- 
fulness. 

The alarm produced by the occupation of San Antonio by 
Vasquez, in March, 1842, excited fears for the safety of the cap- 
ital at Austin, and the President decided to return the seat of 
government to Houston. The records were not then removed 
on account of the opposition of the citizens. But in December, 
1842, Houston sent Captain Thomas I. Smith to bring away the 
papers and archives of the various departments. He succeeded 
in entering the town on December 30, at night, and loaded three 
wagons with boxes of records. He was discovered and fired 
upon with a cannon, a Mrs. Eberly touching off the piece. 
Smith escaped with his loads as far as Brushy Creek, where he 
camped. Next morning he found himself surrounded by a com- 
pany of men from Austin, under command of Captain Mark B. 
Lewis, with a cannon planted squarely in front of his wagons. 
He was compelled to haul the records back to Austin, where 
they remained until delivered to President Anson Jones at the 
Annexation Convention in that city, in 1845. This episode was 
known as the " Archive War." 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

TO 
1846 

Commodore 
Moore's insub- 
ordination 
and removal 



Indignation 
against Presi- 
dent Houston 



Fate of the 
navy 



Capital 
removed to 
Houston 



" The Archive 
War" 



284 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

.1836 

TO 
1846 

Houston's 
message on 
relations to 
Mexico 



To provide for the threatened renewal of hostihties by Mexico, 
and to decide upon what course should be pursued in regard to 
that country, the President convened the Sixth Congress in 
special session at Houston, on June 27, 1842. In his message 
to that body he did not assume the responsibility of advising an 
invasion of Mexico. He stated that he did not believe there 
was any real danger of a serious attempt on the part of Mexico 
to subjugate Texas, but that the policy of that country would be 
to harass the frontier, excite the Indians, and make predatory 




Mks. Eberly firing the Cannon. 



General Davis 
at Corpus 
Christi 



Fight with 
Mexicans on 
the Nueces 



incursions into Texas ; and that some remedy must be adopted 
to prevent these evils. He called attention to the fact that many 
volunteers and militia-men had responded to his call for troops, 
and were then on the Nueces and at other points, waiting to be 
employed in active operations, or to be disbanded ; and he left 
with Congress the decision of what should be done. In May, 
the President had sent General James Davis to Corpus Christi, 
to take command of the volunteers and militia gathering there, 
but with orders to make no advance without authority. The 
men gradually left, until in June Davis had only one hundred 
and ninety-two men. He was attacked on the Nueces, on June 
7, by Canales, with seven hundred men and one piece of artillery ; 



THE REPUBLIC. 



285 



Period IV. 
The: Republic 

1876 

TO 
1846 

Act of Con- 
gress for active 
war, and 
appointing 
Houston 
dictator 



but the Texans repulsed the enemy, who soon afterwards retired. 
These recent events had caused such a feeHng that the Congress 
passed a bill providing for an offensive war against Mexico, 
appointing the President commander-in-chief with dictatorial 
powers, and appropriating 10,000,000 acres of land to defray 
the expenses. President Houston vetoed the bill for several 
reasons given by him. One was that he was opposed to dicta- 
torial powers being conferred upon any person in a free govern- 
ment ; another was that to prosecute a successful war of invasion 
would require at least five thousand men, with all necessary 
military funds, supplies, and equipments, and the Re- 
public had no money to put such an army in the 
field. The 10,000.000 acres appropriated would re- 
quire agents to sell it, and no provision was made for 
their pay ; and the land itself would bring but little, 
as the Republic had already issued great quantities 
of land scrip which had no sale except at nominal 
prices. As he said, the whole bill was like ' ' a reso- 
lution to appropriate ten million acres of blue sky, 
and conferring dictatorial powers on the north wind. ' ' 
This veto provoked unbounded and violent criticism 
of the President. He was accused of having secured 
the passage of the bill, in order to make popularity by refusing Houston 

.1 [ 1 1 • 1 -^ vetoes the bill 

the powers conferred upon him by it. 
Threats of revolution and even assassi- 
nation were freely indulged in, and the 
storm of abuse was terrific. He bore it 
calmly and fearlessly, and the excitement 
gradually subsided, although the bitter- 
ness of this and other events in his career 
at that time never entirely passed away. 

The Congress at this special session Change in time 
changed the time for the meeting of the ° '"^^'"S" 



'm 






, -""~^., 




, •m ^ I 




i 'jc » 






i 


^L ^^^^H^^ 



James Davis. 



tk 



Violent feeling 
against him in 
consequence 




■/ 



Sam 



Houston. 



regular sessions to the first Monday in 
December of each year. 
Meanwhile the Mexicans were not idle. On September 11, 



Congress 



Mexican 
invasion under 



1842, General Adrian Woll, with an army of fourteen hundred General woii, 

1 (- A • 11 • r 1 September, 

men, appeared at ban Antonio and took possession of the town, 1842 



2 86 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
Thk Rfpubi ic 

1836 

TO 
IS46 

Texans rally at 
San Antonio 

Battle of the 
Salado, Sep- 
tember 18, 1842 



capturing the officers of the district court then in session. A 
few Texans escaped and spread the news throughout the country. 
In a few days the miUtia, Rangers, and volunteers gathered from 
the Brazos to the Lavaca, and under the leadership of such men 
as Captains John C. Hays, Matthew Caldwell ("Old Paint"), 
Henry E. McCuUoch, Ewan Cameron, James Bird, and John R. 
Baker, they rallied towards San Antonio to the number of two 
hundred and two men. On September 18, they succeeded in 
drawing Woll's force out of the town, and a battle occurred on 
the Salado, six miles from Bexar. The Mexicans numbered 
about a thousand infantry and four hundred cavalry, and they 
had two pieces of artillery. The Texans held the enemy in 
close fight for several hours, and WoU at sunset drew off. Next 
day he retreated towards the Rio Grande, having lost severely 
in killed and wounded. 

While the battle of the i8th was in progress. Captain 
Nicholas Dawson, with fifty-three volunteers from Fayette 
County, approached from the east to join Hays and Caldwell on 
the Salado. They were cut oH and surrounded by Mexican 
cavalry in the prairie, and after a desperate struggle, in which 
they could accomplish but little because the Mexicans kept out 
of range of their rifles and used a cannon, they surrendered, 
after half of them had been killed. The Texans were shot 
down without mercy after their surrender. Only two men 
escaped, fifty-one were killed, and ten were taken prisoners. 
This is known as " Dawson's Massacre," and the dead bodies 
The "Dawson of the slaiu Were stripped and left in the prairie, where they were 
found next day by Caldwell's scouts. After Woll's retreat, Cald- 
woii's retreat 'wcll and his mcu followed him on the 20th, and reinforcements 
came in to the number of two hundred and twenty, under Jesse 
Billingsley, W. J. Wallace, and John H. Moore. The Mexicans, 
however, made good their escape, leaving their carts and bag- 
gage, and crossed the river at the Presidio del Rio Grande. 
The Tfexans returned to San Antonio, meeting on the way three 
hundred volunteers under Colonel Ed. Burleson. On the 25th 
they were disbanded, Burleson advising them to go home and 
get ready for a vigorous campaign into Mexico. 

This second Mexican invasion within the year aroused the 




monl'ment to 
Dawson and his 

MliN AND MlKR 

Prisoners, La 
(Jraiige, Texas. 



and escape 



Texans 
disband 



THE REPUBLIC. 



187 



most intense war spirit in Texas, and preparations for a counter 
invasion of Mexico were extensively made. After the called 
session of Congress adjourned, in July, 1842, the President 
issued a proclamation removing the temporary seat of govern- 
ment from Houston to Old Washington, on the Brazos, where it 
remained until the Annexation Convention in 1845, when it was 
brought back finally to Austin. As soon as the Woll invasion 
was known, President Houston called out two regiments of 
militia, who, together with the volunteers, were to constitute an 
army for active operations against Mexico, and General Somer- 
vell was assigned to the chief command. The latter was not 
acceptable to the men, because it was not believed that he was 
in sympathy with the war party, and his subsequent conduct 
proved that he was not, or that he was controlled by secret 
instructions from Houston not to advance beyond the Rio 
Grande. A considerable number of troops, mostly volunteers, 
assembled at San Antonio in October and November, and a 
regiment was organized with James R. Cooke as colonel. Chief- 
justice Hemphill was adjutant-general of the entire force, and 
William G. Cooke, quartermaster-general. On November 22 
they set out for the Rio Grande, and after a most disagreeable 
march, during which the dissatisfaction against Somervell in- 
creased, they reached Laredo on December 8. The town had 
been vacated by the Mexican garrison, and the command was 
marched to a point three miles down the river and camped. 
The weather was cold, the men had scant clothing, few blankets, 
and nothing to eat, and their murmurings became loud and 
frequent. Somervell refused to cross the river, but marched 
down stream to the mouth of the Salado River, nearly opposite 
Guerrero. All who wanted to go home had been invited to do 
so at Laredo, and two hundred had accepted the invitation, 
leaving about five hundred men now in the party. They crossed 
the river on December 15, and camped near Guerrero for two 
or three days. On December 19, the commander ordered them 
to prepare to return to Gonzales and be disbanded. Three 
hundred of them refused to obey, and, organized into companies 
under the chief command of Colonel William S. Fisher, they 
prepared to conduct a campaign on their own account. The 



I'kriod IV. 
Thk Republic 

1836 

TO 
1846 

Capital re- 
moved to Old 
Washington, 
on the Brazos 

Army to 
invade Mexico 

General 
Somervell 



Beginning of 
the " Mier 
Expedition" 



Reaches 
Laredo 



Dissatisfac- 
tion 



Crosses the 
Rio Grande 



Colonel W. S. 
Fisher organ- 
izes an inde- 
pendent force 

At Mier 



(88 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod IV. 
The Republic 

1836 

TO 

1846 



Siege of Mier 
decided upon 



The siege of 
Mier, Decem- 
ber 25 26, 1842 



The Texans 
surrender 



Desperate 
escape at the 
" Hacienda 
Salado" 



Lost in the 
mountains 



Recaptured 



Other two hundred, including the more prudent and conservative, 
returned to Texas. Fisher's party descended the river in boats 
and by land until they reached the Mexican town of Mier, and 
on December 23 crossed the river and entered the town. After 
levying contributions on the inhabitants, they brought away the 
alcalde and the priest as hostages and returned to the Texas side 
of the river. Two days later they learned that General Ampudia 
had occupied Mier with two thousand troops. The Texans de- 
cided to cross over and give the Mexicans a battle. Meanwhile 
disputes had arisen among them, and several of the best men 
went home, including Captains Hays, Ben and Henry E. 
McCulloch, Tom Green, and Ephraim M. McLean. 

On Christmas night, 1842, this little band, leaving forty-two 
men to guard the camp on the Texas side of the river, crossed 
the Rio Grande and the Alcantra River, which skirts the walls 
of Mier, and entered the town, effecting a lodgement in some 
houses near the/i/rt^a. It was a repetition of the siege of Bexar 
under Milam and Johnson, but with a different result. Ampudia' s 
strong force resisted desperately, and the fight was conducted in 
the streets, from the housetops, and with volleys of grape and 
canister from the Mexican artillery. It lasted nearly eighteen 
hours, during which the Mexicans lost over six hundred killed 
and wounded, while the Texans had sixteen killed and mortally 
injured. At last Fisher's men were persuaded to surrender, 
under written promise that they would be humanely treated and 
soon exchanged. Instead of this, the prisoners were tied to- 
gether in pairs and driven on foot towards the City of Mexico. 
The majority of these captives reached the Hacienda of the 
Salado, between Saltillo and San Luis Potosi, on February 10, 
1843. Next morning, led by Captain Ewan Cameron, they rose 
against their guards, and after a deadly struggle, in which five of 
them were killed, they routed the guard, consisting of nearly 
two hundred men, and escaped, well armed and mounted. 
There were about one hundred and ninety-three liberated pris- 
oners, and they started at once for the Rio Grande. But leaving 
the road, they became lost in the mountains, several perished 
from hunger and thirst, and only four finally reached home. 
The others were recaptured on February 19, and carried back to 



THE REPUBLIC. 



:89 



the Hacienda of the Salado. Santa Anna ordered them all to 
be shot at once, but the humanity of the officers modified this 
barbarity, so as to shoot only every tenth man. On March 26, 
1843, the prisoners were drawn up in line, blindfolded, and a jar 
containing one hundred and seventy beans, of which seventeen- 
were black and the remainder white, was held above their heads. 
As the roll was called, each man stepped forward and, thrusting 
his hand into the jar, drew out a bean. If it was black, his 



Period IV. 
The Kkpuulic 

1836 

TO 
1846 

Drawing of 
the black 
beans 




DRAWIM-. 1111 |!l Aik r.l.ANS A 1 IIai II 



doom was sealed ; but if zvhitc, he was spared for the uncertain 
cruelties of continued captivity. The seventeen men were exe- 
cuted, and the others were marched on to the Mexican capital. 
On the way, at Huehuetoca (wa-wa-to-ca), came an order for Captain Ewan 
the immediate execution of Captain Ewan Cameron, who headed ^'^^'■°" 
the break for liberty at the Hacienda ; and this gallant Scot was 
taken out and shot. The others were carried to the strong Prisoners of 
castle of Perote (pa-ro'-ta), on the road from Mexico to Vera ^^°^^ 
Cruz, where they found other Texan prisoners, waiting for death 

19 



>90 



A COMPLETE HISTOKY OF TEXAS. 



Period 1\'. 
The Rkpi'blic 



1S36 

10 
1846 



Troubles in 
Eastern Texas 



or release. This unfortunate invasion of Mexico is known as the 
" Micr Expedition," and of its members who joined in the battle 
at Mier only about thirty-five lived to return to Texas. It was, 
however, the last but one of the desperate and hopeless ventures 
in which so many heroic lives were sacrificed in mistaken efforts 
of valor and patriotism.' 

While these warlike events were happening in the West, a 
dangerous civil feud broke out in the East, in the old munici- 

uand forgeries pality of Tcueha, mainly in Shelby County. The ' ' heroes of 
the neutral ground" were not all dead, and from smuggling and 
filibustering they haci turned their attention to forging land titles 
and setting up fraudulent squatters' claims to large and valuable 
tracts in Eastern Texas. The confusion of land titles in that 
region was great, owing to the many conflicting grants from the 
days of Hayden Edwards's " Fredonian War" down to the 

Feud between reccut acts of the district land boards. In 1842, one Charles W. 
Jackson, a fugitive from justice from Louisiana, ran for Congress 
in Shelby County. He was defeated, and he ascribed his defeat 
to certain persons interested in land frauds, which he at once 
declared he would expose to the general land office. One Joseph 
Goodbread, a leader of the other faction, threatened to run him 



Jackson and 
Goodbread 



' I''()rty-one of the Texans who remained at the river during the siege 
of Mier escaped, but Major George W. Bonnell was captured and shot. 
There escaped from Mier ten of the Texans ; sixteen were killed or died 
from wounds received in the siege ; in the struggle for liberty at the 
Hacienda Sahido, five were killed, including Dr. Richard F. Brenham ; 
seventeen drew black beans and were shot ; Captain Cameron was 
executed at Huehuetoca ; five perished in the mountains after their escape 
from tlie Ifacioida ; four reached Texas ; thirty-five died in the prison of 
I'erote ; fourteen were released at various times ; eight escaped from the 
City of Mexico. The seventeen who drew the fatal beans were L. I.. Cash, 
James D. Cocke, Robert H. Dunham, Captain William M. Eastland, 
Robert Esty (brother of Mrs. David G. Burnet), Robert Harris, Thomas 
E. Jones, Patrick Mahan, James M. Ogden, diaries Roberts, William 
Rouen. J. E. .Shepherd, J. W. N. Thompson, James N. Torrey, Turnbull, 
Henry Whaling, and Martin Carroll Wing. There were confined in the 
Castle of Perotc?, besides the Mier prisoners, the survivors of the Santa 
I'Y- I':xpedition who were captured in New Mexico, those captured at San 
Antonio by General Woll in 1S42, and the men who survived the Daw.son 
■Nhissacre .-muI were taken prisoners l)y the Mexicans. 



THE REPURIJC. 



291 



out of the country, and Jackson shot Goodbread dead in Shelby- 
ville. When Jackson's trial came on, the court-house was filled 
with armed men, and the judge would not attend the court. 
The excitement spread and assumed dangerous proportions. 
Jackson organized an armed force which he called the Rcgida- 
to7's, while his opponents formed into an equally violent organiza- 
tion called the Moderators, and a deadly vendetta was declared 
in East Texas. More than fifty men were killed from time to tors" 
time, and in 1844 the two factions were drawn up in battle array 
at Shelbyville. President Houston sent General Smith to dis- 
perse the lawless bands, which he succeeded in doing without 
bloodshed ; but for many years afterwards the feud broke out 
now and then, and more than one citizen held the title to his 
lands by virtue of his readiness to defend it with his rifle. This 
desperate civil strife was known as the "War of the Regulators 
and Moderators. ' ' 

Since his second election, President Houston had been so 
engrossed with the affairs of the government that he had but 
little time to devote to the Indian problem. But he had not 
abandoned his plan of making a general treaty with all the 
tribes, by which the line of the frontier would be defended, 
trading posts established, and the rights of both 
parties fixed and respected within the agreed 
limits. In pursuance of that plan he appointed 
Joseph C. Eldridge commissioner of Indian af- 
fairs. A partial treaty was made in the winter 
of 1842-43 with the Wacos, and representa- 
tives of several of the smaller tribes visited tlie 
President to have friendly talks. In March, 
1843, Houston sent Eldridge, with Hamilton P. 
Bee and Thomas Torrey, to see all the tribes on 
the Brazos, upper Trinity, and as far north as 
the Comanche headquarters in the Indian Terri- 
tory, to solicit their head chiefs to meet him in 
a general council for the purpose of entering into 
a treaty of peace and trade. The point selected for this nneting 
was Bird's Fort, on the west fork of the Trinity, being about 
twentv-tvvo miles west of where Dallas now stantls, and the date 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 
1846 

" War of the 
Regulators 
and Modera- 



Houston's 
Indian policy- 
Treaty with 
Indians 
attempted 




Fol T ON THl \Vl Sll KN BoRDLk 



292 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1836 

TO 
1846 

Adventures of 
Eldridge, Bee, 
and Torrey 

Meet with rep- 
resentatives of 
several tribes 



Pay-hay 
yuc-co 



Period IV. was August lo. The latter part of March the commissioners 
The Republic ^^^ ^^^ from Washington, accompanied by Acoquash, head chief 
of the Wacos, a party of Delaware guides and interpreters, a 
pack train with supplies and presents for the Indians, and car- 
rying with them two Comanche children, captured three years 
before in the Council House Fight at San Antonio. They pro- 
ceeded up the Brazos and then north to a point on the upper 
Trinity, probably in what is now Wise, or Jack County, where 
they met representatives of the Waco, Tawakana, Towash, lonie, 
Keechi, Caddo, Bedais, Biloxi, Delaware, and Anadarko tribes, 
all of whom promised to attend the council. They were delayed 
here a month, but pushed on north to find the Comanches. 
Finally, about the ist of August, they reached the village of 
Pav-hav-vnc-co, the head chief of the Comanches, near where 
Fort Sill is now located. A council of the tribes was held 
August 9, and it came near decreeing the death of the Texan 
commissioners. As it was, Pay-hay-yuc-co declined to enter 
into the treaty, and the commissioners were alloweci to depart 
in peace. The date for the meeting of the council had now 
passed, and it was necessary to fix a new date and send word to 
the other tribes. This was done, and after considerable delay 
and some adventures they reached Bird's Fort, to find that 
President Houston had awaited their coming until it was con- 
cluded they were lost, and had returned 
to Washington. George W. Terrell and 
E. H. Tarrant, however, were there to 
represent the government, and on Sep- 
tember 29, 1843, a treaty was negotiated 
with the several tribes before named. A 
divitling line between the white settle- 
ments and the Indian grounds was agreed 
upon, along which trading posts were to 
be estal)lished. This frontier line ran 
from the present site of Fort Worth, by 
way of Comanche Peak in Hood County, 
south past the location of the old San 
Saba Mission to the Rio Grande, and the 
Indians agreed to keep to the west of it. 



Treaty finally 
negotiated, 
September 29, 
1843 




Mai- simwiNf; Frontier in 1843 and 1873. 
(Solid lines and nags .show frontier and trading 
posls in 1843; dotted lines the border in 1873.) 



THE REPUBLIC. 



293 



There was one more ' ' expedition' ' to attest the restless and 
reckless spirit of those days, and it was authorized by the 
government. In the spring of 1843, Colonel Jacob Snively set 
out from Texas, with one hundred and eighty men, to capture a 
richly-laden wagon-train that was said to be on the way from 
Missouri to Santa Fe. He reached the Arkansas River in May, 
and learned that the train was ai)proaching under escort of 
United States dragoons, while a large Mexican force was near 
by to receive and guard it to Santa Fe. Sni\ely came in con- 
tact with the Mexicans on May 20 and killed seventeen of them, 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

1836 

TO 
1846 

Snively's 
expedition 




A.N ULU-TIME SlAGE-CoACH. 



United States 
troops 



capturing eighty prisoners and large supi)lies. Here seventy of 

the party returned to Texas under Captain Chandler. On June Captured by 

30, Captain Cooke, of the United States army, captured Snively's 

command, one hundred and seven men, alleging that they were 

on the soil of the United States, and disarmed them. Fifty of 

the men went to Missouri with Cooke's dragoons, and the others 

overtook Chandler's party, with whom they reached Fort Bird 

on August 6. 

In the midst of these stirring scenes on both borders, en- Growth, 
livened by an occasional outbreak of turbulence at home, Texas P''°spe"ty. 

•' _ and public 

was. nevertheless growing rapidly in [population, and the financial economy 



294 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

1836 

TO 
1846 



Revival ot 

colonization 

contracts 



Peters's 
Colony 



Fisher and 
Miller's, Cas- 
tro's, and Mer- 
cer's colonies 



Irregularity of 
Mercer's Col- 
ony contract 



Diplomatic 
correspond- 
ence with 
Mexico and 
United States 



condition had vastly improved. The public debt was not in- 
creased a dollar ; the exchequer bills were brought up to some- 
thing like par ; the old " red-backs" had been entirely lost sight 
of ; and the receipts of the government exceeded its expenses. 
The total cost of Houston's three years' administration was 
$416,058, and there was a balance in the treasury of $5058. 

The system of colonization contracts had been abolished by 
the Consultation in 1835, but it was revived by an act of the 
P'ifth Congress, passed January 4, 1841, under President Lamar's 
administration. The first colony contract under that law was 
made with W. S. Peters, Daniel S. Carroll, and eighteen others, 
and it was modified afterwards by additional families and an 
extension of time. This was known as Peters's Colony, and by 
the general terms of the contract six hundred and forty acres 
were to be given to each head of a family, and three hundred 
and twenty acres to each single man, subject to requirements as 
to actual settlement and improvements. Peters's Colony was 
located in the district of country lying one hundred miles scjuare 
just south of Red River. Under the same law and other acts of 
Congress, similar colonies were established. Among the princi- 
j)al ones of these were Fisher and Miller's Colony, on the Llano 
and San Saba Rivers ; Henri Castro's, in 1842,- between the Rio 
Grande and Medina Ri\'ers and along the Arroyo LIvalde ; and 
that of Charles Fenton Mercer, on the upper Trinity. Mercer's 
Colony contract was signed by President Houston on January 29, 
1844, when Congress had but a few days before repealed the law 
authorizing such contracts, and the repealing bill was then in 
the President's hands for approval. On January 30 he vetoed 
the bill, and the same day it was passed over his veto. His 
conduct provoked much criticism, and the Supreme Court of 
the United States, forty years afterwards, held the contract to 
be unlawful and void. 

A great feature of Houston's second administration was the 
diplomatic correspondence and intrigues, looking to peace with 
Mexico and annexation to the United States ; but this subject is 
s(j intimately interwoven with the acts of the succeeding adminis- 
tration that it will be postponed to the next cha])ter, in order to 
treat that tcjpic as a continuous and intelligent whole. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



295 



Houston's second term as President began on December 13, Pkriod iv. 
1 84 1, and ended December 9, 1844. During that period the ""^ _iip<JiiLic 
Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Congresses met, the Sixth ^^^^ 

having convened in regular session a few weeks preceding jy.^ 

Houston's inauguration, and the Ninth having just met when he 
retired from ofttce. The Sixth Congress held its regular session Congresses in 
from the first Monday in November, 1841, to February 5, 1842. ^ °ond°ad^- 
To meet the necessities of the invasion from Mexico, it was called ministration 
together in special session at Houston on June 27, 1842, and 
remained in session until July 23. The Seventh Congress should Sixth to Ninth 
have met the first Monday in December, 1842, but the President in°c"us^vr^' 
con\'ened it on November 14 to meet certain exigencies. It 
continued until January 16, 1843. The Eighth Congress met in 
December, 1843, and lasted until February 5, 1844. The Ninth 
Congress met the first Monday in December, 1844, and adjourned 
February 3, 1S45. A special session of this body was held from 
June 16 to 24, 1845, being the last assembling of the legislative 
department of the Republic of Texas. 

During the three years from 1841 to 1844 a great amount of important 
important legislation was enacted. The general nature of the ^^'^ 
more prominent acts has already been indicated ; but there was 
a vast system of laws passed affecting the details of domestic 
government that cannot be noticed here. Among those not 
heretofore named .may be mentioned an act of the Sixth Con- 
gress authorizing district judges to alternate in holding their 
courts ; and the acts of the Seventh Congress opening the 
Cherokee lands to settlement, and providing for constructing the 
"Central National Road" from a point on the Trinity near " Central Na- 
Dallas to the mouth of Kiamatia on Red River, the surveyors ^'°"^' ^°'*'^" 
and contractors to be granted si.x hundred and forty acres of 
land each, adjoining the road. 

Near the close oi President Houston's second administration, Prisoners of 
on September 16, 1844, Santa Anna released the one hundred ^^'""^'^ 

i T^T' released 

and four Texan prisoners at Perote, it was said, by the dying 
request of his wife. 

At the fourth general election held September 2, 1844, Anson Anson jones 
Tones was elected President over Edward Burleson by a \'ote !!^'^*'f fourth 

•' ■' President 

of 6994 to 5695, and Kenneth L. Anderson was. elected Vice- 



296 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



pkkiod IV. President. At that time Jones was regarded as being opposed 
thk RKPuiiLic ^^ annexation, and the vote was significant on that question. 
1S36 j3^,,- ^}^(. history of that issue we shall next relate. 



TO 
1846 



QUESTIONS. 

What were the respective characters of Houston's two administra- 
tions as President? Give the names and official positions of the men 
who composed his Cabinet and executive aids in his second administra- 
tion. What personal issues arose then, and what can you say of their 
continuance ? What were his public policies as outlined in his message 
to Congress in December, 1841, and how did they contrast with those of 
his predecessor? Explain especially his plans for financial reform. What 
did he advise in regard to Mexico ? What did Congress do upon these 
recommendations ? In what respects did Congress depart from the Presi- 
dent's financial plans, and with what results? W1iat was done with all 
bills, old notes, bonds, and obligations of the government? What in 
regard to public loans? In what respects were governmental expenses 
reduced, and with what practical results? Compare the expenses of 
Lamar's and Houston's second administration. What absurd bill was 
passed by Congress in regard to the territory of Texas? What did 
Houston do, and what followed ? What can you say of that measure ? 
What was the attitude of Mexico at that time, and what risk did she 
run ? What had become of Santa Anna, and what did he and General 
Arista do? When and by whom was an invasion rnade from Mexico into 
Texas? Describe the extent, nature, and motives of this invasion. What 
did President Houston do in consequence of it? What troops gathered 
at .San Antonio, and what ensued there? What was probably Houston's 
altitude in that emergency? When was a blockade of Mexican ports 
ordered, and why was it not enforced ? What had become of the Texas 
navy? Describe fully what difficulties arose in regard to the navy, the 
acts of the President, the Congress, and Commodore Moore, and the 
final result. What was the ultimate fate of the vessels composing the 
navy? What can you say of its career? Wiiat change was made in the 
capital of the Republic, and when was it made? Describe the con- 
sequences (}f this change and the struggle that followed. What was tliat 
struggle called? Wliat became of the arcluves? What did the President 
do to provide for Mexican invasion ? When and where did the Congress 
meet, and what views did Houston express in his message to them? 
Wliat action had the President taken prior to that in regard to defending 
the Rio Grande frontier? What occurred on the Nueces in the early part 
of June, 1842? What did Congress do in consequence of these occur- 



THE REPUBLIC. 



297 



rences? What did the President do, and what reasons and opinions did Period iv. 
he express in so doing? What was the result of this veto? How did ^"^ Repuulic 
Houston conduct himself? When and what change did Congress make 1S36 

in regard to the times for its regular sessions ? When and by whom was to 

a second invasion from Mexico made, and with what result? Describe '^46 

the gathering of Texas troops around San Antonio at that time. When, 
where, and with what result was the battle of the Salado fought? 
Describe the circumstances and extent of the "Dawson Massacre." 
What did the Texans do after Woll's retreat from San Antonio? What 
became of the Mexican invaders? What became of the Texan troops 
who had pursued them ? What reinforcements met them ? When were 
they disbanded? What effect did these invasions produce in Texas? 
When and to what place was the capital again changed, and how long 
did it remain there ? What call was made for troops for active operations 
against Mexico? Who was placed in command, and what difficulties 
arose in consequence ? When and where did the troops assemble, what 
regiment was organized, and who were its officers ? Describe the next 
movements of this command, when and where did it reach the Rio 
Grande, and what occurred there ? What hardships did the men endure, 
and what did General Somervell do ? How many went home, and how 
many remained ? What did the latter do ? What order was issued on 
December 19, and how was it obeyed ? Under whose command did the 
remaining men organize, and where did they then go ? What occurred 
at Mier? What Mexican general took command at that place, and what 
did the Texans decide to do? What prominent men went back to 
Texas at this time ? When and how did the siege of Mier begin ? 
Describe the progress and result of the siege. What was done with the 
Texas prisoners? When and where did they escape, and ho\y? How 
many escaped, and what became of them ? When were they recaptured, 
and what was done with them ? Describe the drawing of the black beans 
and the execution of the men. When and where did this occur? What 
became of the survivors ? When and where was Captain Ewan Cameron 
shot ? Where were the others finally imprisoned ? Give the details of 
the Mier prisoners and the Texans confined at Perots. What was this 
fatal expedition called, and how many of its members lived to return 
home ? While these things were happening in the West, what disturb- 
ances arose in Eastern Texas, and what caused them ? Where did those 
events occur, and describe the circumstances leading to the final outbreak ? 
What two factions were engaged in the feud, what happened, and how 
was it finally settled ? What was this feud called, and what consequences 
followed it to later times ? What policy did Houston propose towards 
the Indians? Whom did he appoint to carry out this plan? When and 
with whom was a partial treaty made, and what did other tribes do at 
that time? Whom did Houston appoint in INIarch, 1S43, and for what 
purpose ? What point and date were selected for the meeting with the 
Indians? Describe the movements of the commissioners, by whom were 



298 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'lCKiou IV. they accornpanieci, where did they go, whom did they meet, and where 
TiiK KiiTiBLic jjj jj^^y finally find the Comanches? Who was the Comanche head- 

1836 chief, and what occurred at the council of that tribe? What did the 

TO commissioners then do, where did they go, and what was finally done 

1846 about a general treaty with the Indians? When was that treaty nego- 

tiated, and what did it provide? Where did the frontier line run by 
the terms of the treaty ? Contrast the frontier as then established with 
the frontier as it existed thirty years later. What persons represented 
Texas in making that treaty? What was the last of the reckless and 
filibustering expeditions of those times? When did it occur, for what 
purpose, who commanded it, and where did it go? Describe what 
happened to this expedition, and its conflict with Mexicans. Where 
did that happen, and who then returned to Texas? Who captured 
Snively's command, and what became of the Texans? What was the 
condition of the country in spite of these troubles at home and abroad ? 
What about the public debt, the currency, and the finances of the 
Republic? When and by whom had the system of colonization been 
abolished ? When and how was it revived ? W^hat was the first colony 
contract under the new law, what were its terms, and where located? 
What other colonies were founded under the colonization law of the 
Republic, where located, and by whom? Wlien was the law repealed? 
Describe the circumstances attending the Mercer Colony contract as 
affected by the repeal of the law. What can you say of it, and when and 
by whom was it held to be void ? What was a special feature of Hous- 
ton's second administration in regard to the Republic's foreign relations? 
When did Houston's second term as President begin and end? What 
Congresses met during that period? W^here did each of them meet, on 
what dates, and when did each of them adjourn ? What important legis- 
lation was enacted by those Congresses ? When were the prisoners of 
Perots released, by whom, and why? W'hen did the fourth general 
election of the Republic occur ? Who were candidates for the presidency, 
and who was elected ? Who was elected Vice-President ? Give the votes 
cast. What was understood to be Anson Jones's position on the question 
of annexation ? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. Houston's second administration. His public policies, directed 
towards restoring the government on the lines of his first presidency, as 
follows : 

(rt) Friendship and treaties of peace with llie Indians. 

{/>) A friendly attitude of armed neutrality towards Mexico, and non- 
interference with re\olutionary movements in that country. 

(r) Suspension of all attempts to pay public obligations until their 
amount was ascertained and payment could be certainly provided for. 

{d) A public loan of 1300,000, and issuance of 1350,000 of exchequer 



THE REPUBLIC. 



299 



bills, secured by 1,000,000 acres of Cherokee lands, and receivable at par Period iv. 
J. J ,. J . The Rkpublic 
for duties and taxes. 

(e) Reduction of all expenses, and cutting down taxes one-half, 1836 

payable in coin or paper at par with coin. to 

2. Principal events of the administration : ^"4o 

{a) Reforms by Congress in the direction indicated by the President ; 
but the exchequer bills, not being secured by the lands as he had 
advised, rapidly depreciated. Salaries and expenses reduced. 

{d) Passage of a bill to extend territory of Texas to include California, 
New Mexico, and a large part of Northern Mexico. Vetoed by the Pres- 
ident, and passed over his veto. Beginning of Houston and «;///- Houston 
politics. 

{c) Renewal of hostilities by Mexico, in two invasions of Texas, — one 
by Vasquez, in March, 1842, and the other by Well, in September, 1842. 
Texans aroused. Battle of Salado, September 18, 1842. Mexicans driven 
out of Texas. Dawson's Massacre. 

{d) Passage by Congress of bill for active war against Mexico, and 
declaring Houston dictator. Vetoed by the President. 

{e) Blockade of Mexican forts declared, but not enforced, because 
the Texan navy was absent at Yucatan. The President's troubles with 
the navy, resulting in its final disuse. 

(/) Removal of the capital from Austin to Houston, causing the 
"Archive War," and afterwards to Washington, on the Brazos, where it 
remained until annexation. Change in time for meetings of Congress. 

(^) Texan troops march to Rio Grande. Dissatisfaction with 
General Somervell. The " Mier E.xpedition" organized, December, 1842. 

(//) Siege of Mier, capture of Texans, escape at Hacienda Salado, 
recapture, drawing of the black beans, and execution of the Texans. 
"The prisoners of Perote." 

(/) The " War of the Regulators and Moderators" in Eastern Texas. 

(7) Treaty with Indians, September 29, 1843, by which the western 
frontier was established. 

{k) "Snively's Expedition,"— the last of the filibustering schemes. 

(/) Revival of colonization contract system. Peter's, Eisher and 
Miller's, Castro's, and Mercer's colonies. Repeal of the law. 

[in) Diplomatic negotiations looking to peace with Mexico and 
annexation to the United States. 

(«) I^lection of Anson Jones and Kenneth L. Anderson, fourth Pres- 
ident and Vice-President of the Rtpublic, September 2, 1844. 

Geography. 

Locate the routes and places mentioned in connection with Vas- 
quez's and Woll's invasions, " Dawson's Massacre," Battle of the Salado, 
the "Mier Expedition," the Hacienda Salado, Castle of Perots, and 
"Snively's Expedition." Trace the boundaries of Texas iis they woulc 



^OO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period IV. have existed under the act of the Sixth Congress, January, 1842. Locate 
The Kepuhlic ^i^^^ several trading posts and the Hue of frontier as estabUshed by the 
1836 Indian treaty of September 29, 1843. 

TO 

1S46 Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. I.; Brown's 
"History of Texas," Vol. II.; Williams's "Sam Houston;" Crane's 
"Life of Houston;" Green's " Mier Expedition;" "A Prisoner of 
Perots ;" Raker's "Texas Scrap-Book ;" Gouge's "Fiscal History of 
Texas;" Kennedy's "Republic of Texas;" Foote's "Te.xas and the 
Texans ;" Mrs. Holly's "Texas;" Anson Jones's "Reminiscences." 




Brigham's San J ai in ro Monument. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



Annexation; Diplomacy and Politics; Anson Jones's 
Administration ; Texas Annexed to the United States. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



1S36 

TO 
1846 

Annexation of 
Texas dis- 
cussed in 



THE annexation of Texas was more fruitful of political 
interest in the United States than in the Republic of 
Texas. By the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, it was 
claimed by many of the ablest statesmen in the Union 
that Texas rightfully belonged to the United States. In 1843, 
Andrew Jackson charged President Monroe and his secretary of 
state, John Ouincy Adams, with having deliberately adopted 
the Sabine instead of the Rio Grande as the western boundary United states 
of Louisiana, in the treaty of 18 19, when Spain was perfectly 
willing to concede the latter stream as the dividing line 
between the two countries. With those who thus believed 
that Texas had been improperly surrendered, her incor- 
poration into the Union was always spoken of as ;r- 
annexation. As we have seen, President John Quincy 
Adams, through Mr. Clay as secretary of state, offered 
to buy Texas from Mexico in 1S25, 1827, and 1829. But 
the course of events in the United States rapidly intro- 
duced new issues into the problem. New England has 
always been opposed to the acquisition of new territory by 
the Union. Her statesmen bitterly resisted the purchase of 
Louisiana in 1803, the admission of that State in 181 1, the 
admission of Missouri in 1820, the annexation of Texas in 1844, 
the reoccupation of Oregon at the same time, and the Mexican 
war in 1846-48, by which the whole Pacific slope was added 
to the national domain. This antagonism was originally and pri- 
marily due to the narrow and selfish views of that region, which 
has never yet been willing to surrender its former supremacy 
acquired when the population of the Union was confined to the 
Atlantic seaboard. The spirit of the North and East has always 




Anson Jones. 



Attitude of 
New England 
towards exten- 
sion of the 
Union 



^02 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Tkriod IV. 
I IlK Repi'hi.ic 

1836 

TO 

IS46 

Her provin- 
cialism and 
Anglo-mania 



Abolitionism 




Effect of this 
influence on 
annexation of 
Texas 



Texas with- 
draws the 
proposition 



Attitude of 
Great Britain 
towards Texas 



been provincial as affecting their relations to the great country 
lying beyond the Alleghanies and south of the Ohio River, and 
coIo7iial as influencing their feelings towards American institu- 
tions and ideas in general. The intellectual, social, and political 
tone of New England has always been as thoroughly English as 
when its people were colonists of the British crown and paid 
homage to the petty magnificence of their imported Tory 
governors. Accordingly, as soon as the Anti-Slavery Society 
in London began its godly attempts to meddle with the affairs of 
Christendom, the Abolition Party of Boston, in ready imitation, 
organized its moral protectorate over the consciences of the 
American people, and prepared to wage war upon the 
property of the Southern slave-owner and the Consti- 
tution of the Republic. The acquisition of more slave 
territory was a crime which both Mr. Ouincy and Mr. 
Adams declared, in 181 1 and in 1844, dissolved the 
Union and released the New England States from their 
allegiance to the Constitution. Secession was then 
considered by those statesmen to be necessary and 
justifiable, in order to destroy slavery ; but in 1861 it 
became treasonable and rebellious, if resorted to to 
protect the constitutional property rights of the slave- 
holding States. The jealousy of the East and North, 
aided by the fanatical opposition of the Abolitionists, raised up 
a determined resistance to the annexation of Texas, so that, 
under a pretext of the fear of a war with Mexico, the request of 
the newly-formed Republic for annexation, in 1836, was rejected. 
President Houston withdrew the proposition in 1838, and it was 
not renewed until 1842, and on July 6, 1843, under Houston's 
second administration, the whole question was again formally 
withdrawn by the Texan government. 

In the interval the relations between Texas and Great Britain 
had become quite close and interesting. England had several 
reasons for not wishing to see the Republic become a part of the 
American Uni(Mi. Mexico owed her a very large sum, and the 
people and resources of Texas would aid materially in helping to 
discharge the debt. Hence there were strong grounds for desir- 
ing that Mexico should regain and hold the revolted province. 



■ N Ji)M-S. 



THE REPUP.LIC. 



^^J 



But if thai was not to be, Texas as a separate nation would 
furnish a profitable commercial ally for Great Britain, as well as 
a field for extending the views of English philanthropists on the 
subject of slavery. Influenced by one or all of these considera- 
tions, England exerted herself to aid the Texans in procuring 
peace with Mexico, and in preventing annexation to the United 
States. 

In October, 1842, President Houston issued a letter to all 
the great powers, asking their intervention to compel Mexico 
either to declare peace and recognize the independence of Texas, 
or to prosecute a regular war for her subjugation, in accordance 
with the rules of civilized nations. Sir Robert Peel, in England, 
and M. Guizot, in France, received this letter favorably, and at 
once the London government took steps to bring about 
an understanding between Texas and Mexico. The 
United States also interested themselves in seeking a 
solution of the troubles. Finally, in June, 1843, a tem- 
porary armistice was declared between Santa Anna and 
Houston, and the following September, Samuel M. 
Williams and George W. Hockley were sent as Texan 
commissioners to draw up a general armistice looking 
to permanent peace. The agreement was concluded on 
February 14, 1844, and returned to the Texan govern- 
ment. Houston promptly rejected it, because it spoke 
of Texas as " a department of Mexico." Soon afterwards Santa 
Anna declared hostilities reopened. 

Meanwhile, England's intimate association with the Texan 
government excited the jealousy of the United States. The 
Southern States of the Union were fearful that Great Britain 
would succeed in establishing or gaining control over a powerful 
non-slaveholding territory to the south of the United States, and 
even the North did not relish the idea of a foreign monarchy 
gaining a foothold in America. The annexation feeling grew 
rapidly in the United States, and Texas was assured that the 
question would be decided favorably. President Tyler, who 
had always been in favor of the movement, in his message to 
Congress, on December 5, 1843, rejected as idle Mexico's 
threats of war in case the American government annexed Texas, 



I'rriod IV. 
The Rkpuhi.ic 

1836 

TO 
IS46 



Houston's 
address to 
foreign powers 



Its reception 
abroad 




Jon 



Texas rejec s 
terms of peacj 

Jealousy of 
United States 
excited to- 
wards Eng- 
land 



Growth of 
annexation 
sentiment in 
United States 

John Tyler 



304 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



l'i:Ri<>n I\'. 
Tm-: Rkpihi.ic 

1836 

TO 
1S46 




John C. Calhoun. 



Treaty of 
annexation 
signed, April 
12, 1844 

Rejected by 
United States 
Senate 



Campaign of 
1844 between 
Polk and Clay 



Whiles. 




JA.M1.S K. 1-ULK. 



and declared emphatically that the United States would not 
permit any European power to assume control over the destinies 
of the young Republic. This, of course, meant England, and 
the national pride was aroused in favor of annexation. In Jan- 
uary, 1844, J. Pinckney Henderson was sent to Washington to 
aid Mr. Van Zandt in bringing about a successful issue of the 
matter. John C. Calhoun was secretary of state in 
;. Tyler's Cabinet, and in the annexation of Texas he 

saw a great advantage to the slave States. He there- 
fore earnestly seconded the President's efforts. A 
treaty of annexation was signed on April 12, 1844, by 
Messrs. Henderson and Van Zandt for Texas, and 
John C. Calhoun for the United States. It was at 
once sent to the Senate for ratification. But a presi- 
dential campaign was approaching, and Martin Van 
Buren was a candidate for the Democratic nomination, 
while Henry Clay was the accepted choice of the 
They both declared themselves opposed to annexa- 
tion, and their influence defeated the treaty 
in the Senate, on June 8, by a vote of sixteen 
to thirty-five. Texas withdrew her minister 
from Washington and prepared to conduct 
her future destiny to suit herself. But the 
people of the United States were now thor- 
oughly aroused. Clay and Van Buren had 
defeated the treaty, but their victory ruined 
them both. The Whig and Democratic Na- 
tional Conventions had met in May, before 

the rejection of the treaty in the Senate. Clay was 
nominated for the presidency by the Whigs, but the 
influence of Tyler, Calhoun, and other Democratic 
leaders defeated Van Buren, and nominated James K. 
Polk for President, and George M. Dallas for Vice- 
President. The campaign war-cry was: "Polk and 
Dallas, Oregon and Texas," and it won at the polls in 
November by a majority of sixty-five electoral votes. 
Clay lost the ambition of his life, but the Union had 
gained the right to invite into its fold an independent 




Hknry Clay. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



305 



empire, whose sovereignty had been won by the valor and patri- 
otism of American colonists. 

Texas, however, had made her last offer to join the United 
States. President Jones in none of his communications to the 
Ninth Congress made any reference to the subject of annexation, 
and the world was given to understand that it would require a 
very plain and pressing invitation to induce the Republic to 
surrender her separate existence for a place among the American 
States. The invitation was not long in coming. 

But at last, warned no doubt by the result of the recent elec- 
tions in the United States, General Herrera, the new President 
of Mexico, released Jose Antonio Navarro, who was a Santa Fe 
prisoner, and sent him to Texas to conclude a treaty of peace, 
with a recognition of Texan independence, provided the Republic 
should not afterwards be annexed to the American Union. Pre- 
liminary articles to that effect had been drawn up on May 19, 
1845, and submitted to the Texan government on June 2. Before 
this action, however, the American Congress had passed a Joint 
Resolution providing for the annexation of Texas. It passed 
the House on February 25, 1845, by a vote of one hundred and 
twenty to ninety-eight, and the Senate on March i, by a vote 
of twenty-seven to twenty-five, and the same day President 
Tyler had the gratification of signing this realization of his 
earnest hopes and labors. 

The Resolution was received by President Jones from Wash- 
ington, and on May 15 he called a Convention of sixty-one dele- 
gates to meet at Austin on July 4, to decide what should be the 
response of the people of Texas ; and at the same time he con- 
vened a special session of the Ninth Congress, for the purpose 
of expressing the will of the existing government, as provided 
for in the Resolution. The latter body, on June 23, gave its 
approval to the Resolution and to the calling of the Convention. 
On June 4, the President had issued his proclamation, informing 
the people of the proposed treaty with Mexico, and inviting their 
decision between the two alternatives thus presented to them. 

The Convention met on July 4 and remained in session until 
August 27, during which time it framed a new Constitution for 
the State of Texas, and accepted the terms of annexation offered 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

1836 

TO 

1846 

Texas indiffer- 
ent and silent 



Mexico pro- 
poses peace 
and recogni- 
tion of Texan 
independence 



American Con- 
gress passes 
annexation 
resolution, 
March i, 1845 



Convention 
called inTexas 
to consider 
the question 



Texas Con- 
gress ap- 
proves it 



Constitutional 
Convention of 
1845 



3o6 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period IV. 

THK RliPl'HI.lC 



1S36 

TO 
IS46 



General elec- 
tions ordered 
to vote on 
these matters 



Method of 
annexation 



Disposition of 
the affairs of 
the Republic 



Colonial 

contracts 

annulled 



by the United States. The Constitution framed by this Conven- 
tion was adopted and signed by the delegates on August 27, 
1845, and is known in poHtical history as the Constitution of 
1845, being the second instrument of organic law under which 
Texas was governed, omitting the articles of provisional govern- 
ment adopted by the Consultation in November, 1835. The 
Constitution was submitted for ratification by a vote of the 
people, at an election held on the second Monday in October, 
1845, at which time, also, the question of annexation was to be 
voted on. This election was not by ballot, but viva voce, — that 
is, by the open, verbal declaration of the person voting at each 
])olling place. The result was to be proclaimed on the second 
Monday in November following, and the Constitution, if adopted, 
was to go into effect as soon as a State go\'ernment was 
organized under it. As soon as the Constitution was adopted 
l)y the j)eople, it was made the duty of the President to issue his 
proclamation calling for an election to be held on the third 
Monday in December, 1845, to choose a governor, lieutenant- 
governor, and legislature for the State of Texas ; and as soon as 
the President was informed of the acceptance of the Constitution 
by the Congress of the United States, he was to convene the 
newly-elected State legislature, which should then proceed to 
declare the result of the election for governor and lieutenant- 
governor, install them in ofifice, elect United States Senators, 
and provide for the election of Representatives to the United 
States Congress ; the legislature was also to provide for the 
transfer to the United States of all property belonging to the 
Republic, and formerly used in its public defence as an inde- 
pendent nation. It was further provided that the laws and 
officers of the Republic should continue until the new State 
government was organized, and that the first general election in 
the State of Texas should be held on the first Monday in 
November, 1847, ^nd on the same date every two years there- 
after, until otherwise ordered by the legislature. The Conven- 
tion of 1845 also passed an ordinance declaring certain colonial 
contracts made by the President of the Republic null and void, 
and refpiiri ng suits to be brought to cancel and forfeit them, 
saxing the rights of actual settlers. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



307 



'<"- 1 ■■<■.:,; 



All the acts thus required were properly performed. On 
October 10, 1845, the Constitution and annexation were adopted 
by a vote nearly unanimous. At the election for State officers, 
held in December, James Pinckney Henderson was elected first 
governor of Texas over James R. Miller, the vote being : Hen- 
derson, 7853 ; Miller, 1673 ; and Albert C. Horton was chosen 
lieutenant-governor over Nicholas H. Darnell. On December 
29, 1845, the Congress of the United States accepted the new- 
State Constitution, and this date has been declared by the Su- 
preme Court of the United States to be the true date of the 
annexation of Texas to the American Union, although the State 
government was not organized until February 16, 1846. 

The Joint Resolution of the American Congress, under which 
Texas was to be annexed, adopted March i, 1845, contained 
substantially the following provisions : All questions of boundary 
with other nations were to be submitted 
to adjustment by the United States ; the 
new State Constitution was to be sub- 
mitted to Congress for acceptance on or 
before January i, 1846 ; Texas should 
cede to the United States all property 
owned and connected with the public 
defence, such as arsenals, barracks, navy 
and navy-yards, arms, fortifications, and 
magazines ; Texas should retain all 
funds, debts, taxes, and dues belonging 
to the Republic, and all of her public 
lands, but all such funds and lands 
should be first subject to the payment 
of the debts and liabilities of the Re- 
public, and such debts should in no 

event become a charge against the United States ; new States, 
not exceeding four in number, in addition to said State of Texas, 
might afterwards be created out of the territory of said State, 
with its consent, and be entitled to admission to the Union 
under the provisions of the Federal Constitution ; all new States 
formed out of such territory lying north of thirty-six degrees, 
thirty minutes, north latitude (known as the Missouri Com- 



Pkriod IV. 
The Republic 



1836 

TO 
1846 



Date of annex- 
ation, Decem- 
ber 29, 1845 



Provisions of 
the Joint Res- 
olution for an- 
nexation 




Tkxan Annexation, 1S43. 



Public debt of 
the Republic 



New States 



-,o8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



PKRion IV. 
This Rki'ublic 

1836 

TO 
1846 

Annexation 
the voluntary 
act of Texas 



promise Line), should be admitted to the Union without slavery, 
but those lying south of that line could be admitted with or 
without slavery, as they should choose. 

Upon these terms Texas became one of the United States. 
It was her own free and deliberate act, without compulsion, be- 
cause her independence and peace were assured by the Mexican 
government if she refused annexation, and the alliance with 
F"rance and Eneland would have established her commercial 





\ 


>,\, 


-^ 


'"^^_-^\ \'^'y 






- 


M>^- 







fruin 'M GiTi-iiwii-h SO 



Map showing Territorial Changes after Annexation, 1S45. 



Credit for the 
success of the 
movement 



pros])erity. Since the rejection of the treaty in June, 1844, her 
people had made uj) their minds to pursue an independent career, 
and it was only the force of influences brought to bear upon 
them by their leaders that finally secured the acceptance of the 
conditions offered by the United States. The credit for the 
final triumjjh of the annexation policy is due to Presidents Hous- 
ton and Jones. The former was always an annexationist, and 
the latter labored earnestly to the same end from the time he 
was minister to the United States in 1836. It required the most 
skilful diplomacy to accomplish the purpose without sacrificing 
the jjride and position of Texas. Houston as chief executive 
and Jones as his secretary of state managed it most admirably. 



tween Hous- 
ton and Jones 



THE REPUBLIC. 3O9 

They played upon the jealousies of the United States, the slavery pkriod iv. 
interests of the South, the national pride of the North, the force '"^ _|!^ubl 
of the "Monroe doctrine," and the fears that Texas would fall ^^-5° 

TO 

into the lap of Great Britain. At times it suited their designs to jg^g 

oppose annexation, but in the end they witnessed the attainment 
of their ambition. In after years these two men became political Hostility be 
enemies, and there was much bitterness between them, in which 
the credit of this great work was disputed by their friends ; but 
truth compels a recognition of their mutual services in bringing 
about the incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the Ameri- 
can Union of States. 

Anson Jones's administration began on December 9, 1844, Administra- 
and ended February 16, 1846. During that period there was ,o°„"° 
Init one Congress, the Ninth, which met in regular session the 
first Monday in December, 1844, and adjourned February 3, 
1845, and again convened in special session on June 16, which 
continued until June 24. Aside from the usual legislation neces- 
sary to perfect the laws and run the government, there was no 
incident of special importance in the acts of the Ninth Con- 
gress. The country was at peace, both at home and abroad ; state of the 
the population was rapidly increasing, there was the prospect '^"""'"'^ 
of early annexation to the kindred States of the North, and the 
finances were so improved that the Republic's paper was at 
par, while there was a cash balance in the treasury sufficient 
to operate the government' for two years without a dollar of 
additional receipts. 

During the fourteen months of President Jones's administra- President 
tion, the following were the principal executive officers of the cTbinet 
Republic : secretary of state, Ashbel Smith, Ebenezer Allen ; 
secretary of war and navy, George W. Hill, William G. Cooke ; 
secretary of the treasury, William B. Ochiltree, John A. Greer ; 
attorney-general, Ebenezer Allen ; treasurer, Moses Johnson ; 
comptroller, James B. Shaw ; commissioner of the general land 
office, Thomas William Ward ; auditor, Charles Mason ; min- 
ister to France, Great Britain, and Spain, Ashbel Smith, George 
W. Terrell ; minister to the United States, James Reiley, David 
S. Kaufman ; secretary of legation at Washington, William D. 
Lee. 



3IO A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period IV. Oil February i6, 1846, amid the booming of cannon and the 

HE ^uBLic j-^-,jj-,g.j(_.^j smiles and tears of Texan patriots, the flag of the Re- 

■5 public with its single star was lowered, the broad banner of the 

TO . . 

1X46 American Union was unfurled, and President Jones declared in 

tones at once solemn and sad : ' ' The final act in this great 
drama is now performed : the Republic of Texas is no more !" 



QUESTIONS. 

What interest did tlie annexation of Texas arouse in the United 
States ? What had been claimed by some persons in regard to Texas 
belonging to the United States? What position did Andrew Jackson 
take on the subject ? What did those who held this view call the annex- 
ation of Texas ? What efforts were made to purchase Texas from 
Mexico? What was New England's attitude towards the acquisition of 
new territory, as shown by her position in reference to Louisiana, Mis- 
souri, Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War ? What caused this antago- 
nism to the extension of the Union ? What can you say of the provincial 
spirit of the North and East? What of their colonial altitude towards 
England in all matters touching American interests? What connection 
was there between the Abolition party in the North and a similar move- 
ment in England ? What inconsistency characterized the position of New 
England statesmen in 181 1 and 1844 and in 1861 ? What effect did these 
influences exert upon the question of the annexation of Texas ? What 
occurred in 1836 on this subject ? When did Texas withdraw her propo- 
sition for annexation, and when was it renewed ? When was it again with- 
drawn ? Explain fully the relations that grew \\\\ at that time between 
Great Britain and Texas, and the reasons for such relations. What was 
England's attitude towards annexation? When did President Houston 
issue his address to the great powers, and what was it? How was it 
received abroad ? When was an armistice declared between Texas and 
Mexico, who were sent from Texas to draw up articles of permanent 
peace ? When was an agreement concluded, and why was it rejected by 
the Texan government ? What effect did the intimacy between Texas 
and England produce in the United States, and why ? What message 
did President Tyler send to Congress, and when was this? When and 
whom did the Texan government send to Washington for the purpose of 
promoting annexation ? What distinguished Southern statesman aided 
the mo\'ement, and why ? When and by whom was a treaty for annexa- 
tion concluded ? What was done with it in the United States Senate, and 
explain what pL-rsonal antl political influences caused this result ? When 



THE REPUBLIC. 3I I 

and by wliat vote was the treaty rejected? What effect did this haxe on r-iuion iv 
Van Buren and Clay? Explain the action of the Whig and Democratic thk Rkpublic 
National Conventions in 1S44. What was the campaign war-cry of the o^ 

Democrats, and what was the result of the election ? What was the atti- ^^ 

tude of Texas at that time, as shown by President Jones's conduct ? What 5^45 

did the Mexican government do looking towards peace with Texas? 

When were preliminary articles drawn up for that purpose ? When did 
the American Congress adopt the Joint Resolution for the annexation of 
Texas, and by what vote in each House ? What action was taken in 
Texas upon receipt of this Resolution, and with what results ? When, 
where, and how long did the Constitutional Convention of 1845 sit, and 
what did it do? When was the Constitution adopted and signed by the 
delegates ? When was it to be submitted to a vote of the people for rati- 
fication, how was the election to be held, and explain the methods by 
which the result was to be declared, officers elected, and the State gov- 
ernment inaugurated ? What was to be done in regard tC the property 
belonging to the Republic, and the continuation of its laws and officers? 
When was the first general State election to be held after annexation, and 
how often thereafter ? What was done in reference to colonial contracts 
of the Republic ? When did the first election for State ofificers occur, who 
were the candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor, and what was 
tile popular vote ? When did the Congress of the United States accept . 
the State Constitution, and from what date did legal annexation occur ? 
When was the State government put into actual operation? Give at 
length the several provisions of the Joint Resolution for the annexation of 
Texas. Explain that portion of it referring to new States and slavery. 
What can you say of the manner in which Texas came into the American 
Union ? To whom is the credit due for that event ? What did it require, 
and explain how it was accomplished ? What can you say of the rela- 
tions of Sam Houston and Anson Jones towards annexation? When did 
I'resident Jones's administration begin and end? What Congress met 
during that period? When did it meet and adjourn? What was the 
condition of the country and the state of public finances ? Who were the 
principal executive officers during Jones's administration? Describe the 
scene when the Texas Republic came to an end, and what were President 
Jones's last words on that occasion? 

Topical Analysis. 

T. The annexation of Texas as a political issue in tiie United .States, 
luulL-r which considef : 

{a) The attitude of New England and the Northern States in oi)po- 
sition to all acquisitions of new territory, due to their narrow and selfish 
desire to retain supremacy ; their coloiial dependence on English ideas 
and sentiments for all their pt)litical and social principles, and their fanat- 
ical views in regard to the abolition of slavery. 



- 1 2 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period IV. ((^) The position of the leaders of the two great political parties,— 

The Republic Whig and Democratic,— both Clay and Van Buren being opposed to 

j'gTg annexation. F"irst treaty defeated in Congress on June 8, 1844. 

■J■^J {c) The influence of England's relations towards Texas, whereby the 

1846 jealousy of the United States was excited. The North feared that Texas 

— would fall into the hands of a foreign monarchy, and thus violate the 

Monroe doctrine ; while the South feared the formation in the southwest 

of a large and powerful nation opposed to slavery. 

{d) The rapid growth of annexation sentiment in 1844, resulting in 
the nomination and the election of Polk by the Democrats on that issue. 
Clay being defeated on account of his opposition to it. 

{e) Joint Resolution for annexation adopted by American Congress, 
March i, 1845. 

(/) Final acceptance of the Texas Constitution by Congress, on De- 
cember 29, 1845, from which date Texas became one of the United States. 

2. Annexation as an issue in Texas, under which consider : 

(i) Proposition for annexation adopted by popular vote at election in 
September, 1836, and tendered to United States. Not accepted by the 
latter. 

(2) Proposition withdrawn by Te.xas in 1838. 

(3) Renewed in 1842, and again withdrawn July 6, 1843. 

(4) Treaty for annexation concluded between United States and 
Texas, April 12, 1844 ; rejected by United States Senate, June 8, 1844. 

(5) Texas determines to make no further efforts in that direction, and 
is on the point of making a treaty of recognition, peace, and independence 
with Mexico, May-June, 1845 ; is also on intimate friendly relations with 
Great Britain. 

(6) Accepts the Joint Resolution for annexation by act of Ninth Con- 
gress, June 23, 1845, by vote of State Convention, July-August, 1845, and 
at popular election, October 10, 1845. 

(7) Adopts State Constitution, October 10, 1845, elects State officers, 
Deceml)er, 1845, and organizes State government, February 16, 1846. 

3. The provisions of the Joint Resolution for annexation, as follows : 
((? ) All boundary questions submitted to adjustment by United States ; 

all i)ul:)lic property of the Republic ceded to the United States ; all taxes, 
dues, debts, lands, and i>ublic funds to be retained by Texas, but to be 
first applied to payment of tlie i)ublic debt of the Republic, for wliich the 
United States should in no event become liable. 

{b) New States, not to exceed four, in addition to State of Texas, 
may be created out of the territory of the Republic, with the consent of 
Texas, and be entitled to admission to the Union. 

{c) But no new State formed out of such territory lying north of 
the Missouri Compromise Line should be admitted to the Union with 
slavery. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



Geography. 



313 



Period IV. 
The Republic 



Trace carefully the boundaries and extent of the territory claimed by 1S36 

Texas at the date of annexation. Note the changes in the territory of the to 

United States resulting from that event. ^^4^ 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897) ; Brown's " His- 
tory of Texas;" Williams's "Sam Houston;" Crane's "Life of Hous- 
ton ;" Draper's "Civil War in America," Vol. I., and "Civil Conflict ;" 
Greeley's "American Conflict ;" Von Hoist's " Constitutional and Politi- 
cal History of the United States;" Benton's "Thirty Years' View;" 
Blaine's "Twenty Years in Congress ;" Davis's "Rise and Fall of the 
Confederate States;" McPherson's "History of Political Parties;" 
Johnston's "American Politics ;" W'insor's "Narrative and Critical His- 
tory." 

¥¥ 



CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1836-1845. 
Parallel to Period IV. 

AMERICA. 

1836. — Continuation of Seminole War in United States. The Democrats 
elect Martin Van Buren President. Arkansas admitted to the Union, 
June 15. Central Constitution adopted in Mexico, and Bustamente 
elected President. 

1837. — President Van Buren inaugurated, March 4. Seminole War con- 
tinues. Great financial panic in United States. Rebellion in Canada. 

1838. — End of Canadian rebellion. Revolution in Mexico under Mexia, 
who was captured and shot by Santa Anna. The French declare war 
against Mexico, capture Vera Cruz, and dictate terms of peace. 

1839. — Revolt in Northern Mexico, led by Canales, to establish the " Re- 
public of the Rio Grande." 

1840. — Sub-treasury bill passed by American Congress. The Il7/ii;s 
elect William H. Harrison President. .Sixth census shows [xjpula- 
tion of 17,069,453. Union of Upper and Lower Canada. 

1841. — President Harrison inaugurated, March 4 ; died, April 4 ; suc- 
ceeded by John Tyler, Vice-President. Tyler vetoes United .States 
Bank bill and all his Cabinet except Daniel Webster resign, Septem- 
ber II. Revolution and civil war in Mexico ; Pta// of Tacubaya, for 
new Constitution, with Santa Anna as temporary ruler. 



314 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1846 



I'KRioD IV. 1842. — luid of Seminole War. " Ashburton Treaty" between Great Brit- 
The Republic ^Jj^ ^^j^d ^Tnited States, establishing the Maine boundary. The " Dorr 

1836 Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 

1843. — Santa Anna disperses the INIexican Congress, declares himself 
dictator, and proclaims the " Bases of Political Organization" as his 
Constitution. 

1844. — Great political agitation and campaign in United States over the 
question of Texan annexation. James K. Polk (Democrat) defeats 
Henry Clay (Whig) for President. First telegraph established in 
the United States between Baltimore and Washington. Joseph 
Smith, the Mormon leader, killed ; succeeded by Brigham Young. 
Santa Anna involved in a revolutionary struggle in Mexico with 
Paredes ; is defeated, imprisoned at Perots, and exiled to Cuba 
(May, 1845). 

1845. — President Polk inaugurated, March 4. Annexation question still 
agitated. Judge Joseph Story died, September 10. General Herrera 
acting President of Mexico ; declares war against United States, June 
4. Texas annexed to Union, December 29. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

1837. — Victoria succeeds to the throne, aged eighteen, Jime 21. 

1838. — X'ictoria crowned Oueen, June 28. Death of Lord Eldon. Da- 
guerrotype process discovered. 

1839. — Anti Corn Law League formed by P.ichard Cobden. Chartist 
agitation, (iold discovered in Australia. 

1840. — Oueen Victoria married to Prince Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
Fel)ruary lo. Penny postage system adopted. 

1841. — Prince of Wales born, November 9. London Punch founded. 

1843. — Daniel O'Connell prosecuted by the English government. "Young 
Ireland" movement grows in strength. The Thames tunnel opened. 

1845.— Death of Sydney Smith and Thomas Hood. Railway mania and 
panic. Failure of the potato crop in Great Britain and Ireland. 
Gun-cotton invented. Lord Rosse's great telescope erected. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

1836.— Death of Charles X., late King of France. M. Thiers prime min- 
ister of Louis Philippe. Louis Napt)leon attempts a revolution at 
.Strasburg. 

1837.— liiMclemic of cholera on the continent of Europe. Winter palace 
at St. Petersburg burnt. 



THE REPUBLIC. 



315 



1839. 

mark 



1838.— Death of Talleyrand, May 17. 

The Pope prohibits the slave-trade. Charles VIII., King of Den- 
Abdul-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey. 

1840. — Frederick William IV., King of Prussia. Remains of Napoleon I. 
brought back to France from St. Helena. Quadruple Treaty be- 
tween England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to protect the Sultan of 
Turkey. Reign of the Khedives in Egypt, under the suzerainty of 
Turkey. Louis Napoleon attempts another revolution at Boulogne ; 
is imprisoned for six years. 

1842. — ^The French take Tahiti. Great fire at Hamburg. 

1843. — Site of ancient Nineveh discovered by Botta. The Queen of 
Spain (Isabella II.) declared of age, and ascends the throne. 

1844. — Joseph Bonaparte died, July 28. 

1845. — Sir John Franklin's last expedition to the Arctic regions. 



Period IV. 
The Republic 

TO 
1846 





IPcriob ID, 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD.— 1846-1861. 



¥¥ 



CHAPTER XX. 



The New Government; The Texas Land System; 

Henderson's Administration; Boundary 

Question; Churches in Texas. 



State Consti- 
tution of 1845 



T 



HE State Constitution of 1845 has been regarded by 
many able jurists and statesmen as superior to any of 
those since adopted. The convention that framed it 
was an exceptionally strong body of men, — they com- 
posed the ablest and wisest citizens of Texas. Thomas J. Rusk 
was president of the convention, James H. Raymond, secretary, 
and the roll of its members contains the names of nearly every 
man then and afterwards prominent in the affairs of Texas, in 
peace and war. The Constitution began with a " Bill 
of Rights," setting out certain fundamental rights of 
person and property which should never be invaded 
by the government. In its general features it was 
similar to all .State constitutions. 

It required the State to be divided into representa- 
tive and senatorial districts, the members of the lower 
house of the legislature never to exceed ninety or to 
fall below forty-five ; while the senators should never 
be more than thirty- three or less than nineteen. The 
hirst Legislature should contain sixty-six representa- 
ti\es and nineteen senators. Ministers of the gospel, 
TiioMAb J. kusK. or priests of any denomination, were declared ineli- 

316 




FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



17 



Period V. 
First 1'eriod 
OF Statkhood 



1S46 

TO 

1 86 1 



gible to cither house of the legislature. The legislature was 
to meet every two years. On the subject of slavery, it was 
provided that offences against the persons of slaves should be 
punished the same as if against white persons ; the importa- 
tion of slaves for the purpose of traffic and merchandise was 
forbidden ; the legislature was required to pass laws compelling 
masters to provide for and treat their slaves humanely, and no slavery 
slave should be emancipated without the consent of his owner. ^ „. 

'■ _ Duelling and 

Duelling was prohibited, and divorces could not be granted by divorce 
the legislature. Banking corporations could not be char- 
tered, nor any private corporation be created except by 
two-thirds vote of both houses of the legislature. The 
homestead exemption was fixed at two hundred acres 
in the country, and in towns and cities as a lot or 
lots not exceeding in value two thousand dollars ; 
and the legislature was authorized to pro\'ide for the 
exemption from taxation of two hundred and fifty 
dollars' worth of personal property belonging to a 
family, and from forced sales a reasonable quantity of 
such property. It was provided that all property owned 
by the husband or wife at the time of the marriage, and 
all acquired afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, should 
be the separate property of each ; while all property otherwise Community 
acquired during marriage, by either husband or wife, should be ertat^T^*^^^^ 
community property. 

On the subject of education, it was declared to be the duty PubUc educa- 
of the legislature to make pro\'isions for the support of public 
free schools by taxation on property ; and one-tenth of the annual 
income of the State derived from taxation was required to be 
set apart as a perpetual school fund, never to be diverted or 
used for any other purpose. All the public lands that had been 
granted to the counties for school purposes were forbidden to be 
sold or disposed of, except by lease not to exceed twenty years. 
A general land office for the whole State was established at the 
capital, where all titles from the go\'ernment must be registered. 

The Constitution contained many other wise and practical 
l)rovisions, which ha\'c not l)cen improved upon by the constitu- 
tion-makers of later times. 




J. PiNCKNKV HkNDER- 

SON. 



General land 
office 



,t8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 

IS6I 



Texas land 
system 



The First Legislature of the State had a very difficult task to 
perform, in remodelling the laws and institutions of the govern- 
ment to suit the changed conditions brought about by annexa- 
tion. It was no longer necessary to maintain an army, navy, 
postal system, and other institutions of an independent nation ; 
but the details of domestic legislation were many and impor- 
tant. Texas, unlike any other American State, had her own 

public lands, and . their domain was 

immense. It was /'^'""^-^^^^ estimated at the 

time of annexation / / F*"*""^ \ that the extent of 

the una])propriated / iw .^9% «!SSf \ public lands was 



nearly 185,000,000 
were besides this 
acres claimed by 
der fraudulent and 
it was necessary to 
stated, the land sys- 




JOHN HkMPHII.L. 




and there 
millions of 



acres, 

many 

various persons un- 

illegal titles, which 

recover. Briefly 

tem, as then exist- 




RovALL I. Wheeler. Abnkr S. Lipscomb. 

THE OLD SUPREME COURT. 



ing under laws passed by the previous governments, was as 
follows : The lands granted to \'arious persons by the Republic 
Headrights consistcd of hcadrights, bounty^, and donation grants. Hcad- 
rt's^hls were those lands which had been granted to the original 
colonists by virtue of their contracts of settlement, and those 
afterwards granted to immigrants by the laws of the provisional 
government, the government ad interim, and the Congresses of 



FIRST PERI(')n OF STATFIIOOt). 



3^9 



the Republic. These were divided into four classes. Head- 
rights of the first class, as has been already stated, consisted of 
the lands granted to colonists under the colonization laws of 
Coahuila and Texas ; to persons residing in Texas at the date of 
the Declaration of Independence ; and to volunteers who arrived 
and served in the army between March 2 and August i, 1836, 
who were honorably discharged or died before December 14, 
1S37. In this class, heads of families were entitled to a league 
and a labor' of land (four thousand six hundred and five acres), 
and single men over seventeen years old were entitled to one- 
third of a league, and if they married before December 14, 
1837, they would receive a league and a labor'. Headrights 
of the second class included lands granted to immigrants who 
arrived in Texas after the Declaration of Independence and 
before October i, 1837. Under this class, heads of families 
were entitled to twelve hundred and eighty acres, and single 
men to six hundred and forty acres, provided they remained 
and performed their duties as citizens for three years. Under 
this class were also included all persons who served in the army 
j)revious to March i, 1837, 'i"*^ whose families were in Texas 
on January i, 1840. They were to receive twelve hundred and 
eighty acres. Headrights of the third class were certificates 
issued to immigrants arriving between October i, 1837, ^"<^1 
January i, 1840, and to single men permanently residing in the 
Republic who became seventeen years old prior to January i, 
1840. In this class, heads of families received six hundred and 
forty acres and single men three hundred and twenty acres. 
Fourth class headrights were those granted to immigrants who 
came after January i, 1840, and before January i, 1842. They 
received the same quantities of land as the third class. In order 
to make up the full quantities of land to which colonists and 
immigrants were entitled under the laws granting headrights, 
additional certificates were issued, known as Augmentation Cer- 
tificates. 

There were certain special grants, of a league and a labor' 
and a third of a league of land, issued to the heirs and repre- 
sentatives of the men who fell at the Alamo, Goliad, and other 
battles of the Revolution, which were classed by the authorities 



Period V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



First class 
headrights 



Second class 



Third class 



Fourth class 



Donation 
headrights 



320 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriof) V. 
First I'kri<)i> 

OK STATKHOOI) 

1S46 

TO 

I86I 



Bounty lands 



Land scrip 




William E. Ochil- 

TREK. 



" Eleven 
league grants" 



Pre-emption 
lands 



as headrighls, although, strictly speaking, they should have been 
described as donation lands. There were also donated to the 
survivors of those early struggles, certificates for six hundred 
and forty acres of land, known as Donation lands. 

Then there were the Bonnty certificates, being those issued 
to soldiers in the army of the Revolution, — three hundred and 
twenty acres for three months' service ; six hundred and forty 
acres for six months ; nine hundred and sixty for nine months ; 
and twelve hundred and eighty acres for twelve months or more. 
There were also large quantities of land scrip which had been 
issued and sold at fifty cents an acre, to pay the debts of the 
Republic ; each of such certificates calling for six hundred 
and forty acres of unlocated land. In after years came 
rertificates granted to encourage irrigation, improve- 
ments of rivers, boring artesian wells, and building 
railroads. Many fraudulent and fictitious certificates 
I had been issued under the Republic, and it was a 
■i very delicate and difficult task to detect and reject 
them. Various means were used for this purpose, 
such as travelling land boards, local and district boards, 
and, finally, the Constitution of 1845 required persons 
holding certificates not yet approved to file suits on them 
in the district courts on or before July i, 1847, or be 
thereafter forever debarred. The ' ' eleven league grants, ' ' so 
often spoken of in Texas land history, were acquired under the 
Mexican government. The State Colonization Law of 1825, of 
Coahuila and Texas, and the Federal Colonization Law of 1824, 
of Mexico, provided that a person might acquire not more than 
one league of irrigable land, four leagues of arable land not irri- 
gable, and six leagues of pasture land, — making in all eleven 
leagues. There were no such grants by any government of 
Texas after she began her Revolution. 

The last Congress of the Republic, by the act of January 22, 
1845, created what were known as Pre-emption titles to land, — 
that is, where any person "should settle upon and improve any 
portion of the vacant, unappropriated public domain, he was 
entided to three hundred and twenty acres including his im- 
provements, provided he proved up his claim, surveyed the 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



321 



Tkriod V. 
First Perioe) 
OF Statehood 



1846 

TO 
I86I 



First State ad- 
ministration, 
J. Pinckney 



Executive 
officers 



land, and applied for a patent in three years from the date of 
settlement, or the date of the law. This feature of our land 
system was continued with modifications in all subsequent legis- 
lation, until all pre-emption laws were repealed by the act of 
March 7, 1889. 

The first governor, J. Pinckney Henderson, was a native of 
North Carolina, and came to Texas in June, 1836. As we have 
seen, he filled many and diiificult positions, at home and abroad, 
under the Republic, and was a man of varied talents as well as a Henderson, 
fine lawyer. Albert C. Horton, the lieutenant-governor, was an governor 
officer in the Revolution, and was with Fannin at Goliad, but 
was cut of? at the battle of the Coleto and escaped the massacre. 
Governor Henderson appointed the following gentlemen to the 
offices which were at his disposition under the Consti- 
tution : David G. Burnet, secretary of state ; John W. 
Harris, attorney-general ; John Hemphill, chief justice, 
and Abner S. Lipscomb and Royall T. Wheeler, 
associate justices of the Supreme Court ; William G. 
Cooke, adjutant-general ; Thomas William Ward, 
commissioner of the general land office ; James Loxe, 
William E. Jones, R. E. B. Baylor, M. P. Norton, O. 
M. Roberts, William B. Ochiltree, John B. Jones, and 
John T. Mills, district judges for the several judicial 
districts in the order named. The legislature elected 
James B. Shaw, comptroller, and James H. Raymond, 

treasurer. On February 21, 1846, Sam Houston and Thomas United states 
J. Rusk were elected the first United States Senators from Texas, 
Houston drawing the short term, so that he was re-elected on 
December 15, 1847. 

By the terms of the annexation Resolutions, Texas was al- 
lowed two Representatives in the Congress of the United States, 
and the legislature divided the State into two districts, with the 
Trinity River as the line. On March 30, 1846, an election was 
held for the Congressmen from Texas, and David S. Kaufman 
was elected in the Eastern district, and Timothy Pilsbury in the 
Western, the former being a native of Pennsylvania and the latter 
of Maine. The State constituted a Federal judicial district, and Federal judge 
John C. Watrous was appointed the first Federal judge. He 

21 




R. K. B. Baylor. 



First 
Congressmen 



322 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



Texas politics 
in 1846 



Boundary 
question 



Complications 
on the slavery 
issue 



Missouri Com- 
promise Line 
as affecting 
Texas 



was afterwards asked to resign, and an unsuccessful attempt was 
made to impeach him. 

PoHtics prior to that time, as has been said, were purely 
personal in Texas, and it was yet some years before party lines 
were drawn on the issues that governed political affairs in the 
United States. But so far as Texans then took an interest in 
Federal politics, they were nearly all Democrats. It was the 
Democratic party, under Polk, Calhoun, and Dallas, that had 
brought Texas into the Union, and naturally her citizens rallied 
around its standard. 

One of the serious questions that arose under the first State 
administration, and which continued to vex the government for 
several years, was that of the northern boundary of Texas. 
That had been fixed by the First Congress of the Republic as 
extending to the forty-second parallel of north latitude, v/hich 
included New Mexico, or the territory of Santa Fe, as it was 
called. Mexico did not recognize any such claim, nor did the 
United States, except in an indirect way. In the annexation 
Resolutions, it will be remembered, there was a provision that four 
new States might be formed out of Texas territory, but that any 
such new State lying north of thirty-six degrees and thirty 
minutes north latitude would only be admitted to the Union as 
a free State, — that is, without slavery ; which was a recognition 
that a portion of Texas lay north of that line. That line was 
known as the Missouri Compromise Line, having been agreed 
upon in 1820, when Missouri was admitted into the Union, as 
the northern limit of slave territory west of the Mississippi River. 
Now', Texas might never form any new States, in which case 
part of her territory would lie north of the slavery line, and the 
Abolitionists would have no power to prevent slaves in that part 
of the State. In other words, the Missouri Compromise Line 
was abolished so far as Texas was concerned, unless new States 
were formed out of her territory lying north of that line. This 
condition of things made it the desire and interest of the anti- 
slavery party in the United States to shove the northern boundary 
of Texas as far south as possible. Again, when the war broke 
out between the United States and Mexico in 1846, in conse- 
quence of the annexation of Texas, a bill was introduced in 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 323 



Congress to provide funds for that war. A Mr. Wilmot, of Period v. 
Pennsylvania, offered an amendment to the bill, providiner that "1^^ eriod 

-^ ' ' 1 .n> OF bTATEHOOD 

slavery should never be permitted in any portion of the territory ~ 

which might be acquired by the war. This was known as the to 

Wilmot Proviso, and the bitter tight over its adoption in the end 1861 

broke up the old political parties and prepared the way for the 
Civil War fifteen years later. It was defeated, but it definitely wiimot 
divided the country into North and South on the slavery ques- 
tion. Texas was interested in the Wibnot Proviso in this way : Relation of 
When the Mexican War was ended and the question of the (,uest^io° 
boundary between Texas and other Mexican territory acquired 
by the war came up for settlement, if the doctrine of the Proviso 
prevailed, there would be another strong reason among the anti- 
slavery party for narrowing the boundaries and reducing the 
territory of Texas as much as possible ; and the United States 
had reserved the right, by the terms of the annexation, to adjust 
all questions of boundary. If the foregoing facts are borne in 
mind, they will explain nearly all of the political events that 
followed in Texas and the United States. 

Shortly after annexation United States troops occupied New Dispute as to 
Mexico, and preparations were begun to organize it into a terri- 
tory of the Union. Governor Henderson at once protested to 
the secretary of state, Mr. Buchanan, who replied that it was 
merely a military movement until peace was declared with 
Mexico. Another thing was, that by the terms of annexation -Attitude of the 
Texas was to hold her public lands subject to the debts of the 
Republic, and those debts were never to become a charge against 
the United States. There was no way to enforce this agree- 
ment against Texas, unless the United States should occupy 
enough territory belonging to Texas to force some settlement of 
the debts ; and no doubt this had something to do with the 
action of the United States in regard to New Mexico. 

Governor Henderson's term of office began February 16, Henderson's 
1846, and ended December 21, 1847. During a part of this 
time, as will be seen, he was absent in the Mexican War, and 
Lieutenant-Governor Horton was the acting governor. Under 
this administration there was only one legislature, the regular 
session of the First Legislature, which met February 16, 1846, 



New Mexico 



United States 



administra- 
tion 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod V. 
First Perioii 
OF Statehood 

1S46 

TO 
I86I 

Indian affairs 

First census 
of Texas 



Public debt 



Beginning of 
real progress 



Religious en- 
terprise 



Catholics 



Count Far- 



and adjourned May 13, 1846. It passed many necessary laws 
and organized a great number of new counties. Under the Re- 
public, new counties could not be created except upon very strict 
conditions, and this had been very inconvenient for the growing 
interests of the people. There were no serious troubles with the 
Indians at this time. An occasional outrage and a few desperate 
tights by the Rangers comprised the history of Indian affairs. 

In 1847, the first census of Texas was taken by counties. 
There were then reported 100,508 white population, 35,267 
negro slaves, making a total of 135,775, exclusive of Indians 
and Mexicans. The Indians were estimated at 30,000. 

The total public debt of Texas on January r, 1848, all of 
which was incurred under the Republic, was $11,050,201.51. 
As will be seen, this was afterwards cut down or scaled to 
$5,528,195.19. 

The social, moral, and material growth of the State, under 
the encouragement of a settled destiny and assured peace, now 
began in earnest. It must not be supposed, however, that 
during all these years of war, sacrifice, and uncertainty there 
was no moral and religious influence thrown around the strug- 
gling jiatriots and suffering citizens of early Texas. Pious faith 
in (iod and the ministers of His holy word have always accom- 
panied the footsteps of American pioneers, and it was not differ- 
ent in Texas. The Missions were closed in 1793, but in after 
times, when the Americans held sway, they were permitted to 
be used by the few jiriests who remained in the country, and 
around their altars there still gathered the remnants of the Mex- 
ican population, while in the sacred ground near their portals 
rude graves marked the last resting-place of pious Catholics. 
Father Henry Doyle, among the Catholic colonists of San Pa- 
tricio, and Father Muldoon on the Brazos in the early days 
visited the scattered homes of the settlers, married their young 
men and maidens, baptized their converts, and soothed the 
dying hours of such as succumbed to the pri\'ations of the wil- 
derness. After the Revolution, Galveston was erected into a 
See and Bishop Odin was placed in charge. The cathedral 
there was built in 1848. In 1837, the Count Farnese, from Eu- 
n^pe, visited the Texan government, and proposed to have the 



FIRST FKRIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



325 



Roman Cathfjlic faith adopted as the established rehi^ion of the 
Repubhc. He represented that it would be the means of se- 
curing immediate peace with Mexico, and would greatly promote 
the interests of the country. Hut he little understood the spirit 
of the Texan patriots. They had battled for and won the in- 
herited institutions of Anglo-American freedom, not the least of 
which was religious liberty, and they were ncjt likely to surrender 
any of them so soon. Besides, the Protestant churches already 
had a firm foothold in Texas. Of these, the Baptists were per- 
haps the first to commence organized work, although the Meth- 
odists were here about the same time. In 1825, Elder Joseph 
Bays, a Baptist, visited Austin's Colony and preached on the 
Brazos. In 1829, Thomas Hanks, of the same denomination, 
l^reached at the same place, and Thomas J Pilgrim, also a 
Baptist, established the first Sunday-school at San Felipe. In 
1833, a Baptist church was organized in Austin's Colony, and in 
1837, Rev. Z. L. Morrell established another at Washington on 
the Brazos. Isaac Reed, in 1838, founded the Union Baptist 
Church near Nacogdoches, and the following year churches were 
organized at Independence and in Austin and Fayette counties. 
The Union Baptist Association was formed at Austin 
on October 8, 1840 ; the same year a church was es- 
tablished at Galveston, and the next year at Houston. 
In 1843 the Sabine Association was formed, with five 
churches represented. In 1845, Baylor University, at 
Independence, was chartered under Baptist auspices, 
and the following two years associations of churches 
were formed in various parts of the State. The Bap- 
tist State Cc^nvention was organized at Anderson, in 
Grimes County, in 1848. At that time there .were 
reported to be eleven associations of the missionary Baptists, 
and three of the anti-mission, with one hundred and fifty-one 
churches and ten thousand members. 

Rev. Henry Stephenson, of the Methodist Church, arri\ed 
in Austin's Colony in 1824. Rev. Alexander Thompson came 
to Rol)ertson's Colony in 1830, and did much to organize Meth- 
odism in that region for years afterwards. A camp-meeting was 
held and a church organized near San Augustine in 1833, and a 



Pkriod V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I861 



Protestants 

Baptists and 
Methodists 



Baptist asso- 
ciations and 
colleges 




Rui'US C. Bl'rleson. 



Early Meth- 
odist churches 
and institu- 
tions of 
learning 



326 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
First Period 
OK Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I861 



Early Pres- 
byterians in 
Texas 



Episcopal 
church 



Christians 



Masons 



similar action was held in Austin County in 1834. In 1837, the 
Methodist Church sent three missionaries to Texas, — Revs. Mar- 
tin Ruter, R. Alexander, and Littleton Fowler. In December, 
1840, the Texas Annual Conference was organized at Ruterville, 
by Bishop Waugh, but in 1844 it divided into two conferences, 
called the Texas Conference and the East Texas Conference. 
In 1850 there were two hundred and eighty-six Methodist min- 
isters in Texas, and twelve thousand three hundred and thirty- 
six members. 

The Presbyterians began their labors as early as 1834, t>y the 
preaching of Rev. P. H. Fullenwider. In 1838, Rev. Hugh 
Wilson organized a church at San Augustine, and another at 
Independence ; and the same year churches were organized at 
Galveston and Houston. In 1840, the Brazos Presbytery was 
organized at Gay Hill, in Washington County. The Cumber- 
land Presbyterians did their first work in Texas in 1828, by Rev. 
Sumner Bacon. In 1833, '^ church was organized in Red River 
County by Rev. Milton Estell, and one near San Augustine in 
1836. The first presbyteries were formed near San Augustine 
in 1837, on Red River and the Colorado in 1841, and the Synod 
was organized at Nacogdoches in 1842. The Synods of the 
Brazos and Colorado were organized in 1849 and 1853. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church sent its first preacher to 
Texas in 1838, and built a church in Galveston in 1842, with 
Rev. Benjamin Eaton as rector. In 1843, Rev. Charles Gillette 
supplied the church at Houston. In 1844, Texas and Arkansas 
formed a bishopric under Rev. G. W. Freeman. The Diocese 
of Texas was organized at Matagorda, January i, 1849. 

The Christians or ' ' Campbellites' ' were earnest workers in 
the days of the Republic, but few reliable facts have been pre- 
served as to their labors and leaders. In 1850, there were in 
Texas, according to the United States census, of all denomina- 
tions of Christian churches, 63,571 members, owning church 
property worth $204,930. 

The first Grand Lodge of Masons in Texas was organized in 
Houston on December 20, 1837. Among its members were 
Sam Houston, Thomas J. Rusk, Anson Jones, Adolphus Sterne, 
A. S. Thruston, William G. Cooke, and Thomas G. Western. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 327 



The public free school system, owing to the scattered and I'kriod v. 

, . 1 .1 J- -J i-^- • i- • First I^eriod 

scanty population and the disorganized conditions existing prior ^^. s,atehood 
to annexation, had not yet been inaugurated ; but a number of ~^ 

private schools, academies, and colleges, generally under religious to 

control, had been chartered and were in successful operation. 1861 

Men's minds were turning to peace and the prosperous rewards 
of intelligent toil ; and yet they were not altogether done with Early schools 
war, l)rought on by the very cause that had secured their future 
tranquillity and progress. 

QUESTIONS. 

What can you say of the State Constitution of 1845, and of the men 
who framed it? How did it begin, and what were its general features? 
Give an outline of the oiganization of the legislative department of the 
government under that Constitution. How many representatives and 
senators were there in the First Legislature ? Who were ineligible to the 
legislature, and how often did it meet ? What provisions did the Consti- 
tution contain in regard to slavery? What, in reference to duelling and 
divorce ? What, in regard to banks and private corporations ? What 
was the homestead exemption ? What other exemptions were provided 
fur ? What provisions were made in reference to the property of husband 
and wife ? What provisions were made for public schools ? What, as to 
a general land office ? What difficult and important work had the First 
Legislature of the State to perform ? How did Texas differ from the other 
States in the matter of her public lands ? What amount of public land had 
she at the time of annexation? Into what general divisions were lands 
granted to individuals by previous governments divided ? How were 
Iicadr!_ii/ifs classified ? What grants were included in headrights of the 
ftrsf class f What, in the second class? Third class f Fomih class? 
What special grants were made to persons on account of certain mili- 
tary services ? How are those grants classified ? What were the botmty 
cciiificafes ? What can you say of land scrip ? What, of irrigation and 
other imj^rovement certificates? What difficulties arose in regard to 
land certificates issued by the Republic, and what methods were adopted 
to remedy them? What was meant by an "eleven league grant," and 
explain how it originated? When did such grants cease? When were 
prc-emplion titles originated, and explain their nature? How long were 
prc-ciiipfion lands recognized by the government, and when were they 
abolished ? Who was the first governor of the State of Texas, from what 
State did he come to Texas, when, and what had been his career in 
Texas ? Who was the first lieutenant-governor, and what can you say of 
him ? Whom did Governor Henderson appoint to the various offices 



Ol' 



^28 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period V. uiickr liis control? What officers did the legislature elect? Who were 
First Pkriod the first United States Senators, when elected, and for how long? How 
bTAihJHuoD ,-,^3„y Representatives had Texas in Congress at that time, how was the 

1846 State divided for that purpose, and who were the first Congressmen 

TO elected? Who was the first Federal judge in Texas, and what can you 

1861 gjjy yf him? W'hat was the condition of politics in Texas then, and for 

several years afterwards? What was one of the first serious public 
(juestions that arose in Texas ? How had the northern boundary been 
fixed by the Republic ? What provisions were contained in the Annexa- 
tion Resolutions in regard to new States, and explain how those provisions 
affected the Texas boundary question, slavery, and the Missouri Compro- 
mise ? What effect did this condition of things have in the United States ? 
What was the IVihnoi Proviso, when, for what purpose, and with what 
result was it introduced in Congress? Explain how it affected Texas. 
What happened in New Mexico shortly after annexation ? W^hat did 
Texas do in regard to it ? Explain the motives that actuated the United 
States in that matter. During what period was Henderson governor of 
Texas ? Where was he during part of that time, and who was governor 
then? W^hat legislature sat in his administration, and between what 
dates ? What work was accomplished by it ? What was the condition of 
Indian affairs at that period ? When and how was the first census taken in 
Texas, and what did it show as to the population ? What was the amount 
of the public debt, January i, 1848, and how was it afterwards reduced? 
What can you say of the growth and prosperity of the State at that 
time? What influence contributed largely to the early civilization of the 
State? Who were the first religious teachers in Texas? When did the 
regular mission work of the Catholics end? l)e.scril)e the subsequent 
labor of the priests among the early colonists. When and by whom was 
the See of Galveston established ? When, through whom, and with what 
representations did the Catholics propose to make their church the estab- 
lished religion of Texas ? Why was the proposition rejected ? What two 
Protestant denominations were pioneer missionaries in Texas? When 
and by whom did the Baptists first commence their work? Give an 
account of the early Baptist churches, associations, conventions, colleges, 
and preachers, and what was the condition of the denomination in 1848? 
When and by whom did the Methodists begin their labors in Texas? 
Ciive an account of their early organizations and institutions, and what 
was their condition in 1850? When and V)y whom did the Presbyterians 
commence religious work in Texas ? Give the dates, names, and localities 
of their early organizations. When did the Episcopal Church send its 
first preacher to Texas? When, where, and by whom were its early 
labors conducted? When did the Christians or " Campbellites" begin 
work here? WMiat were the number and wealth of all Christian churches 
in Texas in 1850? When and where was the first Grand Lodge of Masons 
organized in Texas, and who were among its members' W'hat can you 
say of the early schools of Texas? 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



329 



Topical Analysis. 

1. The government of Texas as organized under the Constitution 
of 1845. Consider the principal provisions of that Constitution on legis- 
lative department, slavery, duelling, divorce, banks, private corporations, 
homestead exemptions, community and separate estate of husband and 
wife, public education, and land office. 

2. The Texas land system. Peculiar position of Texas as owner of 
185,000,000 acres of her own public lands. General division of land 
grants into Hcadrighfs, Bounty, and Donation lands. Four classes of 
headrights. " Eleven league grants." Irrigation, railroad, and other 
improvement certificates. Land scrip. Pre-emption lands. 

3. Governor Henderson's administration ; inauguration of the State 
government ; the First Legislature. Election of United States Senators 
and Congressmen. Early politics. 

4. The first serious public question, — the Northern boundary, involv- 
ing title to New Mexico and other territory north. Considerations of 
Federal politics affecting that question, such as the probable formation 
of new States that might lie north of the Missouri Compromise Line ; the 
Wittnot Proviso ; the desire of the United States to hold New Mexico as 
a means of forcing Texas to pay her public debts. 

5. The population, progress, and increasing prosperity of Texas. 

6. Early religious enterprise in Texas as shown in the labors of the 
Catholics, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Chris- 
tians. Early establishment of the Masonic order. 

Geography, 

Locate the territory involved in the dispute between Texas and the 
United States as to the Northern and North-western boundary. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. I., Chap. 
XIX.; Vol. II., Part III.; Brown's "History of Texas," Vol. II.; 
Blaine's " Twenty Years in Congress ;" Draper's " Civil War in America," 
Vol. 1. ; Benton's "Thirty Years' View." 




mSjfS^' ' '< ' ''LJ * -^ -■;'.". I Mill, 




Period V. 
First Period 
ov Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



Capito}. at Washington. 



CHAPTER XXI 



Period V. 
FiKST Pkkiod 

111- SfATliHOOD 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



Mexico pre- 
pares for war 



President 
Herrera's 
friendly 
overtures 



A revolution 
in Mexicj 



United States 
troops in 
Texas 



The Mexican \A/ar; Administrations of Governors 

Wood, Bell, and Pease ; The Boundary and 

Public Debt ; Railroads ; Public 

Schools ; Indians. 

"W''W"EXICO had threatened that she would regard the 
■ %# I annexation of Texas as a declaration of war by the 
^ w.^ United States, and, as soon as the resolutions for 
annexation passed Congress, the Mexican minister 
at Washington demanded his passports and left the capital. In 
November, 1845, Mr. John Slidell had been sent as the Ameri- 
can minister to Mexico to try and adjust the difficulty that was 
foreseen would arise from annexation. But his arrival in the 
Mexican capital, on December 6, preceded but a few days one 
of those political revolutions to which that country had become 
accustomed. The Mexican president, Jose Joaquin de Herrera, 
was friendly to the independence of Texas, and, as we have seen, 
sul)niitted a proposition to the Texan government to recognize 
that independence if the Republic would agree to remain a sep- 
arate nation. Herrera's liberal and friendly views did not suit 
the excited temper of the Mexican people, and General Paredes 
(piir-a-daz) at once organized a revolution and forced Herrera 
to resign in his favor. This was on December 29, 1845. Min- 
ister Slidell at once withdrew from the capital, but was not 
furnished his passports until March 21, 1846. On April 18, 
1846, Paredes ordered the army on the Rio Grande to take the 
initiative in bringing on actual hostilities. 

Meanwhile, anticipating trouble, ill the fall of 1845, General 
Zachary Taylor had been stationed with troops at Corpus Christi, 
in Texas, to be ready for any emergency. The feeling between 
the United States and Mexico had not been friendly for a long 
Mexico owed the American government over eight 



time. 



330 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



331 



Period V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



million dollars for depredations committed on the persons and 
property of American citizens, and the attempt to collect it had 
produced considerable friction. The annexation of Texas ren- 
dered war inevitable. 

On January 13, 1846, Taylor was directed to march to the 
mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoros. This would 
necessitate his crossing the Nueces, 
which Mexico claimed as the northern 
boundary of her territory, and was re- 
garded by her as an invasion of Mex- 
ican soil. The war was now on, and 
it was only a question of time and 
opportunity when the first hostilities 
should occur. On April 25, 1846, 
General Taylor's troops being in camp 
on the east bank of the Rio Grande 
opposite Matamoros, a small force of 
Mexicans crossed the river and at- 
tacked the United States dragoons, 
capturing a number of men and officers 
and killing sixteen American soldiers. 
Thus Mexico began the actual attack 
and shed the first blood. 

Already, two small companies of Texan Rangers, under Rangers and 
Captains Samuel H. Walker and John T. Price, had joined in°xexas'^'^ 
Taylor's command, and were with it when hostilities commenced. 
After the affair of April 25, General Taylor called on the gov- 
ernor of Texas for four regiments of troops, two to be mounted 
and two on foot. These troops did not arrive in time to take 
part in the first battles. On May 8, 1846, was fought the first Paio aio, May 
real battle, at Palo Alto, on Texas soil, about eight miles north- Rggaca^de la 
east of Brownsville, and next day that of Resaca de la Palma, Paima, May 
still in Texas, four miles north of Matamoros. The Americans ^' ' '* 
were victorious in both bfittles, the Mexicans retreating across 
the river, evacuating Matamoros and falling back towards the 
Sierra Madre in the direction of Monterey, their rear being fol- 
k)wcd and harassed by the American ca\alry. 

It is not possible here to give a history of the Mexican War. 




Map showing disputed Terkitoby between 
Nueces River and Rio C.rande, 1846. 



132 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

to 

iti6i 



Nothinjj more than a brief statement of the part Texan troops 
took in it will be attempted. On May 9, 1846, the Texas legis- 
lature granted Governor Henderson leave of absence to take 
command of all the Texan troops in the army. Prior to this 
President Polk had offered to Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk 
commissions as major-generals in the United States army, which 




Map of General Taylor's Campaign. 



Texas officers 
and troops in 
the Meitican 
War 



they declined on account of their duties in the Senate. Gov- 
ernor Henderson at once joined the army, and commanded the 
Texan soldiers for the first year of the war, with the rank of 
major-general. On his staff were M. B. Lamar, Edward Bur- 
leson, Henry L. Kinney, and Edward Clark. Texas contributed 
to this war, first and last, about eight thousand men. The first 
troops to arrive in response to General Taylor's call was a regi- 
ment of infantry under Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, in which 
August Buchel commanded a German company. Then 
came a regiment of mounted men under Colonel John 
C. Hays, in which Samuel H. Walker was afterwards 
lieutenant-colonel and Michel Chevallie was major. 
Ben McCulloch also had a company of scouts attached 
to this regiment. Next to join was Colonel George 
T. Wood's mounted regiment, in which William R. 
Scurry was major and P. Hansborough Bell was an 
officer. After the battle of Monterey there was an 
armistice for two months, and most of the men re- 
j..,,N c. Havs. turned home. ' But "Mike" Chevallie organized a 




Period V. 
First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 

I86I 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 333 

mounted battalion composed of the companies of Walter P. 

Lane, Robert H. Taylor, G. W. Adams, and G. K. Lewis. 

Ben McCulloch raised a company and joined again just before 

the battle of Buena Vista. 

Among the other Texan of^cers not mentioned above, and 

who served to the end, were M. T. Johnson, Shapley P. Ross, 

Samuel Highsmith, John S. Gillett, Henry W. Baylor, 

Hamilton P. Bee, R. A. Gillespie, Henry E. McCulloch, 

Jacob Rol)erts, Ephraim M. Daggett, Isaac Ferguson, 

Tom Green, Preston Witt, Alfred M. Truitt, John S. 

Ford, and Alexander E. Handley. All these commands 

behaved most gallantly from Monterey to Chapultepec, 

and the name of Jack Hays's Texas Rangers became 

a synonym for bravery, skill, and daring wherever 

heroic courage is recognized and admired. Captain 

R. A. GillesjMe was killed at the battle of Monterey, and 

the uallant Samuel H. Walker lost his life in the siege 

■ ^ Sam Highsmith 

of Huamantla ( wii-mant-la), near the close of the war. (in Santa Anna's uniform.) 
After the war was over, in 1848, 1849, and 1S50, the 
United States employed some of these men to defend the fron- 
tier against Indians, among whom may be mentioned Henry Noted Ranger 
E. McCulloch, John S. Ford, Sam Highsmith, William A. A. "p'"'"" 
Wallace, Jerome B. McCown, and John J. Grumbles. 









^A'* y^io zidn, ^ 
V' \ j',P focatcpitl 



Mat (IK Gr.Ni^KAi. Scon's Campai(;n. 



On September 14-16, 1847, the City of Mexico was captured Capture of 
by the American army, and on February 2, 1848, a final treaty '^^ ° 
of peace was signed at the village of Guadalupe, four miles from 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod V. 
First Pfriod 
1)1' Statkhood 

1846 

TO 

1 86 1 



Second State 
election, No- 
vember, 1847 



The candi- 
dates for 
governor 



Governor 
George T. 

Wood's ad- 
ministration, 
1847 1849 



tlie City of Mtxico, known as the treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalqo. 
By its terms the United States became possessed of the territory 
out of which have since been formed Cahfornia, Nevada, Utah, 
Arizona, a large part of New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming 
and Colorado. 

The election for the second governor of Texas took place the 
first Monday in November, 1847. The candidates for the office 
were George T. Wood, Isaac Van Zandt, Dr. J. B. Miller, and 
Nicholas H. Darnell. Mr. Van Zandt died of yellow fever at 

Houston during the 

During his 

had 



•^ At- 



made speeches advo- 
cating the division of 
Texas into four States, 
his motive being no 
doubt to give greater 
strength to the South 




Map showing Anni iions to I'nitkd 
States made bv Annexation of Texas 
AND Mexican War. 



in the Senate of the United States, in view of the gathering 
troubles over the slavery question. Colonel Wood had l)een a 
gallant officer in the Mexican War, which was not yet ended, and 
this gave him great popularity. He was elected governor, re- 
ceiving 7154 votes, while Miller received 5106 votes, Darnell 
1276, and there was a scattering vote of 121 2. The candi- 
dates for lieutenant-governor were John A. Greer, E. H. Tarrant, 
and Edwin Waller, and Mr. Greer was elected. 

Governor Wood was inaugurated on December 21, 1847, the 
.Second Legislature being then in session. The following officers 
served in his administration : W. D. Miller, secretary of state ; 
attorney-general, first John W. Harris and afterwards H. P. 



fIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



Brewster ; comptroller, James B. Shaw ; treasurer, James 11. 
Raymond ; commissioner of land office, Thomas William Ward ; 
adjutant-general, John D. Pitts ; auditor, J. M. Swisher. 

At this election David S. Kaufman and Timothy Pilsbury 
were re-elected to Congress, and two years later Kaufman was 
again elected, but Volney E. Howard succeeded Pilsbury. 

As the general subjects of legislation, politics, and 
public progress were very much the same, and were 
closely connected for the next several years, until 
1857, it will be best to here state the results of the 
successive elections and discuss the history of the 
period as a whole. 

At the election in November, 1849, P. Hans- 
borough Bell, who had served with distinction among 
the Te.xan troops, both at home and in Mexico, was 
chosen governor, defeating Governor Wood and John 
T. Mills. The vote stood : Bell, 10,310 ; Wood, 
8764 ; Mills, 2632. John A. Greer was re-elected 
lieutenant-governor. The ofificers under Governor Bell's two 
administrations were as follows : secretary of state, James Webb, 
Nicholas H. Darnell ; attorney-general, A. J. Hamilton, Ebe- 
nezer Allen ; land commissioner, George W. Smyth ; adjutant- 
general, C. L. Mason, John S. Gillett, Ben 
Hill. The treasurer, comptroller, and 
auditor were not changed. 

Governor Bell was re-elected in 1851, 
defeating M. T. Johnson, John A. Greer, 
B. H. Epperson, and T. J. Chambers. 
The total vote cast was 28,300. J. W. 
Henderson was elected lieutenant-gov- 
ernor. In 1853, Elisha M. Pease was 
elected governor, receiving 13,091 votes 
out of a total of 36,152, and defeating 
William B. Ochiltree, George T. Wood, 
Lemuel D. Evans, T. J. Chambers, and 
John W. Dancy. -David C. Dickson was 
elected lieutenant-governor. Governor Pease was re-elected in 
1855, there being a total vote of 46,339, of which he received 



Period V. 
First PERion 
OF Statehood 

1846 

to 
1861 




GKuKoii T. Wool). 



Governor P. 
H. Bell's first 
administra- 
tion, 1849-1851 




Governor 
Bell's second 
administra- 
tion, 1851 1853 



Governor E. 
M. Pease's 
two adminis- 
trations, 1853- 
1857 



P. H. Bell. 



3^ 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
First Pkriop 

OK STATKHOOI) 

1846 

TO 
1861 




Ei.iSHA M. Peasr. 



Congressmen, 
1851 1861 



First political 
conventions 
in Texas 



26,336, and Hardin R. Runnels was elected lieutenant-gov- 
ernor. These figures of the votes cast at the several elections, 
from 1847 to 1855, show how rapidly the State increased in 
population. 

During Pease's two administrations Edward Clark was sec- 
retary of state, James Willie and Thomas J. Jennings were 
attorney-generals, Stephen Crosby was land com- 
missioner, and the other executive olificers were the 
same as under preceding governors. Governor 
Pease was a native of Connecticut and came to 
Texas in 1835. He was secretary of the Consulta- 
tion, and afterwards of the Council of the provisional 
government ; had been comptroller under the Re- 
])ublic, and served in both houses of the legislature 
after annexation. He was a lawyer by profession, 
and his administration, from 1853 to 1857, showed 
him to be a most liberal, practical, and progressive 
executive. During his administrations most of the 
public buildings and institutions at Austin were 
established and completed, and the State assumed 
its full functions as a commonwealth. In the Eastern Con- 
gressional district, in 1851, Richardson Scurry was elected to 
succeed David S. Kaufman, who died in Washington. In 1853, 
in the same district. George W. Smith was elected to Congress, 
and in 1855 Lemuel D. Evans succeeded 
Smith. In 1857, John H. Reagan de- 
feated Malcolm D. Graham for Congress 
in the Eastern district, and was re-elected 
in 1859. In the Western district, in 1853, 
Governor P. H. Bell was elected to Con- 
gress, and was re-elected in 1855. He 
was succeeded in 1857 by Guy M. Bryan, 
and in 1859 A. J. Hamilton defeated T. 
N. Waul. 

The first political conventions held in 
Texas were in connection with Congres- 
sional elections in the Eastern district, beginning in 1851. There 
was no regular con\cntion in the Western district until 1859, 




David S. Kaufman. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



Period V. 
First Period 
OE Statehood 



1846 

TO 

1861 




(iUY M. Bknan. 



wlien General Waul was nominated. There were five legisla- 
tures from 1847 to 1857, being the Second to the Sixth Legis- 
lature inclusive, and the labor accomplished was varied and 
useful. The growth of the State and the settlement of her 
boundaries and finances, in 1S50, gave rise to many new sub- 
jects of legislation, and required a liberal policy to promote the 
development of her resources, in which respect the 
several legislatures proved themselves equal to the 
task. 

Under Governor Wood's administration, in 1847- 
49, the boundary question continued to attract atten- 
tion. The United States still kept troops in New 
Mexico in spite of Governor Wood's protests. 
Finally, the legislature having created a judicial dis- 
trict including that territory, the governor sent Judge 
Spruce M. Beard and other civil officers to hold court 
there. The military authorities ignored this action, 
and ordered an election for organizing New Mexico 
into a territory of the United States. The same 
trouble continued under Governor Bell's first administration 
Another serious cjucstion was that of the public debt handed The public 
down from the days of the Republic. As we have seen, it was 
nearly twelve millions of dollars. While Texas was an indepen- 
dent nation, the receipts from the custom- 
houses had been pledged to help pay the 
debt, but now that source of revenue be- 
longed to the United States. A large 
part, if not all, of the obligations repre- 
sented by the public debt had been ob- 
tained by the creditors of Texas at from 
ten cents on the dollar to eighty cents, 
and now the holders of the obligations 
were demanding the full face value of 
them. Texas insisted that the claims 
should be scaled, that is, cut down so as 
to represent the fair value of what the 
claimants had paid for them. If this was done the debt would 
not amount to over five millions of dollars. 

22 



debt question 




T. J. Ji;nninl.s. 



Proposition 
to scale 



First Period 
OF Statehood 

1846 

TO 



•j'lS A COMPLEtE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period V. The boundary dispute was at last settled by the famous Com- 

promise Measures of 1850, as adopted in the Congress of the 
United States. By the terms of the " Boundary Bill," as it was 
called, passed by Congress in 1S50, the United States offered 
1861 to pay Texas ten million dollars in stock, bearing five per cent, 

interest, due in fourteen years, for ninety-eight thousand three 
Compromise hundred and eighty square miles of territory then claimed by 
measuresof .j^^.^.^^ j^^ j^^^^, Mcxico, it being Understood that Texas should 

1850, settling "^ 

boundaries release any and all claims against the United States of e\'ery 
Terms of the description ; but the United States was to hold back five million 
emen doHars of this stock, to pay the debts of Texas which had been 

secured by the customs revenues of the Republic. After a bitter 
opposition the legislature passed a bill in No\'ember, 1850, ac- 
cepting the proposition, and the boundary dispute was disposed 
of, except the question as to which fork of the Red River was 
meant in I he original treaty of 18 19 between Spain and the 
Greer Coumy United States. That issue remained to be settled in after years 
in the famous Greer County case, in the Supreme Court of the 
United States, decided March 16, 1896. 
Settlement of The pul:)lic debt, however, was not settled until 1855, when 

''" "^ '^ * laws were finally passed by both the United States and Texas, 
under which the United States agreed to pay $7,250,000 to 
cancel the debt of Texas, instead of the $5,000,000 of stock 
which had been retained in 1850, the money to be distributed 
ratably among the creditors. Thus Texas was free from debt 
and had $1,575,000 of I'liited States bonds in the treasury, 
besides $2,000,000 of the bonds that had been set apart as a 
special fund for the public free schools, on January 31, 1854. 
Taxes re- Since the leceipt of the $5,000,000 from the United States in 

payment for the claim to New Mexico there had been no State 
taxes collected in Texas ; but Governor Pease, in his message 
to the legislature in the* fall of 1855, called attention to the fact 
tliat the bonds in the treasury could not last always, and recom- 
mended that they be applied to some permanent and useful 
]Mir|)ose and that taxes l)e restored. 
First legisia- On January 16, 1850, the legislature appropriated four 

public s^c'hoois 1*^'''.^'"«^'^ <'f ''"^ntl each to all the new counties that had been 
created since 1839, for the endowment of the public schools. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



v5v5^ 



Four years later, on January 31, 1854, the first law was passed period v. 
to organize a general system of public free schools in the State, ok Statehood 
tliat being the same law that appropriated the two million dollars "T". 

of United States bonds as the foundation of a school fund. to 

This, too, was the era of the first railroad enterprises in 1861 

Texas. As early as 1846, public meetings had been held in 
some sections of the State to favor the building of a railroad Railroad 
through Texas. In February, 1850, a resolution was passed by ^" erpnses 
tlie legislature, authorizing the United States to build a National 
railroad through the State to the Pacific Ocean, granting a right Pacific raii- 
of way overall public lands ; and, if the road should run througli ^^^^^ 
the State from Marshall to El Paso, all lands within ten miles of 
the right of way on either side were to be divided into sections 
of six hundred and forty acres, and every alternate section was 
donated to the United States for the construction of the road. 
The lands thus described were to be reserved from sale or loca- 
tion for any other purpose. This resolution expired in 1851, 
and nothing was done under it ; but it was the origin of the 
"Pacific Reservation," afterwards revived. The first railroad First railroads 
really projected in the State was the Galveston, Harrisburg, and 
San Antonio road. It was organized by General Sidney Sher- 
man and others in 1853, and was first constructed from Harris- 
burg, on Buffalo Bayou, twenty miles to Stafford's Point. A 
little later it was extended to Richmond, and in i860 it had 
reached a point near Columbus. The Houston and Texas 
Central Railroad was begun in 1853-54, by Paul Bremond and 
other citizens of Houston. It was first built from Houston to 
Cypress, then to Courtney, Hempstead, Navasota, and in 1861 
it reached Millican. Between 1856 and i860 the Texas and 
New Orleans road was run from Houston to Liberty, Beaumont, 
and Orange. About the same time the Gulf, West Texas, and 
Pacific road w-as built from Port Lavaca to Victoria. On Jan- 
uary 30, 1854, by an act of the Fifth Legislature, in Governor 
Pease's first administration, was begun the system of land grants 
to aid in the construction of railroads. That act provided that System of land 
any railroad comiiany that would construct and i:)Ut in runnincj grants m aid 

-' ' ■' ' "="01 railroad 

order twenty-five miles or more of road, could have surveyed construction, 
thirty-two sections of public land for every mile of road so 



340 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod V. 
First I'ecriod 
OK Statehood 

1S46 

TO 

1861 



constnictcd, tlic land to be surveyed in square sections of six 
hundred and forty acres each, and every alternate section was 
donated to the railroad company, while the other sections were 
appropriated to the public free schools of the State. There were 
many requirements to be complied with in order to get the 
benefit of this law ; but this feature of giving railroads sixteen 
sections of land for every mile of road constructed was continued 
in all the subsequent legislation of the State, until there were no 
more lands to give. By that system the State encouraged the 




Map showini. Ti-kk 11 i >riai. (. 11 am.i.s in Uniiid Siaiks, 1S45-1S53. 



Two opposing 
policies as to 
land grants to 
railroads 



building of railroads, got its public lands surveyed and sec- 
tionized free of expense, 0])ened u]) a market for the wild lands, 
and secured for its public schools the most magnificent landed 
endowment in the world. 

At the time that poli(-y was begun, in 1S54-55, there was 
a strong party in Texas in fa\or of the State using the jMiblic 
lands to build, eciuij), and own its own railroads, leasing them 
out or charging track-hire to con^peting com])anies ; but the 
donation policy carried the day, and the State has adhered to it 
ever since. It is worthy of note that in 1853 a law was passed 
regulating freight and jxissenger rates on railroads, and requiring 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



341 



serves estab- 
lished in Texas 



every railroacl company that accepted aid from the State to Period v. 

1 -.1 j.\ 1 t- First Period 

comply with the regulations. ^,.. s, a rHHooD 

In 1850, as was required by the Constitution, an election "T", 

was held to locate the State capital for the next twenty years. to 

Austin was selected over Tehuacana Hills. 1S61 

During the years from 1847 to 1857 there were frequent 
Indian raids in the west, and the Rangers were kept busy pro- Indian raids 
tecting the frontier. By the terms of annexation the control of 
the Indians properly belonged to the United States ; but Texas 
was forced to defend her people against the hostilities of the 
tribes, because the Federal government could not or would not 
do it. In 1854, desiring to give the Te.xas Indians a home in Indian re 
the State, the legislature set apart two large districts of country 
as reserves for the tribes, and placed them at the disposal of the 
United States. One of these, called the Brazos Reserve, was 
located on the upper Brazos near Fort Belknap ; the other, 
called the Comanche Reserve, was about sixty miles distant 
from the Brazos Reserve, on the Clear Fork of the Brazos. 
Agents were put in charge of these reservations ; but it seemed 
impossible to keej) the Indians from raiding into the white set- 
tlements. 

Te.xas was prosperous and progressive ; but the events that Progress 
were transpiring elsewhere were destined soon to draw her people 
into the gathering storm of Federal politics. 



QUESTIONS. 

What did Mexico do upon the adoption of tlie Annexation Resolu- 
li<ins l)y the American Congress? When and whom did the United 
.States send as a representative to Mexico to adjust the diflficulty ? What 
haijpened in Mexico soon after his arrival there? Who was the Mexican 
President, what were his views towards Texas, and what effect did they 
|)r()duce in Mexico? Who succeeded him as President, and when? 
Wliat did the American minister do? W1ien did Paredes order the 
Mexican army to begin hostilities? What military movements had the 
Lhiited States made in anticipation of troul)le with Mexico? What had 
been the state of feeling betwi^x-n the two countries for a long time, and 
why? What effect did annexalinn lia\e upon their relations? When 
was Cieneral Taylor ordered to advance to the Rio Chande? What did 



342 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



TO 
1861 



Pkriod v. the execution of this order involve ? Explain how this movement affected 
First Teriod j|^^ Mexican claim of boundary. When, where, and under what circum- 
I ATh. 00 j.|.j,^^,,g j^ljj^j y^j, ^j.^^ actual hostilities occur ? With what results, and who 
1S46 began the war? What Texas troops had already joined the American 

army, and under whose command were they ? After the first engagement 
between the Americans and Mexicans, what call did General Taylor 
make for Texas troops ? When, where, and with what results were the 
lirst two battles of the Mexican War fought ? When and for what purpose 
did the legislature of Texas grant leave of absence to Governor Hender- 
son ? What offer had previously been made by President Polk to two 
distinguished Texans, and why did they decline ? What part did Gov- 
ernor Henderson take in the war? Who were on his staff? How many 
men did Texas send to the army during the war ? Which were the first 
Texas troops to respond to General Taylor's call? Give an account of 
the other Texas officers and commands participating in the war. What 
Texas officers served through the conflict, and what can you say of their 
services ? What particular ofiicer and his men became especially famous ? 
What two noted Texans were killed during the war, and where ? After 
the war, how were some of the Texas ofificers employed, and name the 
nu)st prominent among them? When was the City of Mexico captured? 
When and where was the final treaty of peace signed? What is that 
treaty called, and what territory did the United States acquire under it? 
When did the second general .State election in Texas take place ? Who 
were candidates for governor? What can you say of Isaac Van Zandt? 
Who was elected governor, what gave him his popularity, and what was 
the vote of the several candidates ? Who were candidates for lieutenant- 
governor, and who was elected ? When was Governor Wood inaugurated, 
and what legislature was then in session ? Who filled the several execu- 
tive offices during his administration? Who were elected to the United 
States Congress at that and the ensuing election ? What can you say of 
the general nature and course of public questions for the next ten years, 
and what becomes necessary in treating that period ? Who were elected 
governor and lieutenant-governor in 1S49, '^'itl li"w did the vote of the 
several candidates stand? Who were the executive ofificers during that 
and the succeeding administration? Give the names of the candidates 
in 1.S51, and the result of tiie election. Who was elected governor in 
if<53. who were his opponents, and what was the vote? What was the 
result of the election in 1855? What do these votes show? Who were 
the executive officers during Governor Pease's two administrations? 
Who was E. M. Pease, what positions had he previously held, and what 
can you say of his jniblic character and services at that time? Give the 
names of the Congressional candidates and the results of the elections for 
Congress in 1851, 1853, '<'^55. 1857. and 1859, in the eastern and western 
districts respectively? Wiien were the first political conventions held in 
Te.xas, and for what purpose? How many legislatures sat from 1847 to 
J857, and what can you say of the sulijecls and character of their work? 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



34: 



TO 

iS6i 



What public question attracted attention in (lovernor Wood's administra- Period v. 

tion (1847-1849)? Explain what occurred in New Mexico at that time. ^"*st Period 

1171 11- • • 1 ^ n 11, 1 • • ■ ., Ti OE Statehood 

W liat pul)lic questions agitated Governor Bells administrations ? How — 

much was the public debt of Texas at the date of annexation? Explain '^46 

what effect annexation had upon the ability of Texas to pay this debt, and 
the considerations that led the State to demand a reduction in the amount 
of it. When and how was the boundary dispute finally settled? Give 
the terms and provisions of the "Boundary Bill" passed by Congress. 
When did Texas accept those terms? What question was still left 
unsettled, and what can you say of its continuation to recent times, and 
its final settlement? When was the public debt question finally settled, 
and upon uiiat terms? What was the result as to the financial condition 
of Texas? What had been the condition as to taxes in Texas since 1850, 
and what did Governor Pease advise in 1855 ? When was the first legisla- 
tion had in regard to the endowment of public schools, and what was it ? 
Wliat further laws were passed on the subject in January, 1854 ? What 
other important enteri^rise was inaugurated in that era (1847-1857)? 
Mow early in the history of the State had public interest been directed to 
railroad building? When did^the legislature pass a resolution authorizing 
a National railroad to tlie Pacific ? W'hat were the te;rms of the resolution ? 
What became of this resolutit)n, l)ut what did it afterwards lead to? 
What was the first railroad projected in Texas, when and by whom was 
it organized, and where was its first railway built? How and when was 
it afterwards extended ? When and by whom was the Houston and Texas 
Central Railroad begun? Where was its line constructed prior to 1861 ? 
When and where did the Texas and New Orleans and the Gulf, West 
Texas, and Pacific Railroads build their early lines? When, by what 
legislature, and in w hose administration was the system of land grants to 
railroads liL-gun? hLxplain fully the several features and provisions of 
tiiat law. How was the system thus inaugurated followed up, and with 
what results? What two opposing theories or parties were there on this 
subject at the time the system was begun? What noteworthy law was 
passed in 1853 in regard to rates of transportation by railroads? When 
was tile first election held to locate the State capital, what places were 
candidates, wliirli was selected, and for how long? What occurred with 
reference to tin.- Indi.uis from 1847 to 1857? By the terms of the Annexa- 
tion Resolutions, what slu)uld have become of the Indians, but what 
actually did c)ceur? When and where did the Texan government attempt 
to eslalilisli Reserves for the Indians? With what result? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. Causes leading to the Mexican War : 

( a ) Long-standing differences between the United .States and Mexico, 
growing out of depredations by the latter upon American commerce, 
creating a debt of over eight million d(.illars, w hich Mexico refu.sed to pay. 



;44 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



TO 

iS6i 



PiiKioD V. [b) The annexation of Texas, which Mexico chose to treat as an act 

FiRsi Pkkiod ^^ hostility. 

OF lAj^HooD ^^^ Movement of United States troops to the Rio Grande (1845), 

1S46 thus crossing the Nueces River, which Mexico claimed was the western 

boundary of Texas, and amounting to an invasion of Mexican soil. 

{d) Unfriendly revolution in Mexico, under Paredes, who deposed 
President Herrera and ordered the commencement of hostilities. 

2. Progress of the war : 
(a) Mexico begins actual hostilities on Texas soil, opposite Mata- 

moros, on April 25, 1846. 

{d) Beginning of General Taylor's campaign at the Ijattles of Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May 8-9, 1846 ; followed by his invasion 
of Mexico, and victories at Monterey and Buena Vista. 

(c) General Scott's campaign from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, 
ending in the capture of the latter, September 14-16, 1847. 

(d) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, February 2, 1848, ending the war, 
and ceding to the United States an immense territory in the west. 

3. The part taken by Texans in the war, they contributing al)out 
eight thousand men during its progress. Among the prominent officers 
from Texas were Governor Henderson, Samuel H. Walker, John T. 
Price, " Mike" Chevallie, George T. Wood, Walter P. Lane, Ben McCul- 
loch, R. A. Gillespie, M. T. Johnson, Shapley P. Ross, John S. Ford, 
Henry E. McCulloch, and many others. Specially noted were Colonel 
John C. Hays and his famous "Texas Rangers." 

4. Administrations of Governors Wood, Bell, and Pease, 1847-1S57, 
characterized by very much the same general features of public policy, 
and the agitation of the same public questions, among which were : 

(a) The boundary dispute, involving the title to New Mexico. Settled 
in 1S50, as part of the famous "Compromise Measures" of Congress, by 
which Texas ceded 98,380 square miles in New Mexico to the United 
States for |io,ooo,ooo in stock, bearing five per cent, interest, due in 
fourteen years, but half of that amount to be held back to pay public 
debts of Texas. 

^{l>) Thii public fl't'<^/ question. Finally settled in 1855, by scaling the 
debt to ji^7, 250,000 from |i2, 000,000. 

[c) Beginning of landed endowment of the public free school sys- 
tem, by acts of January 16, 1850, and January 31, 1854, and donation of 
$2,cK)0,ooo of United States bonds. 

(d) Inauguration of railroad enterjjrises, and the first act of the legis- 
lature (January 30, 1854) by which alternate sections of public lands were 
donated to aid railroad construction ; being the beginning of the system 
of land subsidies to railroads by the State. 

(<■) Attempt to settle the Indians on Reserves on the Upper Brazos, 
so as to control their hostile movements. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



345 



Geography. 

Trace the disputed territory claimed by Mexico lying between the 
Nueces and the Rio Grande. Locate the routes of campaign of Generals 
Taylor and Scott in the Mexican War, pointing out the places of the 
l^rincipal battles. Locate and trace the region known in later years as 
" Greer County," and point out the disputed boundaries claimed by the 
United States and Texas. Trace and locate the territory in New Mexico 
sold by Texas to the United States in 1850. Trace the lines of railroads 
built in Texas prior to 1861. 



Period V. 
First Period 
Statehood 



OI' 



1846 

TO 
I86I 



Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's " Comprehensive History of Texas" ( 1897), Vols. L and IL ; 
Brown's " History of Texas," Vol. II. ; Wilcox's " History of the Mex- 
ican War ;" Jenkins's " History of the Mexican War ;" Rose's " Life of 
Ben McCulloch," "Life of Samuel H. Walker." 




CHAPTER XXII 



Early Politics in Texas; Campaign between Runnels 
and Houston; Runnels's and Houston's Adminis- 
trations ; the Secession Convention ; War. 



Period V. 

KiRST PlSRIOIi 
' '!■ StATKIIOOI) 

1846 

TO 

1 86 1 



Early politics 
of the State 



Attitude to- 
wards Federal 
questions 



P 



i 11^ 




^; 


^ 


^y 


IT" 


9Pf 


'P 


tJr 





Kansas- 
Nebraska bill 



OLITICS, in the sense of a division of the people on 
party lines and principles of government, did not exist 
in Texas until 1854 and 1855. At the time of annex- 
ation, and for several years afterwards, as has been 
stated, most of the people of Texas were Democrats^ not from 
any special devotion to the doctrines of that party, but because 
it was the means of bringing Texas into the Union. The candi- 
dates for the \arious offices came out voluntarily, or were brought 
out by petitions, mass-ineetings, or the personal efforts of their 
friends. But alter the defeat of the ]\'i7iiiof Proviso, in 1846, 
the Co))ipromisc Measures of 1850, and the growing bitterness 
of sectional feeling between the North and South on 
tlie slavery question, the Texans were forced to take 
sides in Federal politics, which of course extended to 
State politics. In the course of the slavery agitation 
in the United States the Whig party had been split to 
pieces in 1848, and finally destroyed in 1852. Out 
of its fragments was created the Know-Nothing or 
American party, to which were also added many 
Democrats who could not agree with some of the 
measures proposed by their party. In 1854, the so- 
callfd Kansas-Nebraska bill came un in Congress, 
being a bill to organize the two Territories named, 
lea\ iiig the inhabitants of each to decide for themseh'es whether 
or not slavery should exist. This was in accordance with the 
policy of that wing of tlie Democratic party which advocated the 
doctrine of what was called S(] natter Soz'e re/on ty, or Non-inter- 
ference, holding that Congress had no authority to control a new 
3-i6 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



\M 



Period V. 
First Period 
OK Statehood 



1846 

to 
1S61 



Sam Hous- 
ton's position 



Know- 



State or Territory on the subject of slavery, but that the citizens 
of the locality must govern their own institutions in that regard. 
Both Kansas and Nebraska lay north of the Missouri Compromise 
Line, and the passage of the bill mentioned amounted to abol- 
ishing that line entirely. This measure was supported almost 
solidly by the Southern Democrats in Congress, but Senator 
Sam Houston, from Texas, voted against it. This action on the 
part of General Houston was regarded by Texas Democrats as 
placing him out of harmony with his party, and his influence was 
correspondingly weakened in the State. That strong personal 
following which he was always able to command was not alto- 
gether broken by his vote on the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, but it Nothing party 
was very much diminished. In 1855, the Know-Nothing 
party made its appearance in Texas. It was a secret 
oath-bound organization, and its main principles were 
supposed to be opposition to Roman Catholics and to 
the easy naturalization of foreigners, and in favor of the 
election of none but native-born, Protestant citizens to 
office. It claimed the name of the American party, but 
the fact that its members professed to ' ' know nothing' ' 
when asked about their purposes gave it the name of 
Knoic- Nothing party. This organization was not origi- 
nally an anti-slavery party, but the Whig party being dead, 
and the Democrats who were opposed to the extension of 
slavery and the extreme States' -rights doctrine, being driven out The political 
of their own party by the force of recent events like the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, many old Whigs and discredited Democrats drifted 
into the Know-Nothing party. It was so in Texas. Many men 
v\ho had always been good Democrats, and who still professed 
to be so, were suspected of being secretly members of, or in 
sympathy with, this new political faction. In the State campaign 
of 1855, when Governor Pease defeated David C. Dickson for 
governor, the latter was understood to belong to the Know- 
Nothings. Among the prominent men who were supported by 
the Know-Nothing party were Lemuel D. Evans, John Han- 
cock, and A. J. Hamilton, who claimed to be Union Democrats. 

In 1857, the candidates for governor were Hardin R. Run- The campaign 
nels and General Sam Houston. Houston was still in the United °^'^57 




Jamks H. Bell. 



situation in 
Texas, 1855 



548 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



f'KRIOD V. 

First I'eriod 
OK Statkhood 

1846 

TO 

1 86 1 



C^ 




LliMUEL D. FVA.SS. 



Judiciary 
election 



Slavery agita- 
tion alarms 
the South 



Action of 
Texas legisla- 
ture, 1858 



States Senate, but his views were such as to render his re-election 
doubtful. It was feared by the regular Democratic party in 
Te.xas that the Union Democrats and Know-Nothings would 
combine to elect him governor, and so it was decided to hold a 
State Democratic Convention to nominate candidates for State 
offices. This was the first political State convention ever held 
in Texas. It met in Waco, in the summer of 1857, and nomi- 
nated Runnels for governor and Frank R. Lubbock 
for lieutenant-governor. Jesse Grimes was candidate 
for lieutenant-governor on the ticket with Houston. 
\ It was a most exciting campaign, and resulted in the 

C election of the regular Democratic nominees. The 

total vote cast was 56,180, of which Runnels received 
32,552 and Houston 23,628. Inihe fall of 1856, Abner 
S. Lipscomb, associate justice of the Supreme Court, 
died, and Oran M. Roberts was elected to fill the 
\acancy. On November 9, 1857, Chief Justice John 
Hemphill was elected to the United States Senate, 10 
succeed Thomas J. Rusk, who committed suicide July 
30, 1857. Royall T. Wheeler, associate justice, was 
elected to the vacant chief-justiceship, and James H. Bell was 
elected associate justice to fill Wheeler's place. It should be 
mentioned that in 1850 the Constitution was amended, so as to 
require all judges to be elected by the 
people, instead of being appointed by 
the governor, as had been the case be- 
fore. 

The continued agitation of the sla- 
very question in the United States, ami 
the disposition shown by the Abolition- 
ists of the North to disregard the Con- 
stitution, laws, and judicial decisions, 
in their fanatical war upon the sla\ e 
interests of the South, greatly alarmed 
the people of the Southern States ; and 
in 1858 the legislature of Texas passed 
a resolution authorizing the governor to appoint delegates to 
meet delegates from the other SoutlKin States, whenever it 




Jessh Grimks. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



349 



should be deemed advisable to hold a convention for the purpose 
of considering the matter. 

During- 1857, 185S, and 1859 there were several serious 
tights between the Indians and Rangers on the frontier, the 
Comanches being especially troublesome. It was impossible to 
keep them on the Rcsetvcs, and in August, 1859, they were all 
removed by the United States to the Indian Terri- 
tory ; whence, however, they still continued to make 
raids into Texas for twenty years. 

General Houston's term as United States Senator 
expired on March 14, 1859. Ex-Governor J. Pinck- 
ney Henderson was elected to succeed him, but being 
in feel:)le health, he died in a few months, and Gov- 
ernor Runnels appointed Matthew Ward until the 
legislature met, in the fall of 1859, when Louis T. 
Wigfall was elected to the Senate. He and his col- 
league. Judge Hemphill, serxed until the War between 
the States broke out in 1861. In 1857, the same 
convention tliat nominated State officers at Waco 
])ut forward Guy M. Bryan for Congress in the Western district, 
who was elected and served one term, 
being succeeded in 1859 by A. J. Ham- 
ilton, who defeated General Waul, the 
Democratic nominee. Judge John H. 
Reagan was the Congressman in the 
Eastern district from 1857 to 1861. 

During Governor Runnels's adminis- 
tration, the notorious Mexican outlaw, 
Juan Cortina, began his depredations on 
the Rio Grande frontier. Colonel Robert 
E. Lee, then commanding the United 
.States troops in Texas, drove him back 
into Mexico, in which service Colonel 
Jchii .S. Ford rendered effective aid with 
his body of Texas Rangers. 
Governor Runnels's administration extended from December 
21, 1857, to December 21, 1859, and during that period the 
executixe officers f)f the State government were as follows : 



Period V. 
First Pkriod 

OF StATFlHOOD 

1846 

TO 
I86I 




Loiis T. Wkm-ali. 



Congressmen 




Cortina's raids 
on the Rio 
Grande 



John S. Ford. 



Executive 
officers of 
Runne's's ad- 
ministration, 
1857-1859 



350 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
Imrst Pkkiod 
OK Statehood 

1846 
to 
1861 



University of 
Texas en- 
dowed 



Campaign of 
1859, Runnels 
and Houston 




Hakdin K. Runnels. 



Houston le- 
fcats Runnels 



Troubles on 
the RioGrande 
border 



T. S. Anderson, secretary of state ; C. R. Johns, comptroller ; 
C. H. Randolph, treasurer ; F. M. White, commissioner of the 
general land office ; Malcolm D. Graham, attorney-general. 

In the legislature which met in November, 1857, under 
Governor Runnels, an act was passed providing for the estab- 
lishment of the University of Texas, granting to it one hundred 
thousand dollars of United States bonds and one section in every 
ten surveyed for the railroads. Nothing, however, was done 
under this law towards actually organizing the institution. 

In 1859, Governor Runnels and General Houston were again 
candidates for governor. There had been a change in public 
sentiment since the last election. The increasing violence of 
the slavery agitation, with the prospect of war and a 
dissolution of the Union, made calm and conserva- 
tive men cautious and fearful. The extreme and hot- 
headed elements all over the country were advo- 
cating all sorts of filibustering schemes, such as 
Lopez's expedition to Cuba and that of Walker to 
Nicaragua. It was even proposed by a few rash men 
in the South to reopen the African slave-trade. No 
considerable nimiber of respectable persons believed 
in any such enterprises, but men's minds were in- 
flamed and their passions aroused, and the dread of 
unknown dangers caused all prudent men to pause 
and think. The Democratic party was held respon- 
sible for all these troubles, on account of its position on the 
slavery and States' -rights questions, and it lost strength by 
reason of them. The majority of two years before was re\'crsed. 
Out of 64,027 votes cast, Houston received 36,257, and Run- 
nels, 27,500. F. R. Lubbock was a candidate for re-election as 
lieutenant-governor, but he was defeated by Edward Clark, who 
ran on the same ticket with Houston. 

Governor Houston's administration was compelled to deal 
with serious troubles on the Mexican frontier along the Rio 
Grande, and also on the north-western frontier. The United 
States troops had been withdrawn to a large extent, and this 
left the border to be protected entirely by Rangers. But a 
greater trouble than Indian wars was approaching. The rapid 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



351 



course of political events in tlic United States, rcsultino- in the 
election of Abraham Lincoln in i860, and the sercss/o/i of South 
Carolina on December 20, i860, brought the country face to 
face with Civil War. In January, 1861, Georgia, Alabama, 
Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana followed the example of South 
Carolina, and seceded from the Union. In a message to the 
legislature, in January, 1861, Governor Houston op- 
posed Secession, and advocated seeking relief from 
threatened dangers by an appeal to the Constitution 
and fidelity to the LInion. The movement, however, 
had gone too far to be checked, and Texas had no 
choice but to go with her sister States of the South. 

On December 3, i860, a committee at Austin, 
composed of William P. Rogers, George M. Flour- 
noy, and O. M. Roberts, prepared and published an 
address to the people of Texas, calling a convention 
of delegates to meet at Austin on January 28, 1861. .,, 

Governor Houston was opposed to this method of 
procedure and to the whole movement. Accordingly, on De- 
cember 7, i860, he called a s[)ecial session of the legislature to 
convene on January 21, 1861 ; so that the legislature would 
meet several days l^efore the convention. The go\'ernor sent 
in his message, in which he expressed the 

.iiltfEHI^:^ belief that all the evils complained of by 

rthe South could be settled in the LInion 
^ and without resorting to Secession. But 

v?i v^ the legislature, by a two-thirds vote, 

fe'4^ recognized the convention that had been 

^^■|^ .-y called, and declared it had full power to 

^^HA^'^I act for the people. 

^^^K V/ The Secession Convent io)i met in Aus- 

^^^ ' tin on January 28, 1861, with one hundred 

georgk m. Fi.ot'RNOY. J^iiid eight delegates present, and others 
afterwards came in. Oran M. Roberts 
was elected president of the Con\'ention. A committee was ap- 
pointed to notify Governor Houston of the organization. He 
replied, stating that the recognition of the Conxcntion as a legal 
body by the legislature commended it to his consideration ; that 



Period V. 
FiKsi Period 
ov Statehood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 




Governor 
Houston calls 
the legislature 



The Secession 
Convention 



Dealings with 
the governor 



15: 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. 
First Prriop 

OK STA TEHDOn 

1S46 

TO 
IS6I 



Ordinance of 
Secession 
pass d, Feb- 
ruary I, 1861 



County 




W. S. Ol.DHAM 



Secession rat- 
ified by the 
people 

Confederate 
States or- 
ganized 



General 
Twiggs sur- 
renders arms 
and forts 



whenever the people should have decided the question of Seces- 
sion, he would submit to their will ; for, said he, " Their fate is 
my fate, their fortune is my fortune, their destiny is my destiny, 
be it i)rosperity or gloom ; as of old, I am with my country." 

An Ordinance of Secession from the United States of America 
was adopted by the Convention, by a vote of one hundred and 
sixty-six yra-y and seven nays, on February i, 1861. The seven 
delegates who voted against the ordinance were Thomas P. 
Hughes, of Williamson County ; A. P. Shuford, of Wood 
George W. Wright, Lemuel H. Williams, and Wil- 
liam H. Johnson, of Lamar County ; James W. 
Throckmorton, of Collin County ; and Joshua A. 
Johnson, of Titus County. The governor and lieu- 
tenant-governor and judges of the Supreme Court 
were present when the vote was taken, the presi- 
dent, of the Convention being one of the justices of 
the Supreme Court. The Convention then ap- 
pointed a Conunittce of Safety to attend to impor- 
tant matters, and elected delegates to attend the 
meeting of the delegates from the other Southern 
States then assembled at Montgomery, Alabama. 
The delegates from Texas thus elected were John H. 
Reagan, W. S. Oldham, William B. Ochiltree, John 
Hemphill, Louis T. Wigfall, and Thomas N. Waul, 
and they at once proceeded to Montgomery. 
On February 5, the Convention took a recess to March 2, 
to await the result of a vote of the people on the Ordinance 
of Secession, which was had on February 23. Secession was 
carried by a large majority, and in the meanwhile the provi- 
sional government of the Confederate States of America had 
l)een organized at Montgomery, Alabama, with Jefferson Davis 
as President, and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice-President. 
During the recess of the Conx'cntion, the Committee of Safety 
had managed to make an arrangement with General Twiggs, 
who commanded the United States troops in Texas, by which 
he surrendered all arms, forts, arsenals, and munitions of war in 
the State. General Twiggs was afterwards dismissed from the 
army for his conduct in that affair. 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



353 



Period V. 
F"iRST Period 
OF Statehood 



1S46 

to 
1 86 1 




Notwithstanding Governor Houston had declared his will- 
ingness to abide the vote of the people, his whole conduct and 
his official utterances showed clearly that, if possible, he would 
like to avoid the result and in some way overturn the action of 
the Secession Convention. The Convention adojited the ex- 
isting State Constitution, with such changes as were necessary 
to accommodate the government to its new relations 
with the Confederate States. On March 14, 186 1, 
an ordinance was passed by the Convention requiring 
all the State officers to take the oath of allegiance to 
the new government, and the governor, lieutenant- 
governor, and executive officers at Austin were noti- 
fied to appear in the convention hall, on March 16, 
at mid-day, and take the oath ; and the offices of 
such as did not appear were to be declared vacant. 
This was intended to force a direct and final settle- 
ment of Governor Houston's attitude towards the 
new order of things. It was a shrewd and sum- 
mary manner of compelling him to submit or vacate 
the governorship. The time arrived, and he did not appear, 

L. . ,— . T- J J r~'^ t deposed, and 

leutenant- Governor Edward Clark was succeeded by 

present and took the oath, and was de- Edward ciark 

clared to be the acting governor of the 

State. 

This action produced violent excite- Great 

mcnt in Austin, and was denounced by 

all the leading Union men as wholly 

re\'olutionary. The whole movement 

was indeed a 7'cvolntion, and one that 

could not be stayed by any number of 

protests. The people were fully aroused 

and committed to the step that had been 

taken, and Governor Houston simply 

mistook the situation when he sought to 

delay and debate the issue. The matter 

was brought up in the legislature on March 20, and that body 

by a vote of fifty-two to twelve sustained the action of the 

Convention. 

23 



Thomas N. VVal'i.. 



Houston 




excite- 
ment in Texas 



Edward Clark. 



154 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



First Period 
()!■ Statkhooij 

1846 

TO 




Period V. The Convention passed ordinances providing for a Ranger 

force under John S. Ford, John R. Baylor, and Edwin Waller, 
to protect the frontier ; for declaring Texas one of the Con- 
federate States of America ; for dividing the State into six Con- 
1S61 gressional districts, the members of the Confederate Congress 

to be elected in November, 1861 ; and on March 26, 1861, 
it finally adjourned. 

Go\ernor Houston was inaugurated on December 2 1 , 
1859, and he was deposed, as it was called, on March 16, 
_ / I 1861. The lieutenant-governor, Edward Clark, filled 

out the unexpired term until the election and qualifica- 
tion of Governor Lubbock, in the following winter. 
The executive officers of the State government during 
Houston's and Clark's administrations were the same as 
under that of Governor Runnels, except that E. W. Cave, 
, „,. ,, „,,., „ Hird Holland, and C. S. West were successively secretary 

John k. i>a\ h>r. ' -^ -^ 

of state ; and George W. Flournoy was attorney-general. 
Civil war The War between the States was now assured. On April 

1^1861 1--14. 1 86 1, Fort Sumter was seized by the citizens of South 

Carolina. Its fall was the signal for the call for troops, both 
North and South, and Texas, along with the other Southern 
States, was plunged into the four years' struggle that rent the 
I'nion from 1861 to 1865. 



QUESTIONS. 

Wjien did political differences on part}' lines first appear in Texas? 
To what i:)olitical party did most Texans belong at the time of annexa- 
tion and for several years afterwards, and why? How were political 
candidates brought out in those days? What events led Texans to take 
an interest in Federal politics and to divide on those questions? Describe 
the course of events among political parties in the United States from 
1.S48 to 1854. What became of the old Whig party, and what party was 
built up on its ruins? What was the k'misas- Nebraska Bill, when was it 
agitated, and explain its i)olitical significance? What was the doctrine 
( if squatter soverei,i^)ily .^ What was the situation of Kansas and Nebraska 
with reference to the Missouri Compromise Line, and the effect of the 
bill for organizing those territories in 1854? What was the attitude of 
the .Southern Democrats in Congress on that measure? What position 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. ^CC 

did Sam Houston take, and what effect did it have upon his poUtical Period V. 



First Pkriod 
OF Staikhooi 



lS6l 



standing at home ? When did the Knoiv- Nothing party appear in Texas, 
and what were its doctrines ? How did it get that name ? What was its 
position on the slavery question, and by wliom was it supported and '"^46 

composed ? W' hat figure did that party cut in the State campaign of 
1855 in Texas? W^hat prominent men in Texas were favored by the 
Kno"iv- Nothings, and what did those men claim to be ? Who were the 
candidates for governor in 1857 ? What did the Democrats decide to do, 
and why? When, why, and where was the first political State nomi- 
nating convention held in Texas? What did it do? Who were the 
opposing candidates for lieutenant-governor in that campaign? How 
did the campaign progress and result? (iive the vote. Explain the 
changes that took place in the Supreme Court and in the United States 
Senatorships from Texas in 1856 and 1857. Wlien and how did Thomas 
J. Rusk die? WHien and how were judges made elective in Texas? 
Wiiat actions on the part of the Northern people and Abolitionists alarmed 
tile Southern States? What did the Texas legislature do on the subject 
in 1858? What occurred among the Indians in 1857-59, and what became 
necessary in consequence ? When were the Indians removed from Texas 
by the United States government, and to what place ? Did that end the 
Indian troubles in Texas? When did General Houston's term in the 
United States Senate expire ? Who succeeded him, and what soon hap- 
jiened to his successor ? Who then filled the place ? Who were the 
United States Senators from Texas until the War broke out in 1861 ? 
Who were the Texas Congressmen from 1857 to 1861 ? What notorious 
Mexican bandit made raids on the Rio Grande during those years ? 
What United States officer drove him out of Texas ? Who commanded 
the Texan Rangers in those troubles on the border ? When was the first 
act passed providing for the establishment of the University, and what 
endowment was granted it at the same time ? What was done under that 
act ? Who were the candidates for governor in 1859 ? What change 
had occurred in public sentiment since 1857, and what caused it? What 
rash and dangerous schemes were set on foot at that time ? What can 
you say of the proposition made by some persons to reopen the African 
slave-trade ? What effect did all these things ha\'e on the Democratic 
party in Texas ? W^hat was the result of the campaign and election of 
1859? Who were candidates for lieutenant-governor, and who was 
elected ? What serious troubles on the border and frontier did Governor 
Houston have to deal with? What greater trouble was approaching? 
Explain what events happened in the United States in i860 to hasten a 
civil war. When did South Carolina secede from the Union? What 
other States followed her example, and when ? What message did Gov- 
ernor Houston send to the legislature in January, 1861 ? What can you 
say of the situation at that time, and of the course Texas was compelled 
to pursue ? When and by whom was the first movement made in Texas 



356 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V. towards Secession ? What was the nature of the movement ? What was 
First Period Houston's position on the subject, and what did he do in regard to it? 

What views did he express in his message to the special session of the 

1846 legislature? What action did the legislature take in regard to the Con- 

^° vention that had been called ? When and where did the Secession Con- 

vention meet ? How many delegates were present, and who was elected 
President ? What committee was appointed, and what did Governor 
Houston reply to them ? When was the Ordinance of Secession adopted, 
and by what vote? Give the names and residences of those who voted 
against it. What State officers were present when the ordinance was 
adopted ? What important committee was then appointed ? W' hat dele- 
gates were elected by the Convention ? Give the names of the delegates 
thus chosen. When and for what purpose did the Convention take a 
recess? When was the Ordinance of Secession voted on by the people 
of Texas, and with what result ? Meanwhile, what had happened at 
Montgomery, Alabama ? What arrangement did the Committee of Safety 
make during the recess in regard to United States arms, munitions, and 
forts in Texas? Who was the United States officer who made this ar- 
rangement, and what happened to him in consequence of it? What were 
Governor Houston's attitude and disposition towards the Convention and 
its action ? What did the Convention do in regard to the State Constitu- 
tion? When did the Convention pass the ordinance requiring State offi- 
cers to take the oath of allegiance to the new government ? What notice 
was served on the governor and other officers at Austin, and what was 
to be the result of not complying with the notice ? What were the pur- 
pose and effect of this action as affecting Governor Houston ? What 
did he do in response to the notice, and what followed ? What effect did 
this produce at Austin ? What can you say of the whole movement of 
Secession, and the futility of attempting to prevent or defeat it? When 
was the matter brought up in the legislature, and what action did that 
body take ? What ()ther important ordinances did the Convention adopt ? 
When did it finally adjourn ? What was now assured ? What event was 
the signal for the War to begin, and when and where did it occur ? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. Political events in the United States, tending to sectional feeling 
and disruption of the Union on the slavery question : 

{a) Defeat of the Wilmot Proviso m 1846, the adoption of the Coin- 
promise Measures \\\ 1850, and the Kansas- Nebraska Bill in 1.S54, all 
serving to intensify the slavery agitation and to widen the breach between 
the North and South. 

{b) The death of the Whig party in 184S-52, succeeded by the Knoiv- 
Nothinfr or American jiarty, composed of discredited Democrats, old 
Whigs, and other disaffected elements, many of whom gradually com- 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



157 



First Period 
OF Statehood 



TO 

1861 



l)ined with the Frce-Soilers, the Black Republican party, Abolitionists, ^Period V. 

and other factions opposed to slavery, to form the National Republican 

party. 

\c) The organization of societies in the North to set at defiance the ^^4^ 

Constitution and laws of the Union, in the liberation and protection of 
fugitive slaves ; the passage of personal liberty laws in many Northern 
States, by which the Fugitive Slave laws of the United States were 
t>penly nullified ; the Di'ed Scott decision by the United States Supreme 
Court, which was purposely misquoted and misconstrued to serve the 
jiurpose of lawless Abolitionists ; and the final nomination and election 
of Abraham Lincoln by the Republicans, upon a platform that avowedly 
threatened the constitutional rights and integrity of the slaveholding 
States. 

((/) The secession of Southern States in December, i860, and Jan- 
uary, 1 86 1. 

2. Political events in Texas preceding and leading to the war : 
((?) The introduction of Federal issues into State politics in 1853-54. 
Trior to that time nearly all Texans were Democrats simply because the 
Democratic party had brought Texas into the Union. Candidates were 
selected and elected on purely personal grounds. 

{b) General Houston's opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 
1854 practically drove him out of the Democratic party in Texas, and his 
great personal popularity carried with him a great many others, thus 
threatening the integrity and strength of the party. 

(c) The advent of the Know-Nothing party in 1855, which gathered 
to it all the elements dissatisfied with the policy and principles of the 
Democracy, including many leading men. 

[d] The campaign of 1857, between Runnels and Houston, for gov- 
ernor, resulting in the election of Runnels by nearly ten thousand ma- 
jority. In that year the first State political nominating convention was 
held by the Democrats, at Waco, and nominated Runnels for governor 
and Lubbock for lieutenant-governor. Houston was defeated on account 
of his disaffection to what was considered the faith of loyal Southern 
Democrats. 

{e) The increasing violence of the extreme States' -rights and slavery 
advocates, together with such wild and reckless schemes as the Lopez 
expedition to Cuba, the Walker expedition to Nicaragua, and the pro- 
posed revival of the African slave-trade, — for all of which the Democrats 
were held responsible, — produced a great reaction in public sentiment 
l:)etvveen 1857 and 1859. 

(/) The second exciting campaign between Runnels and Houston, 
in 1859, resulting in the election of Houston by nearly ten thousand ma- 
jority, completely reversing the vote of two years before. 

{g) Calling of a State Convention to consider what action Texas 
should take in regard to Secession, December 3, i860. Special session 



;58 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



F'ERIOD V. 
FlKSI I'HRIOl) 
Ul StA lEHOOD 

1846 
TO 

1 86 1 




M'lNi;.Ml-.M 10 I IIOMAS 

J. Rusk. 



of legislature, January 21, 1861, recognizes the validity of the call and the 
authority of the Convention to be assembled. 

(//) Secession Convention meets, January 28, 1861, adopts Ordinance 
of Secession, February i, 1861, seven votes in the negative. Governor 
Houston declares that he will abide the decision of the people, but avoids 
recognizing the authority of the Convention. The Convention requires 
all State officers to take the oath of allegiance to the new government ; 
Houston refuses, and his office is declared vacant, the lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, Edward Clark, succeeding him as governor, March 16, 1861. 

(z) Te.xas Convention sends delegates to Montgomery, Alabama, 
where the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America 
was organized, February 9, 1861. 

(y) The "Committee of Safety" of the Convention secure from Gen- 
eral Twiggs the delivery of all United States property in Texas. 

(X') Ordinance of Secession ratified by the people, February 23, 1861 ; 
the Convention organizes Ranger service to protect the frontier, declares 
Te.xas one of the Confederate States, provides for electing Senators and 
Representatives in the Confederate Congress, and finally adjourns, March 
26, 1 86 1. 

3. Other important events : 

((/) Suicide of Thomas J. Rusk, July 30, 1857 ; succeeded in United 
States Senate by John Hemphill. 

{b) Final removal of Indian tribes from Texas to Indian Territory, 
August, 1859. 

{c) (jeneral Houston retires from the Senate, March 14, 1859 ; suc- 
ceeded by J. Pinckney Henderson, who died in a few months, and was 
succeeded by appointment of Matthew Ward until the regular election 
of Louis T. Wigfall. 

{d) The raids of Juan Cortina on the Rio Grande, beginning in 
1.S58. 

(r) I'^irst art to establish University of Texas, and donating to it 
one hundred tliousand dollars of United States bonds, with every tenth 
.section of lands surveyed by railroads, November, 1857. No action 
was had under this law towards inaugurating the institution. 



Parallel Readings. 

.Srarff's "Comprehensive nist^)ry of Texas," \'ol. II., Part III., 
"Political History of Texas," by O. M. Roberts; Draper's "Civil 
War in America;' Stephens's "War Between the States ;" Davis's 
" Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ;" Greeley's 
" American Conflict ;" Blaine's " Twenty "\'ears in Congress;" 
\'on Hoist's " Conslilutional and Political History;" May's 
"Life of L. Q. C. Lamar;" Andrews's "History of United 
States; Johnston's "American Politics." 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 359 

CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1846-1861. 

Parallel to Period V. 

AMERICA. 

1846. — Congress of United States declares war with Mexico, May 13. 
General Taylor crosses the Rio Grande, May 18. "Bear Flag" 
insurrection in California. Iowa admitted to the Union. The "Wil- 
mot Proviso" proposed, to exclude slavery from newly acquired terri- 
tory. Increase of agitation on slavery and sectional issues. Tariff 
law passed by Democrats, for revenue only. River and harbor bill 
vetoed as unconstitutional. Treaty with Great Britain, establishing 
the Oregon boundary. Smithsonian Institution founded. Several 
revolutions in Mexico, during which six men held the presidency, 
resulting in Santa Anna becoming President, December 6. 

1847 — Battle of Buena Vista, February 22-23.. General Scott captures 
Vera Cruz, March 29. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April iS. Battles of 
Contreras, Churubusco, and San Antonio, August 19-21. Capture 
of Chapultepec, September 13, and entry into the City of Mexico, 
September 16. Salt Lake City founded by the Mormons. Reformed 
Constitution adopted in Mexico, restoring the Federal Republic ; 
Santa Anna is deposed, leaves the country, and Pena-y-Pena becomes 
President. 

1848. — Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, signed February 2, completed I\Iay 
20, by which peace, boundaries, and price of ceded territory were 
settled between Mexico and United States. Wisconsin admitted to 
the Union. "Free-Soil" party formed. " Barn-burners" and Aboli- 
tionists in New York State. Gold discovered in California. Zachary 
Taylor elected President. The annexation of Texas and the accjuisi- 
tion of new territory by the Mexican War revived and intensified 
slavery and sectional agitation. 

1849. — President Taylor inaugurated, March 4. Great rush of gold 
hunters to California, where a State government is organized. Death 
of Edgar A. Poe. Cliff dwellings discovered in Colorado. 

1850 — Democratic policy of " scjuatter sovereignty" and "non-interfer- 
ence" proclaimed. "Boundary bill" passed by Congress, estaljlish- 
ing upper bounds of Texas, Sejitember 9 ; accepted by Texas, De- 
cember 13. Discovery of Grinnell's Land and the Northwest passage. 
Death of President Taylor, succeeded by Vice-President I'illmore, 
July 9. Clay's "Compromise Measures" adopted. California ad- 
mitted to the Union. Wm. H. Seward proclaims the "higlier law" 
doctrine. Fugitive Slave Law passed. Death of John C. Calhoun. 
Seventh census of United States shows pt)pulation of 23,191,876, 



First Pkkiod 
oi- Statkhood 

1846 

TO 
I86I 



-<()Q A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

PiiRiooV. 1851. — Continued agitation of slavery and sectional issues in United 

FIRST P.iR.OD g^^^^g 

()!•- bTATEHOOD 

-;— 1852. — Franklin Pierce elected President. Death of Henry Clay and 

■^ Daniel Webster. Dissolution of the Whig party, and rise of the 

Qg " Know-Nothing" or American party. Publication of " Uncle Tom's 

— Cabin" adds to the slavery discussions. 

1853. — President Pierce inaugurated, March 4. Gadsdoi PiDx/iase by 
United States from Me.\ico, December 30. Revolution in Mexico ; 
Santa Anna returns and is made dictator ; Flan of Ayulta ; Santa 
Anna flees the country ; universal chaos. 

1854. — Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed by Congress in May. New Repub- 
lican party formed. Reciprocity treaty between United States and 
Canada. Commodore Perry makes treaty with Japan. Troubles 
begin in Kansas. Internal improvement bill vetoed as unconstitu- 
tional. 

1855. — Activity of "Free-Soil" party. Long contest for election of 
Speaker of lower house of Congress, lasting three months. Grow- 
ing violence in Kansas. Suspension bridge at Niagara completed. 
" Bessemer process" for making steel patented. Provisional govern- 
ment in Mexico ; Comonfort as President. 

1856.— James Buchanan elected President. P'ree-State convention in 
Kansas ; the State is refused admission to the Union. The Brooks- 
Sunnier incident in VV^ashington. A constitutional convention in 
Mexico ; radical reforms proposed ; rupture with Spain. 

1857. — President Buchanan inaugurated, March 4. The Died Scott deci- 
sion by United States Supreme Court. Civil war in Kansas. Low 
tariff law jiassed. LTnsuccessful attempt to lay the Atlantic cable. 
Liberal Constitution adopted in Mexico, March 11 ; suspended 
December i, and Comonfort declared dictator ; Benito Juarez begins 
the "War for Reform," which lasted until i860. 

1858. — Minnesota admitted to the Union. Atlantic cable completed. 
Continuation of the war and revolution under Juarez, in Mexico ; 
Comonfort deposed by Zuloaga, and the Constitution suspended until 
i86u. 

1859.— John Brown's raid in Virginia ; he is captured, tried, and hanged 
at 1 larper's Ferry, December 2. Oregon admitted to the Union. 
Death of Washington Irving. Miramon, President of Mexico ; is 
succeeded by Zuloaga ; Juarez continues the war for liberty and 
reform. 

i860.— Abraliam Lincoln elected l'resi(k'nt. .South Carolina secedes, 
December 20. Japan sends ambassador to United States. Oil wells 
discovered in Pennsylvania. Prince of Wales visits United States. 
Great Eastern crosses the Atlantic. Lighth census of United States 



FIRST PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



361 



shows population of 31,443,322. The Liberals under Juarez triumph 
in Mexico ; Miramon flees the country. 
1861. — President Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. Jefferson Davis elected 
Provisional President of Confederate States, February 9. Fort 
Sumter fired on and captured, April 12-14. Kansas admitted to the 
Union. Territory of Dakota organized. Alabama, Arkansas, 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, and Virginia secede and join the Southern Confederacy. Juarez 
elected President of Mexico ; great reforms instituted ; clergy sup- 
pressed ; church and .State separated ; church property (1375,000,000) 
confiscated. Spain, France, and Great Britain claim large indemnities 
from Mexico,, and occupy Vera Cruz to enforce their demands. 



Period V. 
"iRST Period 
F Statehood 

1846 

to 

1861 



GREAT BRITAIN. 

1846. — Repeal of the Corn laws and reduction ot tariff. Famine in 

Ireland. 
1847. — Death of Daniel O'Connell. Roman Catholic hierarchy estab- 
lished in Fngland. 
1848. — Renewal of the (rZ/rtr/MV agitation. Income-tax riots in London. 
1849. — Cholera in London. Livingstone in Africa. Conijuest of the 

Punjab by the English. 
1850. — Death of Wordsworth and Sir Robert Peel. Submarine telegraph 

between France and England. 
1 85 1. — Gold digging begins in Australia. London Great Exhibition 

opened. 
1852. — Death of Duke of Wellington and Thomas Moore. 
1853. — English fleet enters the Dardanelles. 
1854. — The Criiiieaii 11 ar, between Great P.ritain, I'rance, Turkey, and 

Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the other. l.atties of Alma, 

Balaklava, and Inkerman. Siege of Sebastopol begun. Crystal 

Palace, at Sydenham, opened. 
1 855. ^Battles of Redan and the Malakoff. Fall of Sebastopol, .September. 
1856. — End of Criiiira/i II a/; Treaty of Paris. Death of Sir Wm. 

Hamilton. 
1857. — The Sepoy J///////!' in India. Relief of Lucknow. 
1858.— Government of India transferred to the Briti.sh crown. T'irst 

Atlantic cal)le. Jews' Relief Act passed. Right of .search at .sea 

abandoned by l-".ngland. 
1859. — Death of Lord Macaulay, DeQuincey, and Leigh Hunt. 
i860. — Prince of Wales visits America. 
i85i — Famine in India. Great Britain recognizes the Confetlerale .States 

as a belligerent power, June 15. 



'•52 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

mrstTek.od other countries. 

()!• StA TliHOOD 

-~, 1846.— Polish Republic crushed by Russia and Austria. Pope Gregory 

'^ XVI. dies, and is succeeded by Pius IX., who favors liberty in the 

ij<gj Papal States, which is resisted by Austria. 

— 1847.— Uprising in Italy against Austrian despotism. 

1848. — Revolutions in France, Germany, Hungary, and Sardinia. In 
France, King Louis Philippe flees the country, the French Republic 
is founded, and Louis Napoleon is made President. German National 
Assembly meets. War in Lombardy and Sardinia against Austria. 
Spanish Cortes dissolved. 

1849. — A republic proclaimed at Rome. Kossuth, governor of Hungary. 
The I->ench occupy Rome. Russia invades Hungary. 

1850.— North German parliament at Erfurt. 

1851. — Coiip-iV Hat in France, December 2. Louis Napoleon seizes the 
government, and is elected President for ten years. 

1852. — X'ictor Hugo banished from France ; Louis Napoleon elected 
emperor, as Napoleon III. 

1853. — Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, principalities of Turkey, 
and thus leads to the Crimean War. Napoleon III. marries Eugenie 
de Montijo. Count Cavour, as Prime Minister, accomplishes great 
reforms in Italy. French fleet enters the Dardanelles. 

1854. — Crimean War begun. Dogma of the Immaculate Conception 
promulgated at Rome, hnke dwellings discovered in Switzerland. 

1855. — The fall of Sebastopol. Death of Emperor Nicholas of Russia. 
Universal Mxposition at Paris. 

1856. — End of the Crhnean Jl'ar, Treaty of Paris. Ale.xander II. crowned 
Emperor of Russia. 

1857. — Mount Cenis tunnel begun. Canton, China, taken by French 
and English. 

1858. — Great eru|)tion of Vesuvius. 

1859.— War between France and Austria. P>attles of Montebello, 
Magenta, and Solferino. Lombardy surrendered by Austria. Death 
of Alexander von Humboldt and Prince Metternich. 

i860. — Garibaldi begins his campaign for the liberation of Italy. Prattles 
of Palermo and Melazzo. 

i86i. — William !., King of Prussia. Rise of niliilism and emancipatitm 
of the serfs in Russia. Garil)aldi succeeds in freeing Naples, Italy, 
and Sicily, and founds the new kingdom of Italy, with Victor Em- 
manuel as king. Death of Cavour. 




ll^crio^ m. 



THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY.-1861-1865. 



¥¥ 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



Civil Government in Texas during the War; Military 

Operations on the Coast and Frontiers ; 

Texans in the Confederate Armies. 



URING the period of the war between the United and civil govern- 



I I the Confederate States, the civil government of Texas 
3^^ was necessarily feeble and its important acts were few. 
Nearly every able-bodied man in the State was in the 
army for the greater part of the time, and the few old men and 
boys who were exempt from service busied themselves in taking- 
care of the homes and cultivating the fields of the absent soldiers. 
The necessaries of life became scarce, the anxiety of the times 
was intense, and the waiting families at home listened 
daily for the news of the deadly conflict, in which 
many a brave Texan fell fighting for the Stars and 
Bars. 

The usual State elections were held in Noveml)er, 
1 86 1, and November, 1863. At the former election 
F"rank R. Lul:)bock was elected governor, defeating 
Edward Clark by a vote of 21,854 ^^ 21,730, while 
T. J. Chambers received 13,759 votes. John M. 
Crockett was elected lieutenant-governor. In 1863, 
Pendleton Murrahwas elected governor and Fletcher 
S. Stockdale lieutenant-governor. These two ad- 



ment in Texas 
during the war 




j64 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VI. iiiiiiisliatiuns were chiefly concerned in raising, organizing, and 

Civi'l"war providing for troops to serve in the armies of the Southern Con- 

■~7 federacy. Various conscript acts were passed, requiring men to 

TO 
IS65 




Map showing the Seceding States that formed the Southern Confederacy 
(Darker shade shows original secession ; lighter shade shows subsequent secession.) 



Conscript acts cnlist as soldicrs, and martial law was declared and attempted to 
he enforced at different times. These things produced consid- 
erable dissatisfaction, and the history of those times in Texas 
discloses a good many arbitrary acts on the part of 
the State government, which, however, were perhaps 
unavoidable in the general state of war then prevailing 
throughout the country. 

At the close of his term of office. Governor Lub- 
bock went to Richmond, Virginia, where he was ap- 
pointed an aide on President Davis's staff, in which 
position he served to the end of the war, being with 
Mr. Davis when the latter was captured. Upon the 
organization of tiie go\ernment of the Confederate 
States, in i86i, Judge John H. Reagan was ap[)ointed 
postmaster-general in the President's Cabinet, which 

John H. Rea- phicc he Continued to occupv until the fall of the government, 

(ian in the . , ' ■ & ' 

acting also as secretary of the treasury towards the close of the 
war. He, too, was willi the President when ca])tured. 




I'l-.NDI.KTON Ml 



Confederate 
Cabinet 



THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY. 



;65 



phriod vi. 

The 
Civil War 

1861 

TO 
1865 




John H. RiiAtiAN. 



At the election for Confederate congressmen from Texas, in 

November, 1861, John *A. Wilcox, C. C. Herbert, Peter W. 

Gray, Frank B. Sexton, Malcolm D. Graham, and W. B. 

Wright were elected. In 1863, Wilcox, Sexton, and Herbert 

were re-elected, and A. M. Branch, John R. Baylor, and S. H. 

Morgan were the others selected. Wilcox having died during 

his second term, Stephen H. Darden was elected to 

the vacancy. The legislature, in the fall of 1861, 

elected Louis T. Wigfall and Williamson S. Oldham 

Confederate States Senators from Texas. O. M. 

Roberts having resigned from the Supreme Court, 

early in 1862, to go in the army, George F. Moore 

was elected to the xacancy. Chief Justice R. T. 

Wheeler having died in 1864, O. M. Roberts was 

elected chief justice, and at the same. time Reuben 

A. Reeves was elected associate justice, to succeed 

James H. Bell. The Confederate government es- 
tablished two Federal judicial districts in Texas, of 

which Thomas J. Devine and William Pinckney Hill 

were the judges. 

On July 26, 1863, at his home in Huntsville, at the age of Death of Sam 

seventy years, died General Sam Houston. His advent to 
Texas in 1832 had been followed by 
thirty years of active, earnest, and patri- 
^g^ otic service to his adopted country, — as 

J^^f a feeble province struggling for liberty 

f -*» »r -" and independence ; as a free Republic, 

l)eset with difificulties and threatened with 
dissolution ; as an American common- 
wealth among her sox'ereign sisters in the 
Union. His declinino- years were sad- 
dened by the loss of confidence of his 
fellow-citizens, and his life went out amid 
the roar of ci\il strife and the doubtful 
struggle of discordant States. 
It would require \olumes to relate the services of the Texan Texas troops 

troops in the ffreat Civil War. That belontrs to the wider field '" \ ^ on e - 

r " '^ erate armies 

of American history. In proportion to population, Texas fur- 




Gh.NKKAL John B. Hood. 



366 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VI. 

The 
Civil War 

1861 

TO 
IS65 




<il;AVH Ol' (".liNERAL SaM 11' 



Operations on 
the coast and 
frontier 




<.i;ni;rai. A. S. Jon 

S10N. 



Capture of 
Galveston and 
liie Harriet 
Lane 



nished more soldiers in that war than any State in the Union. 
Tlie census of i860 showed the total population of the State to 
be 604,215. Out of this, Texas sent eighty-eight regiments and 
nineteen battalions of infantry and cavalry, and thirty-one batter- 
ies of artillery to the Confederate armies, besides two regiments 
and several companies to the Union army, and a considerable 

force kept at home for frontier pro- 
tection. Allowing the usual num- 
ber of men to these military organ- 
izations that would make up a total 
of nearly one hundred thousand 
men from Texas who served in the 
Civil War. Perhaps that number 
was actually enlisted during the 
whole four years of the conflict, and 
certainly at any given time after 
the struggle fairly begun there were 
seventy-five thousand Texans engaged in marching, camping, 
and fighting for the Southern cause. 

The first attention of the State troops was directed to seizing- 
all tlie posts and forts along the borders, even to New Mexico 
and the Indian Territory, and to securing the coasts and harbors 
along the Gulf. Many daring and skilful 
feats were performed in that service, under 
such men as Henry E. McCulloch, 
John S. Ford, B. F. Terry, and W. 
C. Young, acting under the direc- 
tions of Colonel Earl Van Dorn and 

General P. O. Hebert. There were ^^ 

various stirring conflicts along the .^i^Si^^S^^"-'^'^^ 
coast, from Sabine Pass to the 
mouth of the Rio Grande, tlie most 
notable of which were the capture 
of Galveston in October, 1862, in- 
cluding the taking of the Harriet Lane, a United States vessel of 
war ; the bombardment of Port Lavaca ; several engagements at 
the mouth of the Sabine, and the capture of Brownsville by Gen- 
eral Banks's expedition. There were also military operations 




General Tom Green. 



THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDKRACY. 



367 



Period VI. 

The 
Civil War 

1S61 

TO 
1865 




Confederate Battle Flag. 



along the Rio Grande, E. J. Davis being at the head of a force 
of Americans and Mexicans on that border, as a Union command, 
which committed various depredations up and down the river. 

In the summer and fall of 1862 there began to go out from 
Texas to the battle-fields of Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, 
Mississippi, and Alabama, a vast host of armed men, whose 
deeds immortalized the name of the Confederacy, 
from Mansfield, Corinth, Shiloh, and Chickamauga 
to Antietam, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, the Wil- 
derness, and Gettysburg, in whose fiery charges so 
many of them perished with heroic valor. Texas 
gave to the Southern arms her adopted son, Albert 
Sidney Johnston, by many considered the ablest com- 
mander on either side ; and among the leading ofificers 
were John B. Hood and Tom Green, Wharton and 
Sam Bell Maxcy, Ross and the two Robertsons, 
Waul and Walter P. Lane, Whitfield and Harrison, 
King and De Bray, Gregg and Hardeman, Granbury 
and Ben McCulloch, Hogg and Wigfall, Steele and the two 
Scurrys, Bee and Gano, Ector and Winkler, and many more 
who won their stars as generals before the ordeal was over. 
Among the officers below the rank of 
general, the roll of bravery is almost in- 
terminable, and to mention one without 
all would wrong the equality of their 
chivalric devotion to the cause 
they fought for. The most fa- 
mous single commands of Texas 
troops were Hood's Ikigade, 
Terry's Rangers, Waul's Le- 
gion, Whitfield's Legion, and 
Ross's, Green's, Ector's, and 
Granbury' s Brigades. 

The fall of Richmond, the 
surrender at Appomattox, the 
submission of General Joe John- 
ston, and the final dissolution of the Trans-Mississippi Depart- Fail of the 
ment under General E. Kirby Smith, followed each other in "^°n^^'^^''^«=y 





Gknkkal H. B. Granbury. 



Mat 1). Ector. 



368 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1861 

Tf) 



Pkriod VI. rapid succession in the sprino- of 1865, and the struggle had 
' '"'• ended before tine summer of that year began. 

Civil. War r i i i i r -i 

The last batde of the war was fought, and the iast gun hred, 

on Texas soil, in an engagement between Texan troops under 

i'S65 Colonel John S. Ford and a large Federal force under General 

Barrett. This occurred on May 13, 1865, at the Palmito Ranch, 

near Brownsville, and the Texans won the day. 



QUESTIONS. 

What was the condition of civil government in Texas durino; the 
Civil War? Where were most of the men, and what was the occupation 
of those u ho remained at home ? Describe the state of affairs among the 
people at home. What about the usual State elections? Give the names 
of the candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor, and the results 
of tlu' vote at the elections in 1S61 and 1863. In what were those two 
administrations chiefly engaged ? What laws were passed for raising 
trocijis, and what was the result of their operation in Texas ? What did 
General Lubbock do at the close of his term of office? What distin- 
guished Texan held positions in the Confederate cabinet, and what jiosi- 
tions did he hold ? What happened to him and Governor Lubbock at 
the clo.se of the war? Who were the Confederate Congressmen and 
Senators while the government lasted ? What changes took place in the 
Supreme Court during the war? How many Confederate judges were 
there in Texas, and who were they ? When and where did Sam Houston 
die? What can you say of his career and services in Texas? What of 
his last years and death ? What proportion of soldiers did Texas furnish 
to the Confederate States' armies? Give the estimated number of Texas 
troops, and the figures on which the estimate is based. How many 
Texans were in the Union army? To what were the efforts of Texas at 
first directed on the breaking out of the war? What men were engaged 
conspicuously in that service, and under whose chief command? What 
inijiortant engagements occurred on the coast, at Sabine Pass, Galveston, 
and Brownsville? What military operations were conducted on the Rio 
Grande? What can you say of the services of Texas troojjs abroad and 
in the campaigns and battles of the Civil War? Give the names of the 
most distinguished general officers furnished by Texas to the Confederate 
arms. Give the names of the most noted single conmiands of Texas 
troops. What imjiortant events in 1S65 brought the war to a close? 
When, where, by whom, and with what result was the last battle of the 
war for Secession fought ? 



THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY. 



369 



Topical Analysis. 

1. Civil government and social conditions in Texas during the war. 

2. Operations of State troops on the frontiers, coasts, and interior 
during the same period. 

3. The number, efficiency, and distinguished .services of Texas offi- 
cers and troops in the armies of the Confederacy in the campaigns and 
battles from 1861 to 1865. 

Geography. 

Locate the scenes of the most important military operations and 
engagements in which Texans participated during the Civil War. 

Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. II., Part 
v., "Texas and Texans in the Civil War;" Hood's "Advance and 
Retreat ;" Winkler's " Life of John B. Hood," " History of Hood's Bri- 
gade ;" " Campaigns of Walker's Texas Division ;" Johnston's " Life of 
Albert Sidney Johnston;" Rose's "History of Ross's Brigade," "Life 
and Services of Ben McCulloch ;" " Lives of Lee and Jackson ;" Davis's 
" Rise and Fall of the Confederacy ;" Taylor's " Destruction and Recon- 
struction ;" Draper's "Civil War in America ;" Stephens's " History of 
tile War between the States ;" " Records of the War of the Rebellion," 
Vols. I., in., IV., VIII., IX., XV., XXVI. (Parts I. and II.), XXXIV., 
XLI. ; Brown's " History of Texas," Vol. II. 



Period VI. 

The 
Civil War 

1861 

TO 
1865 



&^'^-. 









24 



170 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



'"the^' contemporaneous events.— 1861-1865. 

Civil. War 

1S61 Parallel to Period VI. 



TO 
1865 



AMERICA. 

1861. — President Lincoln calls for seventy-five thousand troops to make 
war on the South, and convenes Congress, April 15. United States 
troops invade Maryland and West Virginia, May. Confederate Con- 
gress meets at Richmond, July 20. First battle of Manassas or Bull 
Run, July 21. Jefferson Davis elected permanent President of the 
Confederacy, November 20. Suspension of specie payments in United 
States. Juarez, President of Me.xico, and war threatened with Eng- 
land, Spain, and France. 

1862.— Fall of Forts Henry and Donelson, February. Naval fight of 
Mcrrimac and Monitor, March 8. Battle of Shiloh, April 6, 7. Cap- 
ture of New Orleans, April 24. "Seven Days' Fight" on the Chicka- 
hominy, June 25 to July i. McClellan's peninsular campaign defeated, 
April to July. "Stonewall" Jackson's victorious campaign in tlie 
Shenandoah Valley. Second battle of Manassas, August 29. Antie- 
tam or Sharpsburg, September 17. Fredericksburg, December 13. 
England and Spain adjust their claims with Mexico, but France 
declares war. 

1863. — Lincoln's emancipation proclamation, January i. West Virginia 
made a State. Victory of Chancellorsville, but " Stonewall" Jackson 
is accidentally killed. May 2. Fall of Vicksburg, July 4. Battle of 
Gettysburg, July 1-3. Chickamauga, September 19, 20. Fenian 
Convention in Chicago. French occupy City of Mexico ; Napoleon 
in. offers empire of Mexico to Archduke Maximilian, of Austria, 
who accepts. 

1864.— Sheridan's raid into Virginia. Battle of Wilderness, May 5, 6. 
Cold Harbor, June 3. Atlanta, July 20-28. Mobile Bay, August 5. 
Petersburg, July 30. Atlanta captured, September 2. Sherman's 
march through Georgia, November 16 to December 22. Lincoln 
re-elected. Nevada admitted to the Union, October 31. Fugitive 
slave laws repealed, June 23. Alabama sunk by Kearsarge, June 19. 
Emperor Maximilian arrives in Mexico ; war ensues, the Mexicans 
resisting a foreign tyranny. 

1865. — Hamilton Roads conference, February 3. Lincoln inaugurated 
(second term) March 4; assassinated, April 14. Andrew John.son 
becomes President. Fall of Richmond, April 3. Surrender of Gen- 
eral Lee at Appomattox, April 9. President Davis captured. May 
10 ; end of the war. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments passed 
by Congress, l<ebruary and June. War in Mexico against Maximilian 
continued. 



THE CIVIL WAR, OR CONFEDERACY. 37 1 

GREAT BRITAIN. Period VI. 

The 

1862. — The Y^/rti^rtWrt sails from Liverpool. Cotton famine in Lancashire. 'vn^ ar 

1863. — Marriage of Prince of Wales with Princess Alexandra of Denmark. ^°^^ 

TO 

1864. — Orange riots in Belfast. jg^. 

1865. — Death of Lord Palmerston and Richard Cobden. Fenian leaders 

arrested in Ireland. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

1862. — France declares war against INlexico. Bismarck, chief minister of 

Prussia. Ionian Isles ceded to Greece by England. 
1863. — Insurrection in Poland. Prince George of Denmark elected king 

of Greece. Christian IX., king of Denmark. 

1864. — War in Denmark. Austro-Prussian army occupies Schleswig- 

Holstein. 
1865. — Leopold II., king of Belgium. 




' The warrior's banner takes its flight 
to greet the warrior's soul." 




ll^clio^ iDfl-fl, 



Assassination 
of Lincoln, 
April 14, 1865 



Andrew John- 
son, President 



Theoriesofthe 
Republican 
party in 1865 



Thirteenth 
and Four- 
teenth 
Amendments 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD.— 1865-1874. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction ; 

Throckmorton's Administration ; Pease's 

Administration ; Texas under E. 

J. Davis's Administration. 

THE fall of the Confederate States was hardly assured, 
when the President of the United States, Abraham 
Lincoln, was assassinated, April 14, 1865. The Vice- 
President, Andrew Johnson, succeeded him, and a 
serious struggle at once began in regard to the course to be 
j)ursvied towards the States lately belonging to the Southern 
Confederacy. 

According to the political theories of the Republican party 
of the North, a State could not successfully secede, the Federal 
government being "an indestructible Union of indestructible 
States." Upon this theory the Southern States were still in the 
Union, and only required to be reconstructed, so as to bring 
their governments and people into harmony with the changes 
brought about by the war. Just as the war was closing. Con- 
gress adoi)t(;d two amendments to the Constitution, one of 
which abolished and prohibited slavery in the United States, and 
the other practically destroyed the control of the States over 
372 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 



?>7Z 



their own citizens and affairs by creating a United States citizen- 
ship superior in its rights of person and property to citizenship 
in the several States. These were the Thirteenth and Fourticnth 
Amcnduioits, passed respectively in F^ebruary and June, 1865, 
and were supposed to contain the practical results of the Civil 
War. In order for the amendments to become a part of the 
Constitution, they would have to be adopted or consented to by 
three-fourths of the States, and it required the votes of some of 
the Southern States to make up the necessary three-fourths. 
Here was a dilemma. The lately seceding States were still in 
the Union, and hence had the right to vote on the adoption of 
the amendments ; it was absolutely certain that, if those States 
were allowed to express their true and intelligent choice, they 
would never assent to the proposed changes, and yet it was 
necessary to secure enough of the Southern States to carry the 
amendments. What was to be clone ? RccoJistruction was the 
method proposed, but there was great difference of opinion as to 
the course to be pursued in reconstructing the State govern- 
ments of the South. ' 

President Johnson determined to adopt the plan of simply 
punishing the most prominent leaders in the late war by de- 
priving them of all civil rights, and then he would appoint pro- 
visional governors in the Southern States and invite the people 
of those States to call conventions, reorganize their governments, 
and resume their former places in the Union. This was called 
Presidential Reconstruction, and it proved a failure so far as 
accomplishing the purposes of the North was concerned. The 
Southern States had never been without their regular constitu- 
tional go\ermuents ; there had been no destruction of their usual 
republican forms of government requiring to be reconstructed, 
and hence, when they were forced by military j)ower to carry 
out the President's plan of reorganization, they simply re-enacted 
their former laws and constitutions and remained the same 
States they had always been, and unanimously opposed to the 
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. This was inevitable, 
and it was right and proper, if the theory of the Northern states- 
men was correct, that the seceding States had never left the 
Union. But it did not serve the end the North had in view in 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 

1865 

TO 
1874 



A serious 
dilemma 



Reconstruc- 
tion proposed 



Plan of Presi- 
dential RecoHr 
struction 



A failure in its 
operation 



Why it was 
a failure 



;74 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V'll. 

Recon- 
struction 

i'865 

TO 
1874 



Plan of Con- 
gressional Re- 
construction 



Inconsistency 
of the method 




A. J. IIAMII.T 



A.J. Hamilton, 

provisional 

governor 



waging the war. To carry out the Republican ideas of go\'ern- 
ment, the negro must be freed and clothed with all civil and 
political rights as a citizen of the United States, and a new defi- 
nition of citizenship must be made, so as to give the Federal 
government power to override the States in enforcing the newly 
created rights of the recent slaves. Presidential Reconstruction 
evidently would not accomplish the purpose, and so -Congress, 
ruled by the most violent of the radical Republicans, took hold 
of the matter in 1867 and 1868. 

Congressional Reconstniction, as the methods pursued by 
Congress were called, consisted in placing the Southern States 
under the absolute and arbitrary control of the military power, 
disfranchising enough of the intelligent white citizens who had 
taken part in the war to place the Union men and negroes in the 
majority, and then adopting such State Constitutions and laws 
as would force upon the people the adoption of the amendments 
and the doctrines and institutions of the Northern Republicans. 
And it must be remembered that all these reconstruction meas- 
ures were passed through Congress while the Southern States 
had not a Senator or Representative in that body, not- 
withstanding it was constantly asserted that the Union 
had ne\er been dissolved and that the South had not 
in fact seceded. 

The foregoing is necessary to be understood in 
order to explain the history of those times and to fol- 
low intelligently the course of events in Texas. 

After the close of hostilities in April, 1865, there 
was a period of two or three months when the State 
had no government of any kind. Soldiers were re- 
turning home, some fleeing to Mexico, and everything 
was chaos and gloom. On June 19, 1865, General 
Gordon Granger, of the United States army, assumed 
military command over Texas, declared all that had 
l)cen done by the State government since 1861 null and void, 
and proclaimed the freedom of the negroes. In July, Presi- 
dent Johnson appointed A. J. Hamilton provisional governor of 
Texas, and he began the performance of his duties on the 25th 
of thai month. According to the jilan of Presidential Recon- 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 



v3/0 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 



1865 

TO 
1874 



struction before explained, a State Convention was called to 
amend the Constitution and reorganize the government. It met 
February 7, 1866, and adopted the Constitution of 1845, in 
force at the time of Secession in 1861, with certain amendments, 
thereby ignoring all that had been done by the Secession Con- 
vention. One of the amendments to the Constitution was to 
increase the judges of the Supreme Court from three to five. It 
was provided by the Convention that a general election should 
be held on the last Monday in June to choose all the State, 
district, and county officers, and members of the legisla- 
ture, and for the ratification of the amendments to the 
State Constitution. Before adjourning, the conserva- 
tive members of both parties in the convention agreed 
upon James W. Throckmorton as a proper candidate 
for governor, and George W. Jones for lieutenant- 
governor. George F. Moore, Richard Coke, Stockton 
P. Donley, A. H. Willie, and George W. Smith were 
also agreed upon for the new Supreme Court judges. 
At the election in June, 1866, Throckmorton and Jones 
were elected, receiving about forty-nine thousand votes 
as against about twelve thousand for E. M. Pease and L 
sey, the opposing candidates, and the gentlemen above named 
were elected to the Supreme Court. 

On August 9, the legislature met, and the new State officers 
were installed. O. M. Roberts and David G. Burnet were 
elected United States Senators from Texas ; and in the election 
held in the fall of 1866, members of Congress from the State to 
the Thirty-ninth Congress, then in session, and to the Fortieth 
Congress, were chosen. The members elected to the Thirty- 
ninth Congress were George W. Chilton, B. H. Epperson, A. 
M. Branch, and C. C. Herbert, from the four districts in the 
order named ; and the same gentlemen were also elected to the 
Fortieth Congress, except George W. Chilton, in whose stead 
James M. Burroughs was chosen. 

The legislature passed quite a number of needed laws for the Acts of the 
protection of the frontier against Indians and to restore the pros- ^^'^ ^^"'^^ 
perity of the State. The people were hopeful and industrious. Peace and 
the government moved smoothly, and nothing was wanting to P''°'"*^^ 




Throckmorton. 



Lind- 



Senators and 
Representa- 
tives in Con- 
gress elected, 
1866 



o/ 



76 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



TKRion VII. 

Recon- 
struction 



1865 

TO 
1874 



Disturbing 
elements in 
the country 



" Carpet- 
baggers" and 
" Scalawags" 



Texas refused 
representation 
in Congress 

Use of the 
military 



Governor 

Throckmorton 

removed 



E. M. Pease, 
governor 



Supreme 
Court 



make Texas again a thriving State in the Union, except the 
removal of the United States soldiers and the admission of her 
Senators and Representatives in Congress. But neither of these 
events happened. The new order of things did not suit the 
Republican party. The country was full of soldiers and Northern 
j)oliticians who came with the army, and their influence was a 
continual source of trouble between the recently emancipated 
negroes and their former masters. The old Union men of Texas, 
who had opposed Secession and claimed to be the " truly loyal" 
citizens, were very much dissatisfied to see the government once 
more in the hands of the men they had resisted in 1861. There 
was much bitterness of feeling on both sides, and men's minds 
were not favorable to a harmonious settlement of existing differ- 
ences. The Northern Republicans who came South after the 
war were called "Carpet-baggers," and the native Union men 
and Republicans were called "Scalawags." These terms indi- 
cate the odium in which the Reconstructionists were held by the 
Southern people, and such epithets did not increase the prospect 
of peaceful times. 

In this condition of things, Congress took the reconstruction 
of the Southern States out of the hands of the President, and 
proceeded to inaugurate the measures known as Congressional 
Reconstruction, above described. The Senators and Representa- 
tives from Texas, like those of the other late Confederate States, 
were refused admission to Congress. Military governments 
were established throughout the South. On March 19, 1867, 
General P. H. Sheridan, in command of the military department 
which included Texas, issued an order placing General Charles 
Grififin in command of the district of Texas. Governor Throck- 
morton gave such aid as was requested of him in carrying out 
the new plan of reorganization ; but on July 30, 1867, General 
Sheridan, by military order, removed him from the governorship, 
"as an impediment to reconstruction," and appointed Elisha 
M. Pease in his place. All ofificers were remo\'ed by the mili- 
tary power, and their places filled with those supposed to be in 
sympathy with the methods of Congressional Reconstruction. 
The Supreme Court as thus changed consisted of E. J. Davis, 
C. Caldwell, Amos Morrill, A. H. Latimer, and Livingston 



thp: reconstruction period. 



Lindsey. No man could hold an office, or participate in any of 
the elections that were to be held, unless he could take the 
" Iron-Clad Oath," as it was called. This oath was to the effect 
that the person taking it had not taken part in the late Rebellion, 
or given aid thereto ; which, of course, disfranchised nearly all 
the white voters in the State, The " Freedmen's Bureau" was 
established in Texas and the other Southern States, — being a 
military court composed of United States officers, whose special 
duty it was to protect the negroes in their recently acquired 
rights, and a great many rights that they had not acquired. 

In oj^position to these measures there was organized among 
the Southern people what was called the " Ku-Klux Klan," a 
mysterious secret organization, whose members would parade at 
night through the towns, on horseback and fully armed, clad in 
long white or black robes, with masks on their faces and high 
peaked hats,— claiming to be the returned spirits of dead soldiers 
who fell in the late war. Their formidable and ghostly array 
produced great terror among the negroes, and there is no doubt 
it had a wholesome effect to restrain an ignorant and deluded 
race of lately emancipated slaves, whose worst passions were 
being aroused by unprincipled white politicians. In some local- 
ities, however, in the South, the Ku-Klux and other lawless 
bands who assumed their name and garb did not confine them- 
selves to mere displays of mysterious power. Many cruel out- 
rages were perpetrated in their name, and the organization 
became a menace to the peace and order of society. It is not 
b(.'lieved, however, that such lawless acts were ever committed 
to any great extent in Texas. 

A convention was called to meet at Austin, June i, 1868, to 
frame a new State Constitution, in accordance with the recon- 
struction measures of Congress. In selecting delegates to that 
convention, nearly all the white citizens of Texas were prevented 
from voting by the " Iron-Clad Oath ;" and it was understood 
that Governor Pease and those acting with him proposed to still 
further disfranchise the Democrats of the State, by unjust rules 
and requirements in the registration of voters. This called out 
from General Winfield S. Hancock, then in command of the 
department at New Orleans, his famous order and letter, in 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 

1865 

TO 
1874 



" Freedmen's 
Bureau" 



"Ku-Klux 
Klan" 



Their methods 



Lawless acts 



Reconstruc- 
tion conven- 
tion of 1868 

White citizen: 
disfranchised 



General W. S. 

Hancock's 

letter 




-.yg A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Pkriod vii., which he rebuked such an attempt, and declared that the legal 
recon- voters of Texas must have their rights respected and their votes 

STRUCTION . . . 

— recorded. The Reconstruction Convention met at the appointed 

To^ time. Edmund J. Davis was elected president, and the leading 

1S74 men in it were A. J. Hamilton, Morgan C. Hamilton, A. P. 

McCormick, C. Caldwell, Arvin Wright, and Lemuel D. Evans. 
The Hamilton brothers, A. J. and Morgan C. , were 
on opposite sides in the issues that arose in the con- 
yB" i\. vention ; the former being liberal and just in his desire 

to protect the men who had taken part in the war, 
while the latter was extreme and radical in the purpose 
to completely destroy their influence in the govern- 
ment (jf the State. 

The Reconstruction Convention lasted from June 
I, 1868, until February 6, 1869, and it never did 
actually adjourn, nor was the Constitution ever finally 

MoKt.A.N C. Hamilton. 111 • • 1 1 

adopted by a vote of the convention or signed by 
Irregularity of the members. Its proceedings were very irregular and dis- 
pr^oceedrnes Orderly, and often there was no quorum present. Many mem- 
bers went home in disgust, and one of these, a colored dele- 
gate from Galveston, Hon. G. T. Ruby, filed his withdrawal 
A forcible pro- in tlic following language : ' ' Believing that the present recon- 

test by a negro . -11 1 1 r • 1 

delegate structiou convcutiou has lost, through many oi its members, 

all regard for dignity and honor as a legislative assembly, and 
that its continued assemblage will only terminate in disgrace to 
the entire country, I herewith tender my resignation as a mem- 

The Constitu- ber hereof, and as a delegate from Galveston County. ' ' The 
Constitution framed by this body is known as the Constitution 
of 1869. It lengthened the terms and increased the salaries of 
all ofificers ; reduced the Supreme Court to three judges, and 
made all judicial officers appointive instead of elective ; and re- 
quired all elections to be held at the county seat of each county, 

Liberal provi- and to last four days. The most meritorious features of this 

sion for free (^ ^- ^ ^- 1 i-i 1 • • , r t 1 i- r 

public educa- Constitution were the liberal provisions made for the public free 

t>on schools. In addition to lands, bonds, and funds belonging to 

the schools under former laws, it was provided that all receipts 

from public lands in the future should go to the school fund, 

and one-fourth of the annual taxes and all of the poll-tax were 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 



379 



appropriated to the schools, — all to constitute a permanent fund, 
whose interest could be used to support the free-school system. 
A State superintendent of public instruction was also provided 
for, and a bureau to encourage immigration. 

While these events had been occurring in Texas, enough 
of the Southern States had been reconstructed by Congress to 
adopt the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, and a Fif- 
teenth Amendment, allowing negroes to vote, was passed through 
Congress in February, 1868, but was not ratified by 
three-fourths of the States until 1870. The right of 
suffrage, however, was extended to the recent slaves 
in Texas by the Constitution of 1869 and the ordi- 
nances of the military power. In December, 1869, 
Governor Pease, being dissatisfied with the extreme 
measures and methods employed in reconstruction, 
resigned the office of governor, and from that time 
until the new administration came in. General J. J. 
Reynolds was the military governor of Texas. In 
the subsequent political movements in the State, 
Pease acted with the Hamilton and against the Da\'is 
party. The election for the State and county officers 
was held in November, 1869, and E. J. Davis was 
elected over A. J. Hamilton by the close vote of 
39,901 to 39,092. The Constitution was ratified by a large 
majority. J. W. Flanagan was elected lieutenant-governor. 
The registration showed the total number of voters in the 
State to be 135,553, of whom 78,648 were white and 56,905 
were negroes ; so that 56,560 voters did not participate in the 
election. 

Governor Davis took the oath of office January 17, 1870, 
for the four years' term created by the new Constitution. The 
legislature met in February, adopted the Fourteenth and Fif- 
teenth Amendments, and elected Morgan C. Hamilton to the 
United States Senate for the term ending March 3, 1871, and 
also for the term ending in 1877: J. W. Flanagan was elected 
Senator for the term ending in March, 1875. This go\'ernnient 
was declared to be merely proxisional until Congress should 
accept the nevv State Constitution, which it did on March 30, 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 

1865 

TO 

1874 



Fifteenth 
Amendment 




State election, 
1869 



The vote 



Davis's ad- 
ministration 



United States 

Senators 

elected 



-.go A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1865 

TO 




Period VII. 1870, and the Twelfth Legislature met in regular session on 
^^^°^- April 26, 1870. 

STRUCTION . 

It would be a fruitless and unpleasant task to review the 
details of the Davis administration. He was personally and 
1874 socially a courteous and considerate gentleman, but politically 

he was as thoroughly unfitted for the head of a constitutional 
government in a free country as it is possible to imagine. 
His administration was one of boundless extravagance, 
disorderly and lawless despotism, increasing disregard 
of every principle of personal and political libertv, and 
it brought utter ruin to the best interests of the State 
and its citizens. He was given enormous power and 
patronage by the legislature, and he used them in 
the most reckless and arbitrary manner. He estab- 
lished a State police, officered by petty tyrants and 
composed of disreputable adventurers. He assumed 
the right to declare martial law whenever and wherever 
J. w. Flanagan. his authority was resisted, and he reduced whole counties 
and districts to a state of terrorism and outlawry. Finally, 
the profligate course of public expenditures and the increase of 
taxes to the verge of confiscation aroused men of all parties to 
overthrow such a ruinous system of misrule. 
Non-partisan In September, 1871, a " Non- Partisan Tax- Payers' Conven- 

convention to . , , 1 1 1 • a • • 11 r 1 

secure relief, ^^''"^ ^^'^^ held HI Austm, to protest agamst the abuses of the 
'27« State government. Besides the prominent Democrats in the 

State, it contained such men as A. J. and Morgan C. Hamilton, 
Ex-Governor Pease, George Hancock, and many leading Re- 
publicans ; and Governor Pease was president of the convention. 
Disastrous That couvcution ascertained and ])ublished to the world the fact 

results of the , , 1 • 1 • 1 r 

Davis govern- ^"'^^ ^'^*^ two legislatures of 1870 and 187 1 had appropriated for 
"^'="' the exi)enses of the government the enormous sum of $3,752,875, 

besides subsidies granted to railroads amounting to $14,000,000 ; 

and the State and county tax was $2.17}^ on each one hundred 
Revolution in dollars, besides poll, occupation, and license taxes. All these 

public scnti- , , . • 1 1 

ment '''<^ts being cnxulated among the j^eople, as well as the many 

acts of Governor Davis in \iolation of the Constitution and laws, 
a revolution in public sentiment began to take jjlace. No elec- 
tion for iiK-nibers of the legislature was held until November, 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 



381 



1872 ; but the Thirteenth Legislature, which met in January, 
1873, had a majority in both houses opposed to Governor 
Davis. It proceeded to repeal many objectionable laws, and it 
set aside the grant of $6,000,000 to the Texas and Pacific Rail- 
road Company, substituting lands therefor, as had always been 
the policy of the State. 

A general State election was held in November, 1873, the 
old method of voting by precincts and on one day only having 
been restored by the Democratic legislature. Richard Coke 
and R. B. Hubbard were the Democratic candidates for governor 
antl lieutenant-governor, against E. J. Davis and Robert H. 
Taylor, Republicans. Coke received 103,038 votes to Davis's 
51,220, and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. As soon 
as the result was known, Governor Davis declared he would not 
surrender the office until April 26, that being the date when the 
Twelfth Legislature met in regular session in 1870 ; when, by 
law, his term expired in January. Finding that this contention 
would probably fail him, a method was then adopted to set the 
entire election aside as illegal, because it had not been held on 
four days, as provided in the Constitution. To raise this ques- 
tion, a Mexican named Rodriguez was arrested for illegal voting, 
and he pleaded in defence that the election at which he voted 
was not a legal and valid election. In order to settle the point, 
it was necessary to construe a sentence in the Constitution in 
which a semicolon was used, and a change in the punctuation 
might change the meaning. The case came before the Supreme 
Court, composed then of Judges J. D. McAdoo, Moses B. Walker, 
and Wesley Ogden, and the court held the election to be illegal 
and void, basing the decision on the force of the semicolon. 
Upon such slender threads do the destinies of nations sometimes 
hang ! That court has always since been called the " Semicolon 
Court," and to this day none of its decisions are ever cited as 
good law in the courts of Texas. 

But the Democrats were not to be cheated of their victory 
by judicial quibbles over punctuation, nor by the arbitrary claims 
of Governor Davis. They prepared to assume control of the 
government to which they had been elected by the people, 
peaceably, if possible ; forcibly, if necessary. Governor Davis 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 

i"865 

TO 
1874 



State election 
of November, 
1873 



Richard Coke 
elected gov- 
ernor 

Governor 
Davis resists 
the result 



A fictitious 
law case, ILv 
pa) Ir Rodri- 
guez 



The "Semi- 
colon Court" 
and its deci- 
sion 



The Demo- 
crats prepare 
to seize the 
government 



Recon 

struction 

TO 



032 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period VII. appealed to President Grant for military aid, the capitol was 
occupied and surrounded by armed men, and a bloody revolution 
seemed inevitable. But, fortunately, the Federal authorities 
declined to interfere ; Davis sullenly yielded. Coke was inaug- 
1S74 urated. Reconstruction had ended, and on January 17, 1874, 

Texas was once more a free State in the American Union. 



QUESTIONS. 

What terrible event occurred in the United States just at the close 
of the war, and what was the exact date of jt ? Who succeeded to the 
presidency, and what struggle at once began ? What was the theory of 
the Northern Republican leaders in regard to the attitude of the Confed- 
erate States as to being in or out of the Union ? What did they say about 
the nature of the Federal Union of the States ? According to this theory, 
what was necessary to be done with the lately seceding Southern States ? 
Wiiat two amendments to the Constitution were adopted just as the v\ar 
was closing ? Describe the practical effect of those two amendments, and 
when did they pass through Congress. What was necessary to make them 
part of the Constitution ? What dilemma did this lead to in regard to the 
Southern States ? What method was proposed to escape this difficulty ? 
What plan of Rccotistruction did President Johnson propose, and what 
was it called ? Why did it prove a failure in accomplishing the purpose 
of the North towards the South ? Explain the practical operations of 
Presidential Reconstruction as affecting the Thirteenth and Fourteenth 
Amendments. What was the purpose of the Northern Republicans to- 
wards the South, and why did they reject the President's plan of pro- 
cedure? Wiien did Congress take hold of the matter? What was its 
plan of treating the Southern States called, and explahi in what that plan 
consisted ? How were the Reconstruction Acts passed tin'ough Con- 
gress ? What voice had the South in that legislation, and what incon- 
sistency was involved in the action of the Congress ? When did the war 
actually cease ? What occurred in Texas for two or three months after- 
wards ? What was the condition of the country and people ? When and 
Ijy whom did the United States assume military command over Texas ? 
What did he do and declare ? When and whom did President Johnson 
apix)int provisional governor of Texas ? What convention was called to 
carry out the plan of Presidential Reconstruction, when did it meet, and 
what did it do? What change was made in the State Constitution in 
regard to the Supreme Court ? What was provided in regard to holding 
a general State election ? Who were selected by the conservative men of 



Rkcon- 
struction 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 383 

all iiarlies as candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor? Who Period vii 
for judges of the Supreme Court? Who were the opposing candidates 
for governor and lieutenant-governor? What was the result of the 
election ? When did the legislature and the new officers take their ''^65 

seats? Who were elected to the United States Senate? Who were ^" 

elected as Congressmen in the following fall, and for seats in what _li7 

Congresses? What character of laws did the legislature pass? What 
were the disposition and feelings of the people, and what was the only 
obstacle to the restoration of peace and prosperity ? Wliat was the 
feeling of the Republican party at this time ? Describe the condition of 
the country and the various influences at work to produce trouble. Ex- 
p\ii'm the meaning of the terms " Carpet-bagger" and " Scalawag." What 
did Congress do at that time ? What happened to the Senators and Rep- 
resentatives who had been sent to Washington ? What kind of govern- 
ments were established in the .Southern States? Who was in command 
of the military department including Texas, and when did he put Texas 
under military rule ? Whom did he appoint to command in Texas? What • , 

was done with Governor Throckmorton, and for what alleged reason ? 
When was this ? Who was appointed in his place ? What else was done 
towards placing Texas under military control ? Who constituted the 
Supreme Court under the new order of things? What was the " Iron- 
clad Oath," and who were required to take it? What effect did it have ? 
What was the " Freedmen's Bureau," and what was its alleged object? 
What peculiar organization arose in the South to counteract these political 
and social evils? Describe the methods and effect of the " Ku-Klux." 
What abuses did it lead to in some localities ? When was a State Con- 
vention called to meet to frame a new Constitution under the plan of 
Congressional Reconstruction? How were the delegates elected, and 
what was proposed by the Republicans in order to gain complete mastery 
of the situation ? W^hat distinguished Federal general rebuked this out- 
rageous proposition ? Who was President of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1869? W^ho were some of its leading members? What can you 
say of the Hamilton brothers in that Convention? How long did that 
Convention last, and when did it adjourn ? Did it adopt a State Consti- 
tution ? What can you say of its proceedings ? What protest was filed 
by a negro delegate? What was the Constitution thus framed called? 
What were its provisions as to officers, salaries, Supreme Court, and 
elections ? What were its most meritorious features ? What provisions 
did it make for free schools ? What new departments of government did 
it create ? What occurred in the meanwhile in the United States ? Wiiat 
new amendment to the Constitution was passed through Congress, and 
when ? When was it ratified by three-fourths of the States ? When was 
tlie right to vote e.xtended to negroes in Te.xas ? WHien did Governor 
Pease resign his position as military governor, and why? WMiat govern- 
ment did Texas then have, and for how long? What was Governor 
Pease's political attitude afterwards? When did tlie first State election 



-584 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period VII. occur under Congressional Reconstruction? Who were tlie candidates 



Rkcon- 
strixtion 



for governor and lieutenant-governor, and who were elected ? What was 
the vote for governor? What was the total registration and vote at that 

"'^^5 electi(Mi, and what proportion were whites and negroes ? How many 

^,° did not vote at all? When did Governor E. J. Davis take his seat, and 

IZ7 for what length of term ? When did the legislature meet, and what did 

it do with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments ? Who were elected 
United States Senators, and for what terms ? What was the nature of 
this government, and when and how did it become permanent ? When 
did the Twelfth Legislature meet ? W^hat was the personal and political 
character of Governor Davis ? Wliat was the character of his adminis- 
tration as governor ? What powers were given hiim by the legislature, 
and how did he use them? What can you say of his "State Police" 
and his arbitrary acts of despotism ? What finally resulted from his mis- 
rule ? When and where was a Convention of citizens called to protest 
against these abuses ? What was it called ? Who was its president, and 

, • who were among its leading members ? What facts did that Convention 

ascertain and i)ublish in regard to the acts of the legislatures of 1870 and 
1871 ? What effect did their publication have? When was the next 
election for members of the legislature, and what was the result of that 
election upon the political composition of the legislature that followed ? 
What did that legislature do ? When was the next general State election 
held ? What was the method of holding that election ? Who were the 
Democratic candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor ? Who 
were their opponents ? What was the result of the election ? What did 
Governor Davis at once contend ? What plan did he next adopt to defeat 
the result of the election ? Explain the famous Rodriguez case, for what 
purpose it was raised, and the grounds upon which it was decided. \\'ho 
constituted the Supreme Court at that time, what did they decide, and 
why ? What has that court always been called, and in what estimation 
are its decisions held ? What did the Democrats prepare to do ? What 
did Davis do, and with what result ? Describe what then occurred. 
When did the Reconstruction Period end in Texas ? 

Topical Analysis. 

I. Condition of affairs in the United States at close of the war : 

{a) Lincoln had been assassinated and Andrew Johnson was Pres- 
ident. His views did not accord with those of the radical Republicans 
who controlled Congress. 

{/)) According to the political theories of the Northern Repulilicans, 
there had been no Secession, the Union was indestructible, and the 
Southern States had never left the Union. 

{c) If this were true, the Southern States clearly nuist be allowed 
their constitutional rights in the Union and participation in making and 
changing the Constitution and laws, which would enable them to defeat 



THE RFXONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 385 



the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The votes of some of the Period vil. 

RtCCON- 
3TRUCTION 



Southern States were absolutely necessary to make up the three-fourths 

of the States required to adopt an amendment. Here was a dilemma 

between a political theory and a practical demand. ^^^5 

(d) It was decided to reconstruct the Southern States, or enough of ^° 

1S74 
them to pass the Constitutional Amendments, and two methods were _!j 

tried to accomplish this end. 

2. Two plans of Reconstruction attempted : 

(a) Presidential Reconstruction, according to the plan of President 
Johnson, which was for the Southern States to simply reorganize their 
governments. He appointed provisional governors. State conventions 
were called to frame new constitutions and laws, and then the States 
were to take their former places in the Union, the more prominent leaders 
of Secession being temporarily disfranchised. This plan did not work to 
suit the radical Republicans, because the Southern States simply exer- 
cised their rights as sovereign States and re-enacted their former constitu- 
tions and laws, which had in fact never been suspended. So Congress 
determined to take hold of the matter. 

[b) Congressional Reconstruction, by which was meant a series of 
arbitrary and unconstitutional acts passed by Congress -to regulate the 
affairs of the Southern States, while those States had no voice in Con- 
gress, notwithstanding they were said never to have left the Union. The 
general features of the plan were to place the South under military rule, 
disfranchise most of the respectable white population, so as to place the 
negroes and Republicans in the majority, and then reconstruct the State 
governments on Republican lines and adopt the several amendments de- 
sired. This was the odious system enforced in Texas and the South for 
several years. 

3. Reconstruction in Texas : 

{a) Presidential Reconstruction ; A. J. Hamilton, provisional gov- 
ernor ; Constitutional Convention of 1866 ; election of Governor Throck- 
morton ; comparative peace and the prospect of prosperity. 

{b') Congressional Reconstruction ; General Sheridan removes Gov- 
ernor Throckmorton and places General Griffin in command of Texas 
as a military province ; E. M. Pease is appointed military governor and 
all officers are placed under military authority; the "Iron-Clad Oath" 
required of all voters, which disfranchised nearly all the white pojuila- 
tion ; " Freedmen's Bureau" and military courts-martial rule the country ; 
rise of " Ku-Klux" to resist these abuses ; Reconstruction Convention 
of 1868 frames a State Constitution, and E. J. Davis is elected governor 
in fall of 1869 ; his administration characterized by extravagance, corrup- 
tion, arbitrary and despotic outrages, a lawless "State Police," and 
universal disregard of political and personal liberty ; the conservative 
citizens of all parties organize a movement for a change ; a Democratic 
legislature is elected in 1872 and a Democratic governor in 1873 ; Davis 

25 



;S6 



A COMPLETE HISTORV OF TEXAS. 



Period VII. 

Recon- 
struction 

i'865 

TO 
1874 



attempts to hold the government, with the aid of a corrupt Supreme 
Court, but is forced to yield ; Democratic government re-established Jan- 
uary 17, 1874. 

Parallel Readings. 

ScarfT's "Comprehensive History of Texas," Vol. II., Part III, O. M. 
Roberts's " Political History of Texas ;" Brown's " History of Texas ;" 
" Destruction and Reconstruction," by General Richard Taylor; "Life 
of L. Q. C. Lamar," by Mays ; Blaine's "Twenty Years in Congress ;" 
S. S. Cox's "Three Decades of Federal Legislation ;" John Sherman's 
" Recollections of Forty Years in House, Senate, and Cabinet ;" General 
Grant's "Memoirs." 




KanijI-.k Cami- in VVksiekn Tk.xas. 



THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 



387 



CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1865-1874. 

Parallel to Period VII. 

AMERICA. 

1866. — Civil Rights bill passed by Congress, April 12. Presidential 
Reconstruction of Southern States begun. Outrages by " Freedmen's 
Bureau" and military authorities upon citizens of the South. Rise of 
" Ku-Klux Klan." Continued war in Mexico. Fenian invasions in 
Canada. 

1867. — Nebraska admitted to the Union, March i. Alaska ceded by 
Russia to United States. Napoleon III. abandons Maximilian, who 
is captured and shot by the Mexicans ; Juarez re-elected President. 
The Dominion of Canada established. 

1868. — Attempted impeachment of President Johnson. General Grant 
elected President. Beginning of Congressional Reeonstrnetioii in 
the South. Santa Anna and others attempt revolution in Mexico. 

1869. — President Grant inaugurated, March 4. Fifteenth Amendment 
adopted. Pacific Railroad completed. 

1870. — Ninth census of the United States shows a population of 38,558,371. 

1871. — Treaty of Washington and the Geneva Award. Great fire in 
Chicago. All the Southern States represented in Congress under the 
methods of reconstruction, but the white people of those .States not 
represented. Juarez still President in Mexico. Slavery abolished in 
Brazil. 

1872. — President Grant re-elected, defeating Horace Greeley, the candi- 
date of the " Liberal Republicans." Great fire in Boston. Death of 
Juarez in Mexico ; succeeded by Lerdo de Tejada. 

1873. — President Grant inaugurated (second term), March 4. England 
pays United States the Alat)ama claim. Liberal Constitution of 1857, 
greatly improved, becomes the permanent Constitution of Mexico. 



Period VII. 

Rhcon- 
strixtion 

1865 

TO 
1874 



GREAT BRITAIN. 

1867. — Fenian agitation in Ireland. New Reform bill passed. Expedition 

against Abyssinia. 
1868. — Death of Lord Brc^ugham. Disraeli resigns, and Ciladstone 

becomes premier. 
1869. — Irish Church disestablished. Suez Canal opened. 
1870. — Death of Charles Dickens. Irish land act passed. 
1872. — Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast transferred to England. 

Ballot act passed. Riots at Belfast. 



^88 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period VII. 1873. — England paj'S the Alabama claims to the United States. 

Recon- 
struction 



1865 

TO 



874. — Gladstone ministry succeeded by Disraeli. Fiji Islands ceded to 
England. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

1874 1866. — Prussia withdraws from Germanic Confederation. "Seven Weeks' 

War" between Austria, Italy, and Prussia; battles of Sadowa and 
Lissa. Insurrection in Crete. Vienna North German Confederation 
formed. 

1867. — Hungarian Constitution restored ; Emperor and Empress of Aus- 
tria declared king and c]ueen of Hungary. Cochin China annexed 
to France. 

1868. — Insurrection in Spain ; flight of Queen Isabella ; temporary 
Republic established. 

1869. — Suez Canal opened. Death of Lamartine. 

1870. — Isabella II., of Spain, abdicates ; succeeded by Duke of Aosta as 
king. Vatican Council declares the infallibility of the Pope. War 
between France and Prussia ; battle of Sedan ; surrender of Napoleon 
III. ; Alsace and Lorraine restored to Germany ; battle of Metz and 
siege of Paris. Revolution in Paris ; a Republic declared ; insurrec- 
tion of the Comnmne. The German Empire established, December 
10. Mount Cenis tunnel completed. King of Italy occupies Rome. 

187 1. — King William of Prussia, Emperor of Germany, January 18. 
Germans enter Paris. Communist revolution in French capital. 
Thiers elected President of the new French Republic. Rome is 
made the capital of Italy. 

1872.— The German Reichstag expels the Jesuits. Great eruption of 
Vesuvius. 

1873. — Death of Napoleon III. Spain adopts republican government. 
Exhibition at Vienna. MacMahon, President of France. First recep- 
tion of foreign ministers by PZmperor of China. Germans evacuate 
France. Trial of Marshal Bazaine. 





IPeriob IDIfUll- 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD.— 1874-1897. 

CHAPTER XXV. 

Administrations of Governors Coke, Hubbard, Roberts, 
and Ireland; Prosperity and Progress of the State. 

THE election of Governor Coke marks a new era in the Beginning of a 
history of Texas. From that date the methods of "^^ ^^^ 
orderly government, stable policies, and healthy prog- 
ress — so long interrupted by the troublous events of 
the Civil War and Reconstruction — were restored. It is 
universally true that the annals of a peaceful and pros- 
perous land are simple and few. The stream runs so 
smoothly and so swift that, like a ri\'er of which Caesar 
speaks in his story of the Gallic Wars, we may scarcely 
tell in which direction it flows. 

The new State officers were inaugurated at mid- 
night, January 15, 1874. The scene was dramatic and 
memorable. The Representative Hall was filled with 
the two houses of the legislature and assembled citizens ; 
the corridors without were thronged with the volunteer 
military company of Austin, — beardless boys in gay uni- 
forms, with glittering muskets, — while among them moved a 
few stern and grizzled warriors, whose bravery had been tested 
on many a bloody field of the Civil War ; below stairs, in the 

389 




Richard Coke. 



)90 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period \'III. 

Second 

Period of 

Statkhood 

1874 
to 

1897 



The Four- 
teenth Legis 
lature 



dim hallways of the old capitol, was a motley mass of negroes, 
State police, and desperate politicians, muttering defiance, but 
cowed by the certainty of disaster ; while on the rocky slopes 
of Capitol Hill, in the starlit night, sentinels stood in silent 
watchfulness, as messengers of good or evil tidings came and 
went in the darkness. But the critical moment passed in peace, 
and the government of the people claimed and held its own. 

The new legislature went to work with energy and intel- 
ligence. They found the State burdened with a debt of neftrly 
five millions of dollars, and taxes at two dollars and thirty cents 
on the hundred. The corrupt Twelfth Legislature had voted 
the International and Great Northern Railroad a money subsidy 
of ten thousand dollars per mile for six hundred miles of road, 
secured by State bonds and the interest provided for 
in advance. The Fourteenth Legislature, which met 
January 13, 1874, and adjourned May 4, pro\'ided for 
the payment of four hundred thousand dollars of the 
pulilic debt, cut down expenses more than one-half, 
reduced taxes to fifty cents on the dojlar, and dis- 
posed of the railroad subsidy by a compromise which, 
although bad enough for the State, was a great deal 
better than the cjriginal measure. There was a fierce 
light o\er this compromise. The railroad had secured 
the subsidy by fraud and bribery, and it clung to it 
with desperate greed. The State could not aflford to 
be invohx^d in another re\'olution, and the matter was finally 
settled by rei)ealing the money subsidy and granting the railroad 
twenty sections of land per mile, in solid bodies, and exempting 
it from taxation for twenty-five years. 

Lawlessness in the State and Indian raids on the frontier 
were suppressed by small bands of State troops, still called 
Rangers, and new counties began to l)e formed in the West. ) 
In September, 1875, a Constitutional Convention was held, 
which formed a new Constitution, known as the Constitution 
of /Sj6, which was submitted to a vote of the people and 
st^ate election, adopted on February 15, 1876. At the same time State officers 
^^t^ruary .5, ^^_^^^ elected, "to hold until November, 1878. All the State offi- 
cers were re-elected, and a Supreme Court was elected, com- 




Sam iJiiLL .Maxey. 



Suppression of 
lawlessness 
and crime 

Constitution 
of 1876 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



391 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 



1874 

TO 
1897 



posed of O. M. Roberts, chief justice ; George F. Moore and 
R. S. Gould, associate justices. A Court of Appeals was also 
created, to which John P. White, C. M. Winkler, and M. D. 
Ector were elected. The Supreme Court from January, 1S74, 
to 1876 was composed of five judges, elected by the people ; 
and during that period O. M. Roberts was chief justice, while 
William P. Ballinger, George F. Moore, Thomas J. Devine, 
Reuben A. Reeves, Peter W. Gray, John Ireland, and Robert 
S. Gould were associate justices at different times. 

In November, 1872, six Congressmen had been elected from congressmen, 
Texas, namely : A. H. Willie and R. O. Mills for the State at '^^' '^^^ 
large, and W. S. Herndon, W. P. McLean, D. Q. Giddings, 
and John Hancock. Of these, Giddings had been elected two 
years before and with difficulty obtained his seat. At 
the November election, 1874, the same gentlemen were 
all re-elected to Congress. The legislature in 1874 
elected General Sam Bell Maxey to the United States 
Senate, to succeed J. W. Flanagan on March 4, 1875. 
General Maxey was re-elected in 1881 and served until 
1887. Governor Coke was elected to the United States 
Senate by the Fifteenth Legislature, which met in 
April, 1876, but did not take his seat until March 4, 
1877. He was re-elected twice, and finally retired from 
the Senate in 1895. Governor Coke resigned from 
the governorship in December, 1876, and Lieutenant- 
Governor Hubbard became the acting governor until the next 
general election in 1878. 

The Constitution of 1876 gave to the public schools all that Provisions for 
had been granted them under previous laws and constitutions, p" "^ ^^ °° ^ 

" J m Lonstilu- 

and added one-half of the public domain, continuing the one- tionofi875 
fourth of the general revenues and the poll-tax, as provided in 
the Constitution of 1869. It was also provided that a tax of 
not more than twenty cents on the one hundred dollars should 
be levied on all property, to be used in connection with the 
interest on the permanent school fund, in order to maintain the 
public schools for not less than six months of each year. It state 
was further declared that the legislature should estalilish a first- "'versity 
class University, to be located by a vote of the people, and one 




RUHAKI) B. HlBllAKU. 



392 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



I'KRion \'II1. 

Skcond 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 



Federal judges 




A. P. McCoKMICK 



Coneressmcn 
in 1876 



million acres of land were donated to it, instead of the tenth 
sections of railroad lands granted in 1858. The Agricultural 
and Mechanical College, which had been established near Bryan, 
was declared to be a branch of the University, and a branch for 
colored youths was required to be founded as soon as practi- 
cable. The carrying out of these constitutional provisions and 
the disposition of the lands granted to the support of public 
education have engaged the attention of all the legislatures from 
1876 to the present time. 

Since 1858 there had been two Federal judicial districts in 
Te.xas, and Thomas H. Duval was judge of the Western District, 
wlyle, since 1872, Amos Morrill was judge in the 
Eastern, succeeding John C. Watrous. In 1879, by 
an Act of Congress, the Northern Federal District of 
Texas was created, composed of counties taken from 
the Eastern and Western Districts. A. P. McCormick 
was appointed judge, and places for holding courts 
were established at Dallas, Waco, and Graham, in 
the Northern District. About this time, Judge Duval 
died in the Western District, and E. B. Turner was 
appointed in his stead, who also died during Mr. 
Cleveland's first administration, when T. S. Maxey, a 
Democrat, was appointed to the Federal bench in 
that district. In the Eastern District, Judge C. B. Sabin, who 
had succeeded Amos Morrill, died in the fall of 1890, and was 
succeeded by D. E. Bryant. In 1892, Judge McCormick was 
elevated from the district judgeship to be one of the judges of 
the United States Circuit Court of Appeals at New Orleans, and 
John B. Rector was appointed judge of the Northern District. 
Later, additional j)laces for holding court in that district were 
established at P^ort Worth, Abilene, and San Angelo. The 
Federal judiciary in Texas has in recent years been al)lv and 
acceptably represented, and the several judges have been highly 
respected by both the bar and the people at large. In Novem- 
ber, 1876, there were elected to Congress from the six districts, 
in the order named, the following gentlemen : John H. Reagan, 
I). B. Culberson, J. W. Throckmorton, R. O. Mills, John Han- 
cock, and Gustav Schleicher. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



^9j 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 



1874 

to 

1S97 




The Fifteenth Legislature provided for a revision of all the 
laws of the State, and Governor Coke appointed to that task C. 
S. West, B. H. Bassett, J. W. Ferris, George Clark, and Samuel 
A. Willson. They completed the work, and it was adopted in 
1879, being known as the Revised Statutes of i8jg. 

In the year 1876 the "Greenback Party" made its first 
appearance, and it continued to agitate the politics of the 
Southern and Western States for several years, 
reaching its greatest strength in Texas from 1880 
to 1884. It advocated the issue by the government 
of unlimited quantities of paper money, based upon 
nothing but the faith and credit of the nation. 

The State Democratic Convention met at Austin 
on July 17, 1878. The candidates before it for 
nomination for governor were R. B. Hubbard, J. 
W. Throckmorton, W. W. Lang, and Thomas J. 
Devinc. Neither of these gentlemen could get the 
recjuisite two-thirds vote, and, after several days' 
struggle, a compromise was made by which Oran 
M. Roberts, then chief justice of the Supreme Court, 
was nominated for governor, and Joseph D. Sayers for lieu- 
tenant-governor. At the ensuing election in November the state election 

,-,. . . , , I T-> 1 November, 

entire Democratic ticket was elected, Rol)- jg g 
erts and Sayers defeating W. H. Hamman 
and J. S. Rains, the Greenback candidates 
for go\'ernor and lieutenant-governor, by 
over a hundred thousand majority. The 
Republicans had placed Colonel A. B. 
^ ^ Norton and Richard Allen (colored) in 

V- {\ — >f -' -^^^ ^^^ field, and they received about twenty- 
five thousand \'Otes. At the same election, 
George F. Moore was elected chief justice 
of the Supreme Court, and M. H. Bonner 
associate justice, this change being required 
by Judge Roberts's election to the governorship. Reagan, Cul- 
berson, Mills, and Schleicher were re-elected to Congress, along 
with Olin Wellborn from the Third District, and George W. 
Jones from the F"ifth. Mr. Schleicher having died in a few 



Ok AN M. Roberts. 




Gkorgk F. Moore. 



supreme 
Court 



Congressmen 
in 1878 



394 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pi-KioD VIII. months, Culuinl>us Upson was elected to the vacancy in April, 
skcond 1870. Governor Roberts was re-elected in 1880, with L. T. 

Pkriod of ' '' _ . . 

Statehood Storey as lieutenant-govcrnor, defeating- E. J. Davis, Republican, 
and W. H. Ham man, Greenbacker. At that election all the 
Congressmen were re-elected. 

There was much important legislation during Governor Rob- 
erts's two administrations. When he came into office the 
finances were somewhat disordered, the public debt had grad- 
ually increased to over five millions and a half, the expenses 
exceeded the income, and State warrants were selling at a dis- 



1874 

TO 
IS97 

Legislation 
during Gov- 
ernor Rob- 
erts's two ad- 
ministrations 




Old Cai'ITol at Ausiin. {Burned November, i8Si.) 



■' Pay as you 
go" 



Cash balance 

in the treasury 



count. To remedy these evils, he adopted a policy popularly 
called "Pay as you go." He accomplished this by reducing 
all expenses, cutting down the appropriations to the public 
schools to one-sixth instead of one-fourth of the re\'enues, and 
by selling the school and public lands at low prices, so as to get 
them in the hands of private owners who would pay taxes on 
them. His financial methods proved successful. The State's 
credit was restored, the schools were taught a longer term for 
less money than before, and he left a cash l)alance in the treasury 
of three hundred thousand dollars, after paying all expenses, 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



395 



discharging four hundred thousand dollars of the public debt, 
and reducing iaxes from fifty to thirty cents on the hundred 
dollars. His administrations were especially noted for activity 
and improvement in the educational institutions of the State. 
The Agricultural and Mechanical College was reorganized, the 
Sam Houston and Prairie View Normal Schools were founded, 
and the University of Texas was located, organized, and put 
in operation, most of these events occurring in his second 
term, from 1880 to 1882. 

On November 9, 1881, the old capitol was burned, 
and it was fortunate that already, in 1879, the legisla- 
ture had provided for selling three million acres of 
public lands to erect a new State capitol. A contract 
was finally made by which the land was transferred to 
a Northern company in exchange for the completed 
building, the land being valued at one dollar and fifty 
cents an acre. The capitol was completed under the suc- 
ceeding administrations of Governors Ireland and Ross. 
The four years from 1878 to 1882 were prosperous and peaceful. 
Taxable values increased from two hundred and eighty million 
dollars to four hundred and ten million dollars, and the popula- 
tion of the State had grown in proportion. 

John Ireland and Marion Martin were the Democratic candi- 
dates for governor and lieutenant-governor in 1882, and they 
_ were elected in November of that year, 
defeating George W. Jones and E. W. 
Morton, the Greenback candidates. The 
Supreme Court elected in 1882 was com- 
posed of A. H. Willie, chief justice ; C. 
S. West and J. W. Stayton, associate 
justices ; while J. M. Hurt, John P. 
White, and Samuel A. Willson were 
elected to the Court of Appeals. The 
census of 1880 had given Texas eleven 
Congressmen, and in 1882 the following 
gentlemen were elected for the several 
districts, in order : Charles Stewart, John H. Reagan, James H. 
Jones, D. B. Culberson, J. W. Throckmorton, Olin Wellborn, 



Pkkiod VHI. 

SliCOND 

Period of 
Statehood 



1874 

TO 
1897 




John Ireland. 



Prosperity 
and wealth 




Campaign of 
1882 



State officers 
elected 



Congressmen, 
1882 1886 



A. H. Willie. 



;96 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Tkriod VUI. 

Skcond 

Pkriod of 

Statehood 

i'874 

TO 
IS97 

Democratic 
victory in 
United States, 



Ireland's two 
administra- 
tions 



Free grass and 
Itntc-cutting 



Land grants to 
public institu- 
tions 



Creation of 
many public 
boards 

Alamo bought 



Thomas P. Ochiltree, James F. Miller, R. O. Mills, John Han- 
cock, S. W. T. Lanham ; and they were all re-elected in 1884, 
except Mr. Ochiltree and Judge Hancock, who were succeeded 
by W. H. Grain and Joseph D. Sayers. Governor Ireland was 
re-elected in 1884, with Barnett Gibbs as lieutenant-governor, 
again defeating the Greenback candidate, George W. Jones. It 
was in that year that the Democratic party in the United States 
elected a President and Vice-President, the first time since 1856. 
Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks were the successful 
candidates. 

Governor Ireland's two administrations were prosperous and 
progressive. His policies differed in some respects from those 
of his predecessor. He withdrew the public and school lands 
from sale on the terms before offered, and they were to be sold 

for two dollars an acre, on thirty 
years' time. Under the land laws 
adopted in his first administration, 
a large stock ranch might and often 
did inclose smaller tracts of land 
owned and cultivated by different 
persons. When the large tract was 
fenced up for miles, there was great 
difiiculty in getting in and out 
through the country. This, to- 
gether with the regulations against 
free grazing on public lands, gave 
rise to a dangerous and lawless 
jtiactice known as " Fence-cutting." The wire fences were cut 
and destroyed by persons who considered their rights interfered 
with by the laws, and the evil became so great as to recjuire a 
special session of the legislature to suppress it. Two millions 
of acres of land were granted to the University and public 
schools ; great improvements were made in the various asylums 
and penal institutions ; taxes were reduced to seventeen and a 
half cents on the hundred dollars, and many boards w&Yft created 
to look after special interests. The ofifice of superintendent of 
I)ublic instruction was restored during Governor Ireland's first 
administration. The Alamo was purchased by the State and 




Main Hrn.mNi;, Univkrsity oi- Tkxas. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



597 



intrusted to the care of the citizens of San Antonio ; the corner- 
stone of the new capitol was laid with impressive ceremonies on 
March 2, 1885 ; and the University was formally opened on 
September 15, 1883, although teaching in some of its depart- 
ments had begun at an earlier date. The main branch and law 
department of the University were located, by the election of 
1 88 1, at Austin, and the medical department at Galveston. On 
September i, 1886, Sawnie Robertson was appointed to the 
Supreme Court, Judge West having retired on account of his 
health. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

to 

1897 



QUESTIONS. 

What can you say of the new era inau.sjurated with the election of 
Governor Coke ? What is universally true of a peaceful and prosiierous 
land? When were the new .State officers, succeeding Reconstruction, 
installed? Describe the scene and events attending their installation. 
In what condition did the Fourteenth Legislature find the affairs of the 
Slate government? What was the amount of the public debt? What 
measures were adopted by the legislature to remedy existing evils ? 
W'hat compromise was effected with the International and Great Northern 
Railroad ? What was done to suppress lawlessness and protect the fron- 
tier ? When was a Constitutional Convention held, and what did it do ? 
When was the new Constitution ratified by the people, and what was 
done at the same election ? Who were elected State officers at that elec- 
tion ? How was the Supreme Court constituted by this election ? What 
otlier court of last resort was created by the Constitution of 1876, and 
who were elected judges of that court at the election in February, 1876? 
How was the Supreme Court composed from 1874 to 1876, and give the 
names of the several judges who sat in that court during that period? 
How many Congressmen were elected from Texas in 1872, and who were 
they? Who were elected to Congress in 1874? Who was elected to the 
United States Senate in 1874? Who in 1876? Who in 1881 ? Who 
w'ere the Senators until 1895? Explain the various times at which, and 
terms for which, these gentlemen took their seats in the .Senate. When 
and why did Governor Coke resign ; who then became governor, and for 
how long ? What provisions did tiie new State Constitution make for 
public free schools ? Explain the difference between the permanent and 
the available school funds. What provisions were made for a State Uni- 
versity ? What about the Agricultural and Mechanical College ? How 



;98 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



1S97 



Pkriod VIII. have all those provisions been carried out? How many Federal judges 

Sf.cond vvere there in Texas from 1858 to that time (1876), and give the names 

c "^ , „„„ of the judges in the several districts? Who were elected to Congress 

oTAThHOOD j ct ... 

— in November, 1S76? What action did the Fifteenth Legislature take for 

' "^ revising the laws, and who were appointed for that purpose? What was 

that revision called? When did the "Greenback Party" make its first 
appearance, what did it do, and when did it reach its greatest strength in 
Te.xas ? What did it advocate ? When and where did the State Demo- 
cratic convention of 1878 meet? Who were candidates for nomination 
for governor in that convention? Describe what occurred in nominating 
a candidate for governor, and who was nominated? Who was nominated 
for lieutenant-governor? What was the result of the November elections 
in 1878? Who were the candidates for governor on opposing tickets? 
Who were elected to the Supreme Court at that election, and e.xplain the 
change that took place in the court? Who were elected to Congress, 
and what change took place in the Fourth district soon afterwards? 
Who were candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor in 18S0, and 
what was the result of the election that year? What Congressmen were 
elected in 1880? What was the condition of the State's finances when 
Governor Roberts came into office in January, 1879? What legislation 
was passed in his administrations affecting the public treasury and pul)lic 
lands? What policy did he adopt, and with what success? For what 
were his administrations specially noted ? What educational institutions 
were developed by him and his legislatures, and in what years? When 
was the old capitol burned ? What provisions had already been made 
for a new State capitol ? Explain the contract for that purpose. When 
was the new capitol completed ? What was the general condition during 
the four years from 1878 to 1882? What increase took place in taxable 
values and populati(jn ? Who were the opposing candidates for governor 
and lieutenant-governor in 1882, and what was the result of the election? 
How vvere the Su[)reme Court and Court of Appeals constituted by that 
election ? How many Congressmen did Texas ha\e under the census of 
iSSo, and who were elected in 1882? Who in 1884? Who were elected 
governor and lieutenant-governor in 1884, and whom did they defeat? 
What occurred that year in the Federal elections ? What was the charac- 
ter of Governor Ireland's two administrations? What were his policies 
in regard to the public lands ? What trouble arose under the land laws 
adopted in his first administration ? Explain "fence-cutting," and what 
was done to stop it? Give an outline of the most important legislation 
during Ireland's two terms as governor. What State office was restored ? 
What important historical purchase was made by the State? What 
interesting public ceremonies occurred, and on what dates ? When, 
where, and how were the several departments of the State l^niversity 
located? When were the main and law departments formally opened? 
What change occurred in the Supreme Court in September, 1886? 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



399 



Topical Analysis. 

1. Reformation in the State government, to restore it to a soimd, 
prosperous, and economical basis ; reduction of expenses and taxes ; 
improvement in educational affairs ; wise and provident management of 
public lands ; erection of a new State capitol ; opening of the State 
University ; great increase in population and taxable values. 

2. Complete reorganization of the government, under the Constitution 
of 1876, extending and amplifying all the functions and institutions of the 
government ; a revision of the statute laws ; developiuent of all the 
interests and industries of the State and its people. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

i's74 

TO 
1897 



Parallel Readings. 

Scarff's "Comprehensive History of Texas" (1897), Vol. II., Part 
HI.: O. M. Roberts's "Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of 
Texas, 1845-1895," Part VI. : " F"ifty Years of Material, Social, and 
General Growth," by Dudley G. Wooten ; Brown's " History of Texas," 
\'<)1. 11. 




Agricultikai. and Mkchanical College, Hryan, Texas. 
Main Building. Ross Hall. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



Administrations of Governors Ross and Hogg; 

Legislation against Corporations ; 

The Populist Party. 



Period VIII. 

Skcond 

Phriod of 

Statkhgod 

1874 

TO 
I.S97 



fi 




L. S. Ross 



Prohibition 
campaign 
in 1887 



T the November election, 1886, General L. S. Ross 
and T. B. Wheeler were the Democratic candidates 
for governor and lieutenant-governor, and they, with 
the entire ticket, were elected, defeating the Repub- 
lican and Prohibition candidates by a majority of over one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand votes. At the same election, R. R. 
Gaines was elected to the Supreme Court, while Charles Stewart, 
W. H. Martin, R. O. Mills, D. B. Culberson, Silas 
Hare, Jo Abbott, C.^B. Kilgore, S. W. T. Lanham, 
W. H. Crain, L. W. Moore, and Joseph D. Sayers 
were chosen as the Texas Congressmen. Governor 
Ross and Lieutenant-Governor Wheeler were re- 
elected in November, 1888, at which time also John 
W. Stayton was elected chief justice of the Supreme 
Court, with R. R. Gaines and John L. Henry as asso- 
ciate justices, and the same Congressmen were re- 
elected. 

Governor Ross's two administrations were singu- 
larly peaceful, and the whole State was quiet and 
. prosperous. The new State capitol was completed 
and dedicated oh May 16, 1888, with great ceremony, there 
being an international military drill, in which the volunteer com- 
panies of Texas and other States and regular United States 
trooi)S took part, to the number of several thousands. 

In the summer of 1887 there occurred an election on the 
adoption of a Constitutional Amendment to prohibit the manu- 
facture, sale, and importation of intoxicating liquors in Texas. 
The camj^aign which preceded it was intensely exciting and 

4 Of J 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



401 



aroused great enthusiasm throughout the State. Nearly every 
leading man in the State took part on one side or the other, and 
the interest was in some respects more universal than on any 
public question since the war. The amendment was defeated 
by a vote of 129,270 for and 220,627 against it. During Gov- 
ernor Ross's administrations laws were passed requiring the 
attorney-general to institute legal proceedings to compel rail- 
roads and other corporations to comply more strictly with their 
corporate duties and obligations. Texas has ever been most 
liberal in her encouragement of railroads, and has granted them 
many millions of acres of land since the first law was 
passed for that purpose in 1854. They. have been of 
great benefit to the State, but they have been gener- 
ously paid for all they have ever contributed to the 
welfare of Texas. In return, they have not always 
shown a disposition to comply with the laws or to 
respect the rights and interests of the people, and 
when they have had the advantage of the government 
in any manner they have not failed to improve it to 
the uttermost. By illegal and fraudulent methods in 
years past the railroads had obtained large quantities 
of land to which they were not entitled by law, and 
under Ross's administrations Attorney-General James S. Hogg 
was industrious and earnest in his efforts to recover these lands, 
and to otherwise enforce the laws against the railroads and other 
corporations. About this time, also, the question of regulating 
freight rates on railroads began to be discussed, and soon be- 
came a controlling issue in State politics. Passenger rates had 
been reduced to three cents a mile, and it was believed that 
the charges for freight transportation could be justly lessened 
without injury to the railroads. The formation of combinations 
between various corporations, in order to create monopolies, 
called "trusts," was also an evil against which legislation and 
the action of the government began to be exerted, and likewise 
the issuance of fictitious bonds and stocks by railroads, so as 
to absorb all their capital and destroy their usefulness. At this 
time (1889) the Farmers Alliance, an association originating 
among the farmers of the State for social and industrial pur- 

26 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1S74 

TO 
1897 



Railroad pol- 
icy of Texas 




K y. Mills. 



Regulation of 
freight rates, 
" trusts," 
and fictitious 
bonds 



Origin of the 
" Farmers' 
Alliance" 



402 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period Vlll. 

Skcond 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
IS97 



poses, l)cg-an to make its influence felt in politics, and it was 
arrayed on the side of regulating and restraining railroad and 
other corporations within such limits as to protect the people 
against unjust and arbitrary acts on the part of those creatures 
of the government. 

All these questions entered into the campaign of 1890. At- 
torney-General Hogg became a candidate for governor, on the 
proposition that Texas must rule the corporations or 
they would rule and ruin the people. He was nomi- 
nated by the Democratic State Convention in August, 
1890, George C. Pendleton being the nominee for 
lieutenant-governor. The entire Democratic ticket 
was elected in November by a majority of one hun- 
dred and sixty-eight thousand, and at the same time 
an amendment to the Constitution was adopted, 
authorizing the legislature to create a Commission 
to regulate railroads. At that election the old Con- 
gressmen were all re-elected except Silas Hare, who 
,^_^_ was succeeded by J. W. Bailey, and W. H. Martin, 
who was succeeded by J. B. Long. The legislature 
at once established a Railroad Commission to be appointed by 
the governor, and Governor Hogg appointed on the first Com- 
mission, John H. Reagan, W. P. McLean, _ _ 

and L. L. Foster. Judge Reagan was then 
in the United States Senate, having been 
elected in 1887 to succeed General Maxey. 
He resigned from the Senate, and Horace 
Chilton was appointed United States Sen- 
U;^s. Senators, ator in his stead, April 25, 1891. Subse- 
quently, Roger Q. Mills was elected by 
the legislature to fill out the unexpired 
term, and was re-elected to a full term in 

.\_ C • r^ -w -1 ^ IIoKAC K (Mil TON. 

the Senate m 1893. In 1895, when Sen- 
ator Coke retired, Mr. Chilton was elected to a full term in the 
United States Senate. 

By an amendment to the Constitution, adopted at the elec- 
tion in 1890, the entire judicial system of the State was reorgan- 
ized, so far as the higher courts are concerned. By legislation 




Railroad 

Commission 

established 



1887- 1897 




Reorganiza- 
tion of the 
judicial sys- 
tem in I 8qo 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



403 



1874 

TO 
1897 



passed under that amendment there have been created a Supreme Period viii. 
Court composed of three iud<>es, sittino- at Austin ; a Court of Second 

' ... Period of 

Criminal Appeals, three judges, sitting at Austin, Tyler, and statehood 
Dallas ; five intermediate Courts of Civil Appeals, sitting at 
Austin, San Antonio, Galveston, Fort Worth, and Dallas, and 
composed of three judges each. The Supreme Court, as consti- 
tuted in 1890, was composed of John W. Stay ton, 
chief justice, R. R. Gaines, and John L. Henry. 
Judge Henry resigned in 1893, and Thomas J. 
Brown was appointed in his place. On July 5, 1894, 
Chief Justice Stayton died, and Judge Gaines was 
promoted to the chief-justiceship, while Leroy G. 
Denman was appointed associate justice. At the 
election in November, 1894, Chief Justice Gaines 
and Justices Brown and Denman were elected to the 
Supreme Bench, and Judge Denman was re-elected 
in 1896. The Court of Criminal Appeals, in 1891, 
was composed of J. M. Hurt, W. L. Davidson, and 
E. J. Simkins. In 1894, John N. Henderson suc- 
ceeded Judge Simkins, and the whole court as thus 
constituted was re-elected in 1896. The five Courts 
of Civil Appeals, as finally constituted in 1893, were composed Courts of Civil 
as follows : First District, at Galveston, C. C. Garrett, chief ^^^^ ^ 
justice, F. A. Williams, H. C. Pleasants ; Second District, at 
Fort Worth, B. D. Tarleton, chief justice, 
H. O. Head, I. W. Stephens ; Third Dis- 
trict, at Austin, H. C. Fisher, chief justice, 
W. E. Collard and W. M. Key ; Fourth 
District, at San Antonio, J. H. James, 
chief justice, H. H. Neill, W. S. Fly ; 
Fifth District, at Dallas, H. W. Light- 
foot, chief justice, N. W. Finley-, Anson 
Rainey. In 1895, Judge Head resigned 
in the Second District and Sam T. Hunter 
was appointed to the vacancy, and was p ,■ ■ j- 
regularly elected in 1896. Governor 

In his first administration. Governor Hogg pursued fear- H°eg's first 

. '^'^ ^ administra- 

lessly and consistently the policy laid down in his campaign tion 




John W. Stayton. 




Rki'rkn R. Gaines. 



404 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VI II. 

SliCOND 

Pkriod of 
Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 

Corporations 
aroused 
against him 

Also, the 

conservative 

element 



Democratic 
State Conven- 
tion at Hous- 
ton in August, 
189a 



Divides into 
two conven- 
tions 



and in the platform on which he was elected. Extensive and 
radical laws were passed for the regulation of corporations, to 
prevent trusts and monopolies, to prohibit alien ownership of 
land, and generally to control and abridge the power of large 
moneyed and corporate interests. This course of conduct 
aroused great opposition to him in certain quarters. The corpora- 
tions, of course, would naturally resent the effort to regulate their 
business and control their exactions. Besides these, very many 
conservative men objected to the methods pursued by the gov- 
ernor and his legislatures. It was believed that the continual 
war and agitation against railroads and corporations were in- 
juring the State, driving away foreign immigration and invest- 
ments, and crippling the growth and prosperity of the country. 

Hence arose a very formidable 
and determined opposition to 
Governor Hogg's re-election. 
The campaign of 1892 began 
early in May, and it was the 
most exciting political contest 
the State had ever witnessed. 
George Cferk was the candidate 
of all the elements opposed to 
Hogg. He was the logical 
choice of the corporations, and 
the conservative element sup- 
ported him, hoping to defeat Hogg and elect some third man 
less extreme than either of them. On the Clark side the cam- 
paign motto was "Turn Texas Loose," while the governor's 
supporters rallied under the banner of "Hogg and the Com- 
mission." 

The Democratic State Convention met in Houston in August, 
1S92. P>om what had preceded, it was almost certain there 
would ]>e trouble in that body. There were charges of fraud in 
the selection of delegates on both sides, the attendance on the 
convention was unprecedented in magnitude, the weather was 
intensely hot, and the condition of men's minds and tempers 
scarcely less so. A disinite arose upon the call of the roll for 
the election of temporary chairman, indescribable confusion and 




Sam Houston Normal School, Huiitsville. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



405 



discord ensued, and out of the seething, wrangHng, angry, and Period viii. 
uncontrollable multitude of delegates two conventions were , ' '"-'-"'^" 

" PliRIOI) OK 

organized, called the "Car-stable" and "Turner Hall" con- Statkhood 
ventions, from the buildings in which they assembled. James 1S74 
S, Hogg and M. M. Crane were nominated for governor and '^'^ 
lieutenant-governor by the " Car-stable Convention," which was _ 
afterwards generally recognized as the regular Democratic or- Governor 
ganization, while George Clark and C. M. Rogers were nomi- na°edb°"the 
nated for the same offices by the ' ' Tui'ner Hall' ' meeting. The regular con- 
campaign that followed until November was more or less enthu- '^^"^^°" 
siastic, but the heat of passion subsided, and Democrats began George ciark 
to realize the folly of such disagreements within the lines of their ^f ^he"oppo- 
own party. A presidential campaign was in progress, in which sition 
the Democracy had strong hopes of success, and this served Subsequent 
very much to reconcile many men to the suj)port of the regular '^^'"P^'S" 

nominees. The coinage ol 

It was in this year that the coinage question became an issue ^° *",-.^' V^ 

-' o> 2 as a political 

in Texas politics. As a rule, the supporters of Governor Hogg issue in Tex. s 
favored a decided and explicit declara- 
tion in favor of the free coinage of silver 
and gold by the Federal government, at 
the ratio of sixteen to one ; while the Clark 
men generally contended for a modified 
demand for the equal coinage of both 
metals at such j-atio as would insure their 
parity and circulation as money at par. 
Governor Hogg and his ticket were vic- 
torious at the polls in November, but not medicai. department ok university. 
by a majority vote. There was another 

political party, lately organized in Texas, whose candidates re- The Popuiist 
ceived a large vote. This was the People's Party, or Populists, ^^^ ^ 
as they came to be called. Their platform of principles was a 
protest against the conduct of both the Democratic and Repub- 
lican parties, declared in favor of paper money based on the 
credit of the government, demanded the government ownership 
of railroads and telegraph lines, and was generally opposed to 
the growing evils of the money and corporation interests. Their 
candidates for governor and lieutenant-governor were Thomas 




4o6 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

i874 

TO 
1897 



Governor 
Hogg's second 
administra- 
tion 



Congressional 
elections in 
1892 



In 1894 



L. Nugent and Marion Martin. The vote for governor in No- 
vember was : Hogg, 190,486 ; Clark, 133,395 ! Nugent, 108,483. 

In the Federal election in the United States for 1892 the 
Democrats were successful, electing Grover Cleveland President 
and Adlai E. Stevenson Vice-President. 

Governor Hogg's second administration was not materially 
different from the first, and there was no incident of special im- 
portance in its history. There was a firm adherence to the 
policies followed during his former term and on which he had 
been re-elected. Towards the close of his second administra- 
tion, however, it became evident that the finances of the State 
were not in good condition. The government was not able to 
meet its expenses out of its income, and State warrants could not 
be paid in cash. 

Under the census of 1890, Texas was entitled to thirteen 
Congressmen, and in 1892 the State was reapportioned into that 
number of districts. At the election in November of that year 
the following Democrats were elected to Congress from the 
several districts in the order named : J. C. Hutcheson, S. B. 
Cooper, C. B. Kilgore, D. B. Culberson, J. W. Bailey, Jo 
Abbott, George C. Pendleton, C. K. Bell, J. D. Sayers, Walter 
Gresham, W. H. Crain, Thomas M. Paschal, J. V. Cockrell. 
In 1894, all these gentlemen were re-elected except Kilgore, 
Gresham, and Paschal, who were then succeeded by C. H. 
Yoakum, Miles Crowley, and George H. Noonan (Republican). 



QUESTIONS. 

Who were elected governor and lieutenant-governor in 18S6, and by 
what majority? Who was then elected chief justice of the Supreme 
Court ? Who were the Congressmen selected ? What State officers and 
Congressmen were elected in 1888 ? What was the character of Governor 
Ross's two administrations? When was the new capitol finished and 
dedicated, and with what ceremonies? What exciting campaign and 
election occurred in 1887? Describe the nature and interest of that con- 
test. What was the vote on prohibition ? What laws affecting corpora- 
tions were passed in Ross's administrations? What has been the policy 
of Texas towards railroads, and what has heeu llieir disposition and con- 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD, 



407 



duct towards the State ? What efforts were made by Attorney-General 
Hogg to recover lands fraudulently acquired by railroads ? What other 
question at that time began to excite public attention and became a po- 
litical issue ? What was sought to be done to regulate freight rates on 
railroads ? What other evils connected with corporations existed and 
were attempted to be prevented by law? What noted organization 
sprang up in Texas in 1889, and what were its objects ? How did it figure 
in politics? How did all these questions afTect the campaign of 1890? 
Who was the Democratic candidate for governor that year, and what 
were his views on these public issues? Who was the candidate for 
lieutenant-governor with him ? What was the result of the election ? 
Who were the Congressmen elected at that time ? What important com- 
mission was appointed by Governor Hogg, and whom did he appoint ? 
What change occurred in regard to Texas's representation in the United 
States Senate in consequence of this action ? How long did Mr. Chilton 
hold his seat in the Senate, and who succeeded him ? Explain subsequent 
elections of United States Senators until 1895. What important constitu- 
tional amendment was adopted in 1890 affecting the judicial system of 
the State? Explain the system of higher courts established under that 
amendment. What changes occurred in the composition of the Supreme 
Court from 1890 to 1896? How was the Court of Criminal Api)eals con- 
stituted from 1891 to 1896? Give the locations and designations of the 
live Courts of Civil Appeals, and the judges composing each, from 1S93 
to 1S96. What was Governor Hogg's conduct during his first adminis- 
tration? What important legislation was enacted at that time? Wiiat 
effect did these things have upon the political attitude of the corporations 
and their friends ? What other element was arrayed against the governor 
and his policies, and why? W^hat influence did this opposition have on 
the campaign of 1892 in Texas? Who were the opposing candidates 
for governor, and by what elements were they respectively supported? 
What were the campaign mottoes ? When and where did the Demo- 
cratic State Convention meet that year ? Describe what occurred at thai 
convention. Who were the nominees for governor and lieutenant- 
governor put out by the two opposing factions ? What developed in the 
ensuing campaign? What influenced Democrats to stick to their party 
that year? What Federal issue became an issue at that time in Texas 
l)olitics? Explain the attitude of the Hogg and Clark men on that cjues- 
tion. Who was successful at the election in November? What new 
jiolitical party appeared in that campaign? W^hat was its platform? 
Who were its candidates ? Give the result of the votes for the several 
candidates in 1892. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 
that year? W^hat were the character and policy of Governor Hogg's 
second administration ? What difficulties arose towards its close ? How 
many Congressmen was Texas entitled to by the census of 1890? Who 
were elected to Congress in 1892 ? Who in 1894 ? 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

to 

1897 



4o8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Pkriod ok 

Statehood 

1874 

TO- 
1897 



Topical Analysis. 

1. General prosperity and advancement of the State. 

2. Introduction of new political issues and influences, such as : 

(a) The attempt to restrain the inordinate power and the oppressive 
exactions of corporations and " trusts." 

(d) The effort to regulate transportation rates over railroads, and to 
prevent the fraudulent issuance of stock and bonds as the basis for exor- 
bitant freight charges. 

{f) The money question, as involved in the coinage of gold and silver, 
and the financial policy of the Federal government. 

3. These issues disturb the harmony of existing party relations, give 
rise to political excitement, and tend to disrupt the old political parties 
and to create new ones, — the object of all the agitation being to find a 
remedy against the growing power of corporations and combined wealth. 



Roberts's "Political History," Part III 
prehensive History of Texas" ( 1897). 



Parallel Readings. 

\'ul. II., of Scarff's " Coni- 




Ham llh.li SciioiiL, {;al\c;Uun. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



Governor Culberson's Administrations ; Campaigns of 

1894 and i8g6; Reduction of Public Expenses; 

General Progress and Prosperity of the 

State ; Death of Distinguished Men. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 



1874 

to 

1897 



IN the campaign of 1894, Charles A. Culberson, who was 
attorney-general during Governor Hogg's two administra- 
tions, John H. Reagan, John D. McCall, and S. W. T. 
Lanham were candidates for the Democratic nomination 
for governor. Of these Mr. Culberson was the youngest, but 
his service as attorney-general had attested his abilities, while 
his views on public questions were known to be, in 
the main, the same as those of his popular predeces- 
sor. Judge Reagan's career had been one of singu- 
lar and signal distinction, extending through forty 
years of eventful and trying experience in high public 
station, and identified with much that endeared him 
to the hearts of the people. Mr. McCall had evi- 
denced his good sense and practical capacity as State 
comptroller for several years ; while Colonel Lanham 
had served in Congress with credit and success. After 
a spirited canvass, the convention met in Dallas in 
August, and Mr. Culberson was nominated, with 
George T. Jester for lieutenant-governor. This convention, 
however, after a considerable debate, abolished the two-thirds 
rjde in making nominations, which rule had been adhered to in 
Texas since the first Democratic State convention in 1857. There 
was also a long and very able debate on the adoption of the plat- 
form for the Democracy in that campaign. The principal point Debate on the 
of difference was in reference to the money or coinage question. ^°^*^ '^"^^ 
One side advocated the adoption of the declaration contained in 
the National Democratic Platform of 1892, which was understood 

409 




ChARLI-S a. Cll.nhKbON. 



Two-thirds 
rule abolished 



4IO 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

]S74 

TO 
1897 



Campaign of 
1894 



Governor Cul- 
berson's first 
administra- 
tion 




Thomas L. Nugent 



Special ses- 
sion on the 
prize-fight 

Campaign of 
i8g6 



Universal dis- 
content and 
agitation 



to be in favor of the single gold standard ; while the other favored 
a declaration for the/r*?^ and unlimited coinage of gold and silver 
at the ratio of sixteen to one. The gold standard men won the 
fight amid great enthusiasm. 

In the ensuing campaign the Democrats were opposed by a 
Populist and two Republican tickets for State officers. Judge 
Nugent and Marion Martin were again the Populist candidates 
for governor and lieutenant-governor, while the Republicans were 
divided into two factions, called "Lily-Whites" and " Black- 
and-Tans. " The vote stood: Culberson, 207,167; Nugent, 
152,731 ; Makemson (Black-and-Tan), 54,520; Schmitz (Lily- 
White), 5026. 

Governor Culberson's first administration was uneventful, 

but conservative, wise, and stable. He was greatly embarrassed 

by the financial condition of the State when he assumed control 

of the government, and it required great caution and 

economy to conduct affairs so as to avoid serious 

trouble. 

At the election in 1894, amendments to the Con- 
■ stitution were adopted, making the Railroad Com- 

mission elective, and authorizing appropriations to 
support the "Home for Confederate Soldiers." The 
efforts of the administration were directed towards re- 
ducing expenses, collecting delinquent taxes, and com- 
pelling corporations which derive large revenues from 
the State to pay a reasonable tax for their franchises 
and business. An incident of the administration was 
a special session of the legislature, in October, 1895, to pass 
a law to prevent a notable prize-fght that was threatened at 
Dallas, to the scandal of the civilization and laws of Texas. 

The political campaign of 1896, State and Federal, was one 
of unusual activity and interest. Since the dissensions at the 
State convention of 1892, two factions had existed in the Demo- 
cratic party of Texas, mainly on the coinage question, which was 
strictly an issue of Federal politics. This division also existed 
to some extent throughout the Union. The growth of the great 
corporations, and their combinations in the form of "trusts;" 
the accumulation of vast wealth in the hands of a few persons, 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



411 



by that means and the protective tariff ; the controlHng influence 
of these agencies in shaping the financial pohcies of the Federal 
government ; the growing discontent of the laboring and agricul- 
tural masses, especially in the West and South, caused by low 
wages, low prices, and general depression of business and indus- 
try, — all these things contributed to produce a wide-spread dis- 
satisfaction with existing conditions, and a consequent weakening 
of old party ties, both locally and nationally. The course of 
President Cleveland during his second administration had dis- 
gusted and alienated the bulk of his party, and the Democracy 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period ok 

Statehood 

1874 

to 

1897 



President 

Cleveland's 

conduct 




CONIEUEKATE SoLUlERS' HOME, AuStill, TcxaS. 



was in danger of great disorganization. It was this state of The Populists 
affairs that had caused the formation and sudden strength of 
the Populist party in Texas and elsewhere. In both the pre- 
ceding State campaigns that political organization had exhibited 
great vitality and power, under the leadership of Thomas L. Thomas l. 
Nugent, a man of ability, purity of character, and very plausi- "^^"* 
ble in his presentation of the new theories of the Populists. 
His death, in 1895, transmitted the headship of the party in 
Texas to Jerome C. Kearby, a prominent and able lawyer of 
Dallas. There were no issues in 1896 of controlling importance 
in State politics, but, it being the occasion of a presidential 
election, all interest centred on Federal questions. A state- 



412 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 
to 

Issues in the 
national cam- 
paign of i8g6 



W.J. Bryan 



Free silver 
platform 



Bolting Demo- 
crats 



Republicans 



merit of those questions is necessary to an understanding of the 
situation. 

The Democratic National Convention met in Chicago on 
July 7, and the fight between the Free Silver and Gold Standard 
Democrats was earnest and bitter, the former constituting the 
great majority of the delegates, while the latter were mostly 
Northern and Eastern men, led by David B. Hill and William 
C. Whitney, of New York. A spirited and eloquent debate 
occurred on the adoption of the party platform, the point of dis- 
pute being the declaration for "the free and unlimited coinage 
of both silver and gold at the ratio of sixteen to one, without 
waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation." In closing 
that discussion, William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, speaking for the 
aiifirmative, delivered a speech of phenomenal power and dramatic 
effect. He had not previously been a candidate for the Presi- 
dency, but so completely did his address capture the convention, 
and so thoroughly did it embody the prevailing sentiments of 
the assembled delegates, that he was nominated on the first 
ballot. The vote adopting the free silver platform was 628 ayes, 
301 nays. The convention refused to indorse Mr. Cleveland's 
administration by a vote of 357 aj'cs to 564 ?iays. The platform, 
besides the declaration on the money question, contained declara- 
tions opposing the issuance of United States bonds in time of 
peace ; against national banks and bank-notes ; denouncing a 
protective tariff, but advising that that issue be not agitated until 
the coinage issue was settled ; favoring an income tax by the 
general government ; deprecating the unwarranted interference 
of the Federal authorities in local and State affairs, and the 
unconstitutional acts of Federal judges ; and the other usual 
fundamental doctrines of the Democratic faith. The Gold 
.Standard Democrats, who had been thus defeated in the con- 
vention, bolted the platform and nominees of their party, and 
met at Indianapolis on SeptemlxT 2, where they nominated John 
M. Palmer, of Illinois, and Simon B. Buckncr, of Kentucky, for 
President and Vice-President. 

The Republican National Convention met at St. Louis on 
June 16, and nominated William McKinley, of Ohio, and Gar- 
rett A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for President and Vice-President. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



4^3 



The platform issued was the usual Republican declaration, favor- 
ing a high protective tarif!, pensions to Union soldiers, and, on 
the money question, it proclaimed in favor of " the existing gold 
standard" until the free coinage of silver could be obtained by 
" the international agreement of the leading commercial nation's 
of the world." When this last declaration was adopted, Sena- 
tors Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, Fred T. Dubois, of Idaho, 
and other advocates of free silver withdrew from the convention. 

On July 22, the so-called " National Silver Party" met in St. 
Louis, composed of many free silver Republicans and some 
Democrats and Populists. They simply indorsed the Demo- 
cratic ticket that had been nominated at Chicago. The Populist 
National Convention met at the same time and place, and after 
a stormy session, in which the Texas delegation took a leading 
part, as "middle-of-the-road" Populists (by whom were meant 
those opposed io fusion with any other party), it indorsed Bryan 
for President, and nominated Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, 
for Vice-President. By a peculiar freak the usual order of pro- 
ceeding was reversed, and the Vice-President was nominated 
first. The platform was made up of the characteristic Populist 
demands on all public questions. 

Thus, practically, Mr. Bryan was supported by all the ele- 
ments favoring the free coinage of silver, while Mr. McKinley, 
directly or indirectly, received the support of all who opposed 
that policy. In Texas the sentiment was largely one way, — in 
favor of the Democratic candidate for President ; although the 
Republicans developed a healthier strength than at any previous 
period since Reconstruction days. 

The Populist State Convention met at Galveston on August 
5, 1896, and nominated a full State ticket, with Jerome C. Kearby 
for governor and H. S. P. ("Stump") Ashby for lieutenant- 
governor. The Democratic State Convention met in Fort Worth 
on August 18, and the entire list of State of^cers was nominated 
for re-election, except that Allison Mayficld was put forward to 
fill the vacancy on the Railroad Commission. The platform 
contained the customary Democratic declarations, with several 
demands for legislation on local issues, such as the regulation 
of official fees, reformation of the criminal laws and procedure, 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 



National 
Silver Party 



National Pop- 
ulist Conven- 
tion 



The practical 
situation 



State conven- 
tions of Pop- 
ulists and 
Democrats 



State Demo- 
cratic platform 



414 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period ok 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 

Fusion 



The canvass 
in Texas 



Results of the 
elections, No- 
vember 3, 1896 



Character of 
the campaign 



abolition of the convict lease system, reduction of freight rates, 
and the enactment of laws for reduction of expenses in the 
government. The Republican State Convention met at Fort 
Worth on September 9. It made no nominations for State 
officers, but appointed an executive committee whose duty was 
understood to be to work mainly for the Republican national 
ticket, and, if possible, to secure the Populist support of McKin- 
ley in exchange for the Republican support of Kearby. The 
small faction of Republicans called "Lily-Whites," however, 
did nominate a full State ticket, headed by Henry B. Cline, of 
Harris County. 

With the foregoing array of candidates and complications, 
the canvass until the November elections was necessarily earnest 
and sometimes confusing. The small fragment of bolting Demo- 
crats who favored the gold standard generally voted for the 
Populist candidate for governor, and many of them supported 
the Republican national ticket. The Populists were badly con- 
fused and demoralized by the peculiar ticket they had put out 
at St. Louis, and all kinds of political bargains, fusions, and 
coalitions were made or attempted to be made during the cam- 
paign. At the election on November 3, 1896, the entire Demo- 
cratic State ticket was elected, and the electoral vote of Texas 
was cast for Bryan for President. The vote for governor stood 
thus : Culberson, 298,528, Kearby, 238,692 ; for lieutenant- 
governor : Jester, 306,244, Ashby, 230,863. The vote in Texas 
for President and Vice-President was as follows : Bryan and 
Scwall electors, 284,953 ; McKinley and Hobart electors, 160,- 
695 ; Bryan and Watson electors, 78,129 ; Palmer and Buckner 
electors, 4861. The vote in the whole United States showed 
this result: For McKinley, popular vote, 7,107,822, or 271 
electoral votes; for Bryan, popular vote, 6,511,073, electoral 
votes, 176 ; for Palmer, popular vote, 133,800 ; for Levering, 
Prohibitionist, 130,683. 

No national campaign since the War had aroused such univer- 
sal public interest, and the result was for a long time regarded 
as very doubtful. The excitement in Texas was not so intense 
as in the Prohibition canvass of 1887 or the Hogg-Clark contest 
of 1892, but the activity of all parties was immense, and, although 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



415 



the result of the vote in this State was never uncertain, the cam- tkriod viii. 
paign was conducted with energy and enthusiasm. Perio'^ of 

The Twenty-fifth Legislature convened in regular session Statehood 
on January 12, 1897, and L. T. Dashiell, of Leon County, was ' 1874 
elected speaker of the lower house. The inauguration ceremo- '^° 

nies occurred at the usual time, and the governor's message was _i: 

practical and conservative. He recommended the passage of Twenty-fifth 
laws in accordance with the platform demands of his party in jan^uary-jmie 
the recent campaign, and the labors of the body were directed 1897 
to the accomplishment of those ends. The regular session was 
a very stormy and unsatisfactory one, much time being fruitlessly Regular 
consumed in the discussion of a bill to regulate assignments by 
insolvent debtors, a bill to reduce and equalize the fees of county 
ofificers, a bill to abolish what was known as ' ' the fellow-servant 
doctrine" in the matter of the liability of railroads for personal 
injuries to their employes, and the deficiency and general appro- 
priation bills. The session continued the full ninety days allowed 
by the Constitution, and just as the time expired the governor 
vetoed the general appropriation bill, for several substantial 
reasons. This necessitated an extra or special session of the Special 
legislature, which was accordingly convened the next day. May ^^^^'°" 
22. That session also continued for the thirty days permitted 
by law, adjourning on June 19. Its labors were devoted to fin- 
ishing the work begun at the regular session. During the two Governor's 
sessions of the Twenty-fifth Legislature, Governor Culberson ^^'°^^ 
found it necessary to veto quite a number of the bills passed by 
the two houses, and in every instance his action was apparently 
approved by the people of the State, as well as acquiesced in by 
the legislature itself. The most important acts of a general important 
nature passed by this legislature were the following : Providing s^"^""^' '^^^ 
for a uniform system of text-books in the public schools of the 
State, to take effect in 1898 ; reforming the criminal code and 
procedure, so as to avoid many technical defects in the trial of 
criminals and secure more prompt execution of the laws ; a fee 
bill, to reduce and regulate the official fees of county officers ; 
giving to foreign corporations the same rights in the manage- 
ment of their property that are enjoyed by domestic coq^ora- 
tions ; modifying and limiting the "fellow-servant doctrine" in 



4i6 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statkhood 

1874 ' 

TO 



1897 



Constitutional 
amendments 



Success and 
prosperity of 
Culberson's 
administra- 
tions 



Reduction in 
expenses 



Collection 
of taxes 



Congressmen 



Greer County 
case 



suits for personal injuries against railroads, and several laws 
affecting the sale of the public school lands. An act was also 
passed for the purchase of the battle-field of San Jacinto. 

Several joint resolutions for amending the Constitution were 
attempted to be passed, the most important of which was one 
providing for the issue of bonds and the levy of local taxes for 
irrigation purposes in the arid counties of the State, which was 
adopted, and was defeated by a vote of the people in August, 
1897. 

Aside from the general prevalence of ' ' hard times' ' through- 
out the entire country, and the difficulties arising from financial 
conditions existing at the time he came into office, the adminis- 
trations of Governor Culberson have been characterized by thrift, 
prosperity, and peaceful progress. Texas has, perhaps, suffered 
less from the general depression than most of the other States 
for the past several years, and, so far as the administration of 
the State government could conduce to the happiness, welfare, 
and advancement of the people and all their interests, it has per- 
formed its full duty acceptably and creditably. During the 
period since January i, 1895, there have been great reductions 
in the general expenses of the government, in official fees, and in 
the cost of transportation over the railroads by the operation of 
the Railroad Commission. A large deficiency has been paid oft, 
the public schools have been improved and their terms length- 
ened, delinquent taxes have been collected promptly and success- 
fully, and the whole business and financial aspects of the admin- 
istration have been healthy, practical, and efficient. 

At the election of 1896, the Congressmen elected for the 
several districts in their numerical order were as follows : T. H. 
Ball, S. B. Cooper, R. C. DeGraffenried, J. W. Cranford, J. 
W. Bailey, R. E. Burke, R. L. Henry, S. T. W. Lanham, J. 
D. Sayers, R. B. Hawley (Republican), R. J. Kleberg, J W. 
Slayden, J. H. Stephens. 

An important event was the decision of the Greer County 
litigation, by the Supreme Court of the United States, on March 
16, 1896. As has been previously seen, the question involved 
in that suit was as to which of the two forks of the up])er Red 
Ri\er was the true boundary, as called for in the treaty of 18 19 



SFXOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



417 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 



1874 

to 

1897 

History of the 



CHEROKEE STRIP ! 
. i 

I HEMPHILL ! // 







between the United States and Spain, defining and establishing 
the northern boundary of Texas. If the " Prairie-Dog Town" 
Fork was decided to be the true Hne of Texas, Greer County 
belonged to the United States, but if the North Fork was 
adopted, Texas would own that district of country. As a mat- 
ter of fact, Texas had been in peaceful possession of the country 
for many years, had organized a county government there, 
established and supported courts and public free schools, and case 
exercised all the jurisdiction that 
she did over any other county in 
the State. Even the United States 
had practically recognized it as part 
of Texas by placing it as one of the 
counties of the Northern Judicial 
District of Texas. But for some 
reason, not now obvious, the public 
men of Texas began to agitate the 
question of title and ownership. 
After several times attempting to 
arbitrate the question through joint 
commissions, there being no tribunal 
having jurisdiction to try the case, 
a bill was finally introduced and 
passed in Congress, at the instance 
of Texas, conferring special jurisdic- 
tion upon the Supreme Court of the 
United States to try a suit between the United States and Texas 
to determine the title to Greer County. After able argument 
and years of delay, the case was finally decided adversely to the 
State upon every proposition and contention that had been urged 
by the lawyers representing her. This litigation furnishes a Foiiyofthe 
curious example of a person whose possession and title to land 
are quiet and undisturbed, rushing into court to remove a cloud 
from his title, and losing his property by the suit. Greer County 
contained 1,575,680 acres, and the suit was very expensive to 
the State. 

An interesting incident occurred at Galveston on February Battleship 
20, 1897, being the presentation of a silver service by the gov- 

27 




HALL I '^^t'^^^^iAM^ 

.^ ^ 1 ">S.:p^^_^ 

•MOTLEY j 

I I COTTLE I 

._L J L._..i l::!: 



Map showing Territory disputed between 
United States and Texas, called Creer 
County. 



4i8 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period V'lll. 
Skconu 

PHRIOD Ol' 

Statkhood 
1874 

TO 
1897 



Death of dis- 
tinguished 
men 

J. W. Throck- 
morton 



Sam Bell 
Maxey 



ernor, in behalf of the State, to the United States battleship 
Texas. This magnificent vessel was one of the first two war- 
ships built by the government for its new navy, and the honor 
of the name was appropriately recognized by Texas, amid im- 
posing ceremonies, at the chief seaport city of the State. 

While the intelligence and enterprise of an energetic people 
have kept the State abreast with modern civilization, and their 
hopeful spirit has conquered all adverse circumstances, many of 
those who in the past have contributed the wealth of their labor 
and talents to the up-building of Texas have recently been called 
from the scenes of their toils and their triumphs. In tlue year 
1894, at his home in McKinney, Ex-Governor J. W. Throckmor- 
ton died, at the age of sixty-nine years. His father was one of 
the first settlers of Collin County, and he himself had devoted his 
life largely to the defence and development of Texas. Beginning 
his services as a Texas Ranger, in the Mexican War, he suc- 
cessively held high rank as a lawyer, was a prominent ofificer in 
the War for Secession, negotiated important treaties with the 
Indians, and became governor of the State in 1866, under the 
operation of Presidential Reconstruction. In that capacity, he 
labored wisely and successfully to remove the disastrous effects 
of the war, and to restore peace and prosperity to his people, 
until removed by the arbitrary order of a military satrap. He 
afterwards took a leading part in the projection and extension of 
the early lines of railway in Northern Texas, and in the general 
encouragement of immigration and industry in the State. He 
served several terms in Congress, and to the date of his enforced 
retirement from active life he was a valuable factor in all great 
public movements, whether in the field of politics or in the direc- 
tion of business progress for his State. 

On August 16, 1895, at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, died 
General S.- B. Maxey, who had been a distinguished citizen of 
Texas for over forty years. As a young soldier, he won his first 
laurels in that war by which Texas secured her independence 
and peace as one of the United States ; later he came from " Old 
Kentucky' ' to the land he had fought for, and at once became a 
leader at the bar, an invaluable assistant of every movement for 
the advancement of his State and section, and a man of wisdom 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



419 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 



1874 

to 

1897 



and firmness in every public crisis. When the storm of civil 
strife swept Texas into the great struggle for Secession, he led 
her soldiers to battle, and won glory for them and himself in 
many arduous campaigns. At the close of that conflict he 
returned to his home at Paris, and lent his aid and counsel to- 
wards rehabilitating the commonwealth, for which he found his 
reward, when Texas regained her sovereignty, by his elevation 
to the United States Senate in 1874, to which position he was 
re-elected in 1880, and for twelve years he rendered practical 
services to the State and country that have not been surpassed 
by any one who has ever held the commission of Texas in the 
Federal legislature. His later years were spent in scholarly 
retirement at his home, although on all great questions affecting 
the policies of the government and the welfare of the people his 
opinions were sought and fearlessly given, to the end of his life. 

Ex-Governor John Ireland died at San Antonio, on March John Ireland 
15, 1896, at the age of sixty-nine. As State Senator after 
Reconstruction, judge of the Supreme Court, and governor for 
two terms, he always displayed that rugged vigor 
of character, Spartan virtue of firmness and honesty, 
and a blunt simplicity of purpose that had enabled 
him, in a life of great labor and sacrifice, to win his 
way from poverty and obscurity to distinction and 
usefulness in his adopted State. In the summer 
of the same year, the University of Texas sustained 
a serious and painful loss in the death of Professor 
Leslie Waggener, chairman of its faculty. He was 
one of the original corps of professors in that insti- 
tution at its organization, in 1883, and had been 
chairman of the faculty for a number of years before 
his death. He was a man of finished and profound 
culture, intensely loyal to the University, and gifted 
with a rare practical judgment and plain, common sense method 
of conducting the affairs of the great institution over which he 
prjesided that were as useful as they are difficult to duplicate. 
At his death, the Board of Regents, acting under the authority 
of a recent act of the legislature, created the ofifice of President 
of the Universit)', which place they filled by the selection of 




Leslie Waggener. 



420 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Period VIII. Professoi' Gcorge T. Winston, late of the University of North 
Carohna. 

Period of 

Statehood On February lo, 1896, Congressman WilUam H. Grain died 

1874 in Washington City, aged forty-eight years. Mr. Crain was a 

™ native Texan, a man of thorough education, high order of 

_ natural talent, gifted with great eloquence, graceful and cap- 

tivating in social life, and very popular among his people. His 

William H. career for ten years in Congress had amply established his rep- 
utation for ability, and his loss at so early an age was deeply 
deplored by his friends and by the State at large. At a special 
election in the summer of 1896, R. J. Kleberg was elected to fill 
the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Crain. 

Richard Coke On May 14, 1S97, at his home in Waco, Ex-Governor and 

Ex-Senator Richard Coke ended his days, mourned by the 
whole people of Texas, and followed by the highest evidences of 
the esteem in which he was universally held. His distinction 
was due to a remarkably strong and commanding personality, a 
vigorous and powerful intellect, and an unbending tenacity of 
purpose in the pursuit of what he conceived to be right. His 
first public station of prominence was as judge of the Supreme 
Court in 1866, under Presidential Reconstruction. When the 
time came for the final struggle to overthrow the corrupt and 
ruinous system that had grown up under the Davis administra- 
tion, he was selected as the most suitable leader of the aroused 
people of Texas. His firmness in the critical moment of transi- 
tion to free Democratic government attested the wisdom of the 
choice, and his administration as governor marked the opening 
of a new era in the development of Texan Statehood. He was 
elected to the Senate in 1876, was twice re-elected, and volun- 
tarily retired in 1895. 

Closing reflec- Thus, in the short space of three years, several of the most 

notable and useful men of later Texas histor}' have passed from 
the stage of action. Their ages were not so advanced as to have 
rendered them no longer useful, and there is a melancholy sig- 
nificance in the fact that the generation of our later statesmen 
seems not so long-lived as that which went before. While these 
men, whose public service and fame belong to the more recent 
periods in the devel()|)ment of the .State, are thus being gathered 



tions 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



421 



to their fathers, there remain among us some whose youthful 
vision saw the sunrise of Hberty and independence at San Jacinto, 
and whose wisdom and valor contributed to the foundation and 
support of the first free government in Texas. Such are the 
venerable Ex-Governors O. M. Roberts and Frank R. Lubbock, 
and that heroic old statesman and patriot, John H. Reagan. 
Through long and busy lives they have served their State in 
many and exalted stations ; they have seen the friends and com- 
rades of their earlier careers pass into history, and now, from the 
summit of an honorable old age, they are permitted to view the 
land their labors and sacrifices have blessed and fostered, and to 
receive the homage and gratitude of the people whose liberties 
and hai^piness they have cherished and defended. But erelong 
it may be truthfully said of them all, — 

"Their part in all the pomp that fills 
The glory of the summer hills 
Is that their arraves are trreen." 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 

1897 



QUESTIONS. 

Who were the candidates for governor in 1894, and give a brief ac- 
count of each ? When and where did the State Democratic Convention 
meet that year? Who were nominated for governor and lieutenant- 
governor ? What important rule was abolished by that convention ? On 
what subject was there an exciting debate, explain the ciuestion debated, 
and what was the result ? Who were the candidates of the Republicans 
and Populists in the campaign of 1894 ? Give the vote for each candidate 
for governor at the elections of that year. What was the character of 
Governor Culberson's first administration, what difficulties did he have 
to contend with, and how did he meet them ? What Constitutional amend- 
ments were adopted at the election of 1894 ? To what subjects was the 
attention of the administration mainly directed ? When was a special 
session of the legislature called by Governor Culberson in his first ad- 
ministration, and for what purpo.«e ? What was the nature of the political 
campaign, State and F"ederal, in 1896? What two factions of the Demo- 
cratic party existed in Texas and elsewhere, since when, and on what 
issue ? Exi^lain the \'arious causes that had operated to produce discon- 
tent in the country and disorganization among political parties. To the 
formation and growth of what party had these things contributed ? Who 
had been the leader of that party in Texas, when did he die, and who 



422 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkriod Vlll. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

TO 
1897 



succeeded him as the head of the party ? What were the controHing 
issues in the campaign of 1896? When and where did the Democratic 
National Convention meet that year, and what exciting contest occurred 
in it ? On what special question did the debate arise, and what was the 
result ? Who made a notable speech on that occasion, and to what did 
it lead ? Who was nominated for Vice-President ? What did the con- 
vention do in regard to President Cleveland ? Give the main points of 
the platform adopted by the Democrats. W^hat did the "gold standard 
Democrats" do? When and where did the Republican National Con- 
vention meet, and whom did it nominate ? What was its platform ? 
WHiat occurred among the " silver Republicans" ? What 'convention 
was held by those who favored the free coinage of silver above all other 
questions, and what did it do? W^hen and where did the Populist 
National Convention meet? What part did the Texas delegation take 
in that meeting ? What did that convention do ? What was its platform ? 
Practically, how were the people divided in that campaign as between 
Bryan and McKinley? What was the sentiment in Texas? When and 
where did the Populist State Convention meet, and what candidates did 
it nominate? When and where did the Democratic State Convention 
meet, what nominations did it make, and what platform did it adopt ? 
What did the Republican State Convention do in that year ? What was 
the policy of the Republicans in the State campaign ? Explain the po- 
litical situation in Texas during that campaign; how did the "gold 
standard Democrats" and the Populists generally vote ? What was the 
result of the election in November, 1896, as to State officers? Give the 
vote for governor. What was the vote in Texas for President and Vice- 
President? What was the vote, popular and electoral, in the country at 
large ? What can you say of the general character of the campaign of 
1896 in Texas? When did the regular session of the Twenty-fifth Legis- 
lature meet, and who was elected speaker of the lower house ? What did 
the governor recommend in his message ? What was the general charac- 
ter of the regular session of that legislature? What measures received 
its attention? Mow long did it sit, and when and for what purpose did 
the governor call a special session ? What did that session do, and when 
did it adjourn? What course did the governor pursue as to several bills 
passed by the legislature, and how was his action regarded ? Give the 
subject of the most important laws enacted by the Twenty-fifth Legisla- 
ture. What important Constitutional amendment was submitted to the 
peopk- ])y that body? What can you say of the general character and 
results of Governor Culberson's administrations ? What important things 
have been accomplished untkr his management ? Who were elected to 
Congress in 1896? What important law-suit was decided against Texas 
in March, 1896? Explain what was involved in that suit, how it origi- 
nated, and the history of the case in its \arious stages. Wliat can you 
say f)f the necessity of the litigation? How nuich land did Texas lose by 
that decision ? Wiial interesting incident occurred at Galveston in Feb- 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



423 



ruary, 1897 ? What six distinguished citizens of Texas have died in the 
last three years? Give a sketch of the character and public career of 
each of tiiem. To what era of Texas history did they belong ? What 
three eminent men of an earlier era still survive, and what can you say 
of them ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The political campaign of 1896, State and Federal, involving the 
issues of free coinage of silver, restriction of the power of corporations 
and moneyed monopolies, protest against unwarranted interference by 
the Federal government and judiciary in local afTairs, and other funda- 
mental doctrines of Democracy. 

2. The several national political conventions of that year, their plat- 
forms and candidates. Marked features of the times were the introduc- 
tion of economic and social questions in politics, general discontent and 
agitation among the people, and a weakening of old party ties. 

3. The .State campaign of 1896, followed by Democratic victory, but 
attended with more than usual interest and discussion. 

4. Governor Culberson's administrations, characterized by financial 
reforms, economy in public expenses, reduction of official fees, a more 
systematic collection of taxes, improved school facilities, reforms in crim- 
inal laws and procedure, and general thrift and conservatism. 

5. End of the Greer County litigation, by which Texas lost a large 
area of valuable territory as the result of a law-suit instigated by the State. 

6. Death of eminent men, and reflections thereon. 

Geography, 

Study the boundaries claimed by the United States and Texas in the 
Greer County litigation, and the exact location, size, and nature of the 
territory involved. 

Parallel Readings. 

Roberts's "Political History," Part III., Vol. I., Scarff's "Compre- 
hensive History of Texas" ( 1897) ; W^. J. Bryan's "The First Battle." 



Period VIII. 

Skconu 

Period ok 

Statehood 

1874 

to 

1897 



TEXAS 

253,314 Square Miles 



FRANCE 

204,178 Square Miles 



Relative Size ok Texas and France. 



I'hKlOD VIII. 

Skcond 

I'liKlOD OF 

Statkhood 

I.S74 
lO 

IS97 



124 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.— 1874-1897. 

Parallel to Period VIII. 

AMERICA. 

1874. — Act for resumption of specie payments passed, to take effect 
January i, 1879. Supplementary Civil Rights Bill passed. Political 
difficulties in Louisiana between Kellogg and McEnery. United 
States troops sought to be used to keep the Republican party in 
power in the South. Tidal wave of Democratic success sweeps the 
country. 

1875.— Prosecution of the "Whiskey Ring." Democrats continue to win 
in the elections ; lower house of Congress Democratic. 

1876.— Colorado admitted to the Union. Centennial Exhibition at Phila- 
delphia. "Force Bill" passed by Congress. Massacre of Custer's 
command by Sioux Indians. Presidential campaign between Hayes 
and Tilden. Civil service reform agitated. Porfirio Diaz deposes 
Lerdo de Tejada in Mexico by revolution. 

1877.— Contest for the Presidency between Hayes and Tilden ; Electoral 
Commission appointed to decide the contest, which declares Hayes 
elected, and he is inaugurated, March 4. Great railroad strike. 
Troops withdrawn from South Carolina and Louisiana. Diaz elected 
President of Mexico. Greenback party organized in United States. 

1878. -Yellow fever epidemic in the Southern States. Gold sells at 
par in New York. United States pay the fisheries award. The 
" Bland Silver Bill" passed by Congress. Growth of the Greenback 
party. 

1879. — United States resume specie payments. Democrats pass a free 
silver bill in the lower house of Congress. Parliamentary fight to 
repeal Federal election laws. Jeannettc Arctic expedition. Senate 
passes bill to license women to practice in the Supreme Court. 

1880. — Tenth census shows population of 50,155,783. James A. Garfield 
elected President. Diaz not being eligible to succeed himself, Manuel 
Gonzales elected President of Mexico. 

i88i.— President Garfield inaugurated, Marcli 4 ; shot by Guiteau, July 2 ; 
died .September 19 ; succeeded by Vice-President Chester A. Arthur. 
Cotton Exhibition at Atlanta. Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, 
Virginia. 

1882. — Execution of Guiteau for tiie nuirder of President Garfield. 

1883. — New York and Brooklyn bridge opened. Great strike among 
telegraph operators. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



425 



1884.— Grover Cleveland elected President, the first Democratic President 
since 1856. Greely relief expedition rescues seven survivors of the 
lost explorers. Diaz elected President of Mexico. 

1885. — Inauguration of President Cleveland, March 4. Great railroad 
strike in the Western States. Death of General Grant. Rebellion 
in Canada under Riel. War in Central America between Nicaragua 
and Guatemala. 

1886. — Labor riots and agitation throughout the United States. Anarchist 
murders and trial at Chicago. Earthquake at Charleston, South 
Carolina. Slavery abolished in Cuba. The Constitutional rule for- 
bidding re-election of President to succeed himself abolished in 
Mexico. 

1887. — Interstate Commerce Bill becomes a law. Centennial of framing 
of Constitution celebrated in New York. International Fishery Com- 
mission established. Hanging of the Chicago anarchists. Death of 
Henry Ward Beecher. 

1888. — Benjamin Harrison elected President. Chinese exclusion law 
passed. Yellow fever in Florida. Diaz re-elected President of 
Mexico. 

1889. — President Harrison inaugurated, March 4. Oklahoma made a 
territory. Centennial Celebration of the beginning of the United 
States Government in New York. The Johnstown flood. Difficulties 
between Germans and Americans in Samoan Islands. Brazil becomes 
a RepubHc. 

1890. — Eleventh census shows population of 62,622,250. Idaho and 
Wyoming admitted to the Union. War in the West with Siou.x 
Indians. Sitting Bull killed. 

1891. — International copyright law passed. Mob murders members of 
the Italian Mafia in New Orleans. Heavy financial failures. Trouble 
with Chili threatened. 

1892. — Grover Cleveland elected President. Behring .Sea arbitration 
treaty concluded. Great strike and riots at Homestead, Pennsyl- 
vania. Chili apologizes to United States. Diaz re-elected President 
of Mexico, and is again re-elected in 1894 and 1896. 

1893 — President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4. Columbian World's 
Fair at Chicago. Agitation of the free coinage of silver. General 
financial distress in the country. Satolli appointed by the Pope 
apostolic delegate to United States. Difficulties in Hawaii, in which 
United States declines to exercise protectorate. 

1894. — Increasing labor agitation. " Coxey's Army" marclies to Wash- 
ington. Strike of railway employes against Pullman Car Comjiany. 
Riots at Chicago, in which Federal troops are u.sed. Utah admitted 
to the Union. Insurrection in Cuba assumes formidable proportions. 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period of 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 



426 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Pkkioi) VIII. 1895. — Income tax law held unconstitutional by Supreme Court. Atlanta 

SKcoND Exposition. Cuban insurgents organize provisional government. 

KRiou OF Trouble between England and Venezuela as to boundary : United 

^4 



TO 



States asserts the Monroe doctrine as against England's claims. 
1896. — Venezuela Boundary Commission appointed. Continued war in 
,j^Q_ Cuba. Utah declared eligible to become a State in the Union. Many 

strikes and failures throughout the Union. Exciting Presidential 
campaign on the money issue ; William McKinley elected President. 
Utah declared to be a State in the Union. Nicaragua, Honduras, 
and Salvador form the Republic of Central America. United States 
issues |ioo,ooo,ooo of gold bonds. 
1897. — President McKinley inaugurated, March 4. General arbitration 
treaty between United States and Great Britain rejected by the 
Senate. A treaty for annexation of Hawaii signed and submitted to 
the Senate. Belligerency of Cuba recognized by United States. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

1875. — Tennyson's "Queen Mary" published. Prince of Wales visits 
India. England acquires control of the Suez Canal. 

1876. — Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India. 

1877. — Annexation of the Transvaal. 

1879 — Great disaster at the Tay bridge. 

1881. — Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Irish land league declared illegal. 

1882. — War in Egypt. Attempted assassination of the Queen. Assassina- 
tion of Lord Cavendish and Thomas H. Burke at Phoenix Park, 
Dublin. Great fire in London. 

1883. — The English occupy Egypt, and war in the Soudan w ith El Mahdi 
ensues. Phccnix Park murderers are executed. 

1884. — luigland assumes protectorate over Egypt ; war in the Soudan 
continues. Part of New Guinea attached to Great Britain. 

1885.— Capture of Khartoum by the Mahdi, and death of General Gordon. 
Another expedition .sent to Soudan. lUirmah annexed to Great 
Britain. 

1886.— The Queen opens Parliament in i)erson, the first time in many 
years. Gladstone resigns, and Salisbury forms a ministry. 

1887.— Fiftieth anniversary of Queen \'ictoria's reign celebraktl by a 
great jubilee. Stanley goes to Africa. Island of Cyi^rus ceded to 
Great Britain by Turkey. International Mshery Commission with 
United States established. 

1888.— England annexes the Cook Islands. Parnell Coniniission sits in 
London. Portuguese blockade the east coast of Africa. 

1889.— Great strikes and labor riots in England. 



SECOND PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



427 



1890. — Failure of the Baring Brothers. 

1892. — Treaty with the United States to arbitrate the Behring Sea dispute. 

1893. — Behring Sea Court of Arbitration sits in Paris. 

1894.— Gladstone retires to private life ; Roseberry becomes prime 

minister. 
1895 — Lord Salisbury premier. Trouble with Venezuela as to boundary. 
1896. — English under Dr. Jamieson invade the Transvaal. War with the 

Matabeles in South Africa. Alfred Austin made poet-laureate. 

Agreement to arbitrate the Venezuela matter, at the instigation of 

the United States. 
1897. — Great celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of Queen Victoria's 

reign. 

OTHER COUNTRIES. 

1874.— G7K/-fl'V/a/'in Spain ; Alphonso XII. ascends the throne. 

1876. — Imperial bank of Germany opened. Amnesty to the Communists 
proclaimed in France. 

1877.— First Turkish Parliament assembled. Trial of AU/iilisfs in Russia. 
War between Russia and Turkey. 

1878. — Paris International Exposition. Attempt to assassinate the 
emperor of Germany. Russian victory at Plevna. Berlin Treaty 
signed. King Humbert ascends the throne of Italy. 

1879.— The Zulus defeat the English in South Africa ; Prince Napoleon is 
killed. McMahon resigns the presidency of France, and is succeeded 
by Jules Gr^vy. 

1880. —Winter Palace at St. Petersburg is blown up with dynamite. 
Mont St. Gothard tunnel completed. Jesuits expelled from France. 
Cologne Cathedral completed, begun in 1228. 

1881. — Gambetta premier of France. Alexander II. of Russia assas- 
sinated ; succeeded by Alexaiucler III. 

1882. — Resignation and death of Gambetta. Rebellion in Egypt ; bom- 
bardment of Alexandria. 

1883. — Death of Comte de ChamlK)rd ( Henry V. ) ; Comte de Paris 
succeeds as the Bourbon claimant to the tiirone of France. English 
occupy Flgypt. War of El Mahdi in the Soudan. Great eruption of 
Mount Etna. Coronation of Alexander III. 

1884. — England assumes protectorate over Egypt. Continuation of war 
in Soudan. Cholera in Italy and France. 

1885. — Death of Victor Hugo and Alphonso XII. of .Spain. Aljilionso 
XIII. ascends the throne under regency of Queen Christina. War be- 
tween Bulgaria and Servia. Congo Free State formed. Jules Gr(5vy 
re-elected President of France. Burmah anne.xed to British India, 



Period VIII. 

Second 

Period ok 

Statehood 

1874 

to 

1897 



428 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Period VIM. 

Skcond 

Pkriod ok 

Statehood 

1874 

TO 
1897 



Nevada 
WyomiDg 
Maho 
Montana 



l<lio<l>,' M. 

WasbiiiKloi 

N. Hanip. 

Unnda 

rolorn.lci 

Maluu 

( onn. 

W. Vir. 

Maryland 

Nebraska 

VrkanaaN 
S. Carolina 
raliforni.'i 
M|..i.i.i|.,.i 
Miiin.s.tii 
Kan^ui 
S. J.-r».-, 
Mal.ania 
N. Carolina 
Virginia 
VVlw:on«ln 

c;.-ortrla 



45,761 
fiO.-Oa 

132.159 

l«8,4y:i 

18-2.71!) 

:ti:t.767 

.1:12,422 
:u.i..')i>fi 
;<4ii :(!K) 
::■(; :>.•!(( 
:iVl 122 
4r2.ia8 

mi. OKA 
74R.2DN 
762,794 
l.O42.:l»0 
1,0.18.911) 
,llH.r,87 



1886. — Germany annexes the Samoan Islands. Leopold 11. of Bavaria 

deposed for insanity. 
1887. — President Gr6vy resigns in France ; succeeded by Sadi Carnot. 

Revolution in Hawaii ; King Kalakaua deposed. 

1888. — Emperor William of Germany dies ; succeeded by Frederick 111., 
who also died during the year, and is succeeded by William II. 
Papal jubilee at Rome to celebrate the priesthood of Leo XIII. 
Failure of the Panama Canal Company. 

1890. — Prince Bismarck retires from public life. 

1891.— Persecution of the Jews in Russia. France annexes the Island of 
Tahiti. Great earthquakes in Japan. 

1892. — Cholera in Russia, Germany, and other countries of Europe. 
Panama Canal scandals threaten the French government. 

1894.— President Carnot assassinated in France. Death of Alexander 
III. of Russia, and Nicholas 11. ascends the throne. Massacre of 
Armenian Christians begun by the Turks. War between China and 
Japan. Death of Louis Kossuth. Execution of anarchists in France 
and Spain. Hawaiian Republic proclaimed. 

1895. — European powers intercede to 
prevent Turkish cruelties in Ar- 
menia. Continuation of war be- 
tween China and Japan ; ends in 
Japanese victory and independence 
of Korea. 
1896. — War between Italy and Abys- 
sinia. Insurrection against Spain 
in the Philippine Islands. War in 
South Africa. Discovery of the 
"X" rays by Rontgen. 

1897. — 
2.000,000 DODiiiATiow ATon ARPA War of 

Greece 
against 
Turkey. 



AUBA 

8q. Mi. 



l.:i()l>2i; 
1,127,(19)1 
1 414.9:1:1 

i:4.fll7 

1.617,947 
1,I!.'m.9«ii 

l.fiMfi.gMI 

1,767.51 
l,K17..1.i:i 

1 .H.'>M,61 
1,911,89 
2,l)!):t.HJ.9 
■2.192,401 
2,2:1.5 
2,ilH 9(1 
2.679. IHI 
3.072, :11H 
3,826, :i5l 
5,2r>H.I)U 
5,997, tell 



110.700 
97.891) 
81,801) 
146,080 
2,050 
70,79.5 
96.0:(0 
77.6.50 
9.565 
1 ,270 
69,180 

9.:m5 

58.680 
103.925 

:):).040 

4.990 
24.780 
12,210 
77.510 
48.720 
5,1,8.50 
:(0,570 
l,5H.:i6n 

I6.K10 



52,2.50 
52,2.50 
42,4.50 
56,010 
42,0.50 
.59,475 
40,401 
56,025 
58,915 
36,.1.50 
264.211 
8. .11 5 
69,415 
41,060 
56,650 
•l^,215 
■19,170 



•1,0(K) 



,(XIO 



100, 



POPULATION AND AREA 

OF THE SEVERAL 
STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
7'he dotted lines and fitjnrcs reft 



3,000, C 



Uacic line^ 
tare miles. 



and figti 



2>oi>u 
beloi' 



1,000, ( 



300. ( 



(1(MI,^ 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

General Review; Progress and Development of Texas 
in Population, Resources, Industry, Educa- 
tional and Social Life ; Growing In- 
fluence in Federal Affairs. 

A RETROSPECTIVE view of Texas history discloses Extent and 
the extent and importance of the subject. In point ^xarhrsto" 
of time, it covers a longer period than that of any 
one of the United States. The first authentic Euro- 
pean exploration in this territory antedates, by three-quarters 
of a century, the beginning of English colonization on the 
Atlantic coast of North America. The actual occupation of the 
province by the Spaniards began a hundred years before the 
American Union fairly entered upon its career of constitutional 
government. But the early settlement and development of Early deveiop- 
Texas were astonishingly slow and difficult. From 1528 to 1690, ^^^ ^^"^^ 
it was an unknown and undefined expanse of outlying Spanish 
territory attached to the Mexican viceroyalty. From the latter 
date until the end of the eighteenth century it was a field for 
difficult mission work, precarious military manoeuvres, and alter- 
nate filibustering expeditions from Mexico and Louisiana. In 
1803, the acquisition of the latter country by the United States 
brought the Anglo-Americans face to face with the Spaniards ; 
and in 18 10 the beginning of revolutionary movements in Mexico 
attracted the attention of adventurous pioneers to the rich but 
undeveloped resources of the region between the Sabine and the 
Rio Grande. From that time until 1820, successive armed ex- 
peditions attempted the conquest of the province, to end succes- 
sively in failure and disaster. In 1 82 1 , the independence of Mexico Era of Ameri- 
from Spain gave promise of a peaceful and liberal government, and 
American colonization under the Austins began to lay the foun- 
dations of a new civilization in the Southwest. For the next ten 

429 



can coloniza- 
tion 



430 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Character of 
early settlers 



Simplicity, 
hospitality, 
and courage 



Capacity for 
self-govern- 
ment 



Poverty of 
Texas in 1836 



years a splendid immigration continued to flow from the United 
States into Texas, and the basis of a sturdy and enterprising 
commonweahh was slowly but surely laid in the wilderness. It 
is a great mistake to suppose, as some have done, that the early 
settlers of Texas were a lawless and ignorant mob of desperate 
adventurers and bankrupt refugees from their former homes. 
That there were among them dangerous and reckless characters 
is true ; but that these constituted any considerable or influential 
proportion of the population is extravagantly false. Consider- 
ing the newness of the country, the hard conditions of its occu- 
pancy, and the circumstances attending its first settlement, a 
more conservative, peaceable, and energetic community never 
peopled any land, than that which built itself up in the wilderness 
of Texas, from 1822 to 1835. The character and habits of the 
colonists were simple and severe. Their hospitality was ample 
but unostentatious ; their code of morals and of social life was 
rude and primitive, but it was inflexible and unsparing ; their 
privations were many and their dangers incessant, but their 
courage was equal to all emergencies, and their constancy and 
fortitude, blended with a certain serious dignity of purpose, have 
never been surpassed in the annals of colonial development in a 
new country. The true spirit and high order of intelligence and 
virtue of the Texan colonists are fully demonstrated by their 
conduct during the Revolution from 1832 to 1836, and in the 
formation and policies of the Republic from 1836 to 1846. A 
disorderly baud of freebooters and outlaws could never have 
conceived, much less executed, the military campaigns of 1835 
and 1836, or the measures of enlightened civil policy proclaimed 
l)y the Consultation of 1835 ^"d the Convention of 1836. 

The Republic of Texas began its career with comparatively 
few citizens, an empty treasury, a burdensome public debt, 
general poverty among the people, and an extensive domain 
abounding in great but undeveloped resources. Its indepen- 
dence was still threatened by Mexico, but its hopes were 
brightened by the recognition and friendship of many older and 
more powerful nations ; while a consciousness of inherent strength 
and capacity inspired its inliabitants with prophetic pride and 
patriotic zeal. The real poverty of Texas at that time is at this 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



431 



Populaticn 
and res urces 
from 1744 to 
1834 



day but faintly realized. No census of the population had ever 
been taken, but rouj^h estimates had been made from time to 
time during the preceding century. In 1744 the white inhab- 
itants did not exceed 1500 ; in 1765 they had decreased to half 
that number, and the whole trade and commerce of the province 
was about $175,000 annually. In 1806 there were in Texas 
about 7000 whites and reduced Indians, of whom one-third lived 
in and around San Antonio de Bexar. In 1831 the American 
immigration had raised the population to about 20,000. 

In 1834, Almonte visited the country for the purpose of in- 
specting and reporting on its condition and resources. He 
reported a population of 21,000 whites, while he estimated the 
total exports at $r, 080, 000, consisting of cotton, grain, and pel- 
tries, and the imports at $590,000. 

In September, 1836, six months after Texas had achieved Population in 
her independence, Mr. Henry M. Morfit was sent by the Presi- '^^^ 
dent of the United States to investigate the condition of the new 
Republic, and he reported as follows : Total estimated popula- 
tion, 52,670, — consisting of 30,000 Anglo-Americans, 14,200 
Indians, 5000 negroes, and 3470 Mexicans. At the date of the Difficulties of 
inauguration of the first president of the Republic, the whole *^^ Republic 
country and its people were in a de- 
plorable state of prostration and pov- - 
erty ; there were no stable industries of 
any kind ; transportation was difificult 
and trade practically suspended ; the 
country was rapidly filling up with a 
class of immigrants not so desirable as 
the original colonists ; while ambitious 
and reckless men, released from the 
dangers of war and the incentive of 
patriotic devotion to the cause of free- 
dom, instigated many wild and adven- 
turous schemes. All that the infant governm-ent possessed was 
a vast landed domain, valued very slightly, but sufificiently 
tempting to arouse the spirit of cupidity and speculation among 
the unscrupulous and the improvident. There were practically 
no schools, but one newspaper had surxived the Revolution, 




Baylor University, VV.ico. 



43^ 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



and the government itself was without a fixed habitation. The 
next ten years were filled with doubts, debts, and difficulties 
innumerable, and at times apparently insurmountable ; but the 
result, wrought amid many perils and privations, culminated in 
the ultimate redemption of the government from all its embar- 
rassments, the assured prosperity of a thrifty and increasing 
population, and its incorporation as a stable commonwealth 
among the States of the American Union. 

Annexation Xhc Joiut Rcsolutiou of the Congrcss of the United States 

for the annexation of Texas was approved March i, 1845. In 
accordance with its terms a State Constitution was framed and 
adopted by the Texas Convention, August 27, 1845, was sub- 
mitted to a vote of the people, together with the question of 
annexation, in the following October, and, by a vote of 4174 for 
to 312 against, it was ratified by the people of Texas. On De- 
cember 29, 1845, the Constitution thus framed and adopted was 
accepted by the Congress of the United States, and from this 
last-named date Texas legally became one of the United States 
of America. The new State government, however, which was 
elected in December, 1845, did not assume its functions until 
the following February, 1846. For purposes of practical com- 
putation we may adopt January i, 1846, as the beginning-point 
in the history of Texas as an American State, so that on January 
I, 1896, she closed her first half-century of Statehood. 

No ofificial census of the Republic was ever taken, and the 
number of its inhabitants can only be estimated by the popular 
vote at the successive elections, aided by some attempts that were 

Popular dec- niatlc at enumerating the population of various countries. The 

tions, 1836 to , , \ . . 

,849 vote at the several elections from 1836 to 1849 was as follows : 

For first President, September, 1836 5,704 

For second President, September, 1838 7,247 

For third President, 1841 ii,534 

For fourth and last President, 1844 12,689 

For first Governor, 1845 9,578 

For second Governor, 1847 • 14,767 

For third Governor, 1849 21,715 

Upon the basis of ten inhabitants for every voter, the elec- 
tion of 1845 would show a population of 95,780 ; or, taking the 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



433 



Population, 
1847 




Ladies' Annex of S(jL'TU\vb;sTKKN Lnu'er- 
SITY, Georgetown, Texas. 



preceding election of 1844 as more nearly representative, the 
population at the date of annexation would be 126,890, which is 
no doubt a very liberal estimate. It is more probable that the 
entire population, including the Indians, did not exceed 100,000. 
In 1847 a partial enumeration by counties was made, showing 
135,777 inhabitants, including 38,729 slaves. These inhabitants 
were for the most part located in Eastern Texas and along the 
Trinity, Colorado, and Brazos Rivers 
from the coast as far inland as the Old 
San Antonio Road, with a considerable 
settlement at San Antonio, and a fringe 
of floating population along Red River 
and the Rio Grande. There was no 
city of any size, no trade centre, few 
roads of the roughest character, no in- 
ternal trade of much value, and a primi- 
tive scarcity of all those things that 
constitute modern civilization in its most 
vigorous attitude. The Mexican War, 

which at once broke out in 1846 as the result of annexation, Mexican war 
retarded further immigration for a time, and it was not until 
after 1848 that the country began to really develop in its popu- 
lation and resources. 

In 1850 the first census was taken, showing a population of 
212,592, of whom 154,034 were white and 58,161 were colored. 
The composition of this inhabitancy was cosmopolitan in a very 
marked degree, and in that regard it was the prototype of the 
character of the Texan citizenship of all the subsequent years to 
the present time. Perhaps no other American State has had so 
' unique a blending of nationalities and social types. Although Character of 
what may be called the staple of the population — that element '^°^^ 
which gives complexion and a permanent character to social life 
and customs — has from the first been derived from the Southern 
States of the American Union, there has always been such a 
large and influential admixture of immigrants from the North 
and East, together with a vigorous and healthy foreign colo- 
nization from Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Bohe- 
mia, France, and Great Britain, to say nothing of the Spanish 

28 



First census, 
1850 



434 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Public debt 
and boundary 
questions 



Greer County 
Lase 



th 



Kapid gro 
in population 
1850 1890 



and Mexican influences that originally underlay all the others, 
that the resultant Texan is a composite citizen of a common- 
wealth that possesses peculiar excellencies for rapid and liberal 
growth. 

When the war with Mexico had ended, February 2, 1848, 
the way was opened for safe and stable progress in Texas, except 
for two vexed and unsettled questions. These were the public 
debt and the boundary dispute. The settlement of the two was 
more or less inseparable, and the final result was fortunate for 
Texas. The debt of the Republic was at last fixed at $1 1,050,- 
201.50, which by a process of scaling was adjusted at $5,528,- 
195.19, and was finally paid off with $8,497,604.95, the ultimate 
liquidation being consummated in i858.'VThe boundary dispute 
with the United States was disposed of as p'art of the laiiious""*^ 
Compromise Measures of September 9, 1850, passed by the 
'Congress of the United States, and accepted by Texas on No-..„ 
vember 25, 1850. By this act Texas surrendered her claim to 
New Mexico in consideration of the payment by the United 
[States of $10,000,000 in stock, due in fourteen years, and bear- 
ing five per cent. interest.sCj'he money thus realized enabled 
the State to discharge the old debts of the Republic without im- 
poverishing her current revenues for a series of years, as would 
otherwise have been inevitable. The adjustment of this trouble- 
some issue seemed to forever dispose of all controversies in 
regard to the Texas boundaries, but the Greer County case, 
involving the location of one part of our northwestern boundary, 
arose in later years to vex legislatures, congresses, and courts. 
It was finally decided by the Supreme Court of the United States 
in 1896 adversely to the contention of Texas, thus taking away 
the large territory formerly known as Greer County, /That' 
controversy involved the construction of the third article of the~" 

3— l^i^^^^^—"-?P^^" ^,"^ '^^ United States of February 2£, 
j8^, as to the true location of the " Red River" therein namecHii, 
jis constituting part of the limits of the two governments on this 
cf)ntlnent^^ ■--'">•--■ •--■ "—^ r-.!^^ ..,, , , „ „„^ .-— «■— ~,„>^.-.-.-,. 

The nipidity in the growth of the population of Texas from 
1S50 to 1890 is shown by the following totals of the United States 
census for the several decades : 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 435 

Population, 1850 212,592 

Population, i860 604,215 

Population, 1870 818,579 

Population, 1880 i. 591. 749 

Population, 1890 2,235,523 

These figures demonstrate that in the decade from 1850 to 
i860 the inhabitants increased threefold ; from i860 to 1870, 
despite the ravages and impediments of the great Civil War, the 
increase was over 33 J^ per cent. ; from 1870 to 1880 the popula- 
tion was nearly doubled ; and from 1880 to 1890 the increase 
was seventy-five per cent. The rate of increase in thirty-eight 
States of the Union during a period of forty years was on an 
average 39.53 per cent. The great increase in the popular vote 
at the three State elections since 1890 indicates that there have 
been large additions to the population in the past six years. Population, 
The returns show the following results : 1890 1896 

Popular vote at the election of 1892 435,467 

Popular vote at the election of 1894 422,716 

Popular vote at the election of 1896 539.591 

A conservative estimate, based on the usual proportion be- 
tween the voters and the entire population, would give Texas at 
the present time not less than 3,000,000 of people, being more 
than fourteen times her population in 1850. 

According to the census of 1890, the then population was 
classified as follows : 

White 1,741,190 

Colored 492,837 

Indian 766 

Chinese 727 

Japanese 3 

Total 2,235,523 

The occupations of the people have not been classified, nor Occupations 
the ratio between rural and urban populations. There are two °^ ^^^ people 
cities (Dallas and San Antonio) of more than 50,000 inhabitants, 
three others of over 25,000, and perhaps six or seven of over 
10,000. Farming and stock-raising are of course the leading 
pursuits of the great mass of the people, but manual and skilled 



development 



^-.5 A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

labor is rapidly finding lucrative employment in the larger cities 
and towns, where the arts of industrial life are fast developing. 

Under the apportionment of 1890, Texas is entitled to thirteen 
Representatives in the lower house of the American Congress, 
and she has thus fifteen votes in the electoral college. 

Political Prior to the Texas Revolution of 1835-36 the territory of the 

province was divided into mimicipaUties, each governed by its 
local officers, after the manner of Spanish- Mexican institutions ; 
and the country was further divided into three political districts, 
each ruled by a political chief (ygefe politico), who was in turn 
responsible to the governor of the state or to the commandant of 
the military province. The system of county governments was 
adopted by the provisional government in November, 1835, ^"<^ 
upon the organization of the Republic in 1836 twenty-three 
counties were created. This number was increased from time 
to time, until at the date of annexation in 1845 there were thirty- 

counties six Organized counties. In 1846 thirty-two new counties were 

created, and these local governments have multiplied with the 
growth and necessities of the population until, in 1894, there 
were two hundred and twenty-six organized counties and twenty- 
one unorganized. Some of these are larger in area than several 
of the smaller States of the Union, and they are all quite liberal 
in dimensions. 

Area . ' The present area of Texas, according to the official records 

N. ' of the General Land Office of the State, is 260,901 square miles 

of land and 3310 square miles of water surface, makiiiL; a total of 

1 264,211 square miles, ^bdng about 8.7 per cent, of the entire 

" ' I ^rea of the United StatGi5;md Tc rritoritsv" This does not include 

-^! tTie rivers and streams, which arc estimated to cover an addi- 

)} tional area of 800 square miles. 

Timber lands The timber lands of the State cover 35,537,067 acres, the 

bodies of heaviest timber being situated in the eastern and south- 
eastern part of the State, although there is a liberal supply of 
forest growth along all the streams in the prairie region. 

Public lands Under the system of jurisdiction existing while Texas was a 

l)art of the Mexican federation, the vacant lands within her bor- 
ders, except as required for Federal purposes, were owned and 
controlled by the state government of Coahuila and Texas. At 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



437 



s6^ 




Land Office of Texas, Austin. 



the time of the establishment of Texan independence there was 
an immense territory of these pubhc lands, exclusive of such as 
had been titled under the Spanish and Mexican government. 
It is impossible to determine accurately the amounts and respec- 
tive dispositions of titles to lands in Texas under Spanish, Mexi- 
can, or Texan jurisdiction, as the records kept are too meagre 
and confused. It is roughly estimated that 10,000 000 acics 
were titled under Spanish domin ition, 
25,000,000 acres during Mexican rule, 
and that the Republic owned at the 
time of i t_s_orga nization ne arly 150,- 
000,000 acres of vac ant pu blic lamK 
1 his, 01 course, incUiacd the tcrntoix 
of New Mexii'o, wliicli was afterwaids 
cedetl to the I'nited States, being 
aBout 125,000 square nlile^^^^The 
history of the manner in which this 
vast domain has been handled and 

disposed of by the successive governments of Texas constitutes 
a separate and very complex subject of historical research and 
narrative, and cannot be pursued further here. 

By the terms of the joint resolution for the annexation of Disposition of 
Texas, further strengthened by the Compromise Measures of ''" 
1850, the State of Texas retained the title to all of her vacant 
public domain. This at once gave her a source of wealth and a 
means of promoting internal development not enjoyed by any 
other State in the Union. The many millions of acres which 
she owned in 1845 have been liberally used to establish and 
maintain a magnificent system of free public education, including 
a great University and a complete system of normal schools ; to 
build railroads throughout her borders ; to endow and provide 
for the support of her various asylums and charitable institu- 
tions ; to erect a State capitol, which is one of the largest and 
finest public structures on the Western continent, and to promote 
many other measures of necessary and valuable internal im- 
provements. 

There are now estimated to be about 4,400,000 acres of 
unappropriated public lands, which are subject to be acquired 



438 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



under the laws regulating homestead donations. This land is 
exclusive of the large amount of domain held in trust by the 
State for the benefit of public schools, University, and asylums, 
and is situated in Western and Northwestern Texas. The lands 
belonging to the schools. University, and asylums aggregate 
about 30,000,000 acres, and of these the greater part is subject 



Products and 
pursuits 




to purchase or lease by actual settlers at low rates and on easy 
terms. 

'file extended domain of Texas is such that it combines the 
products of the temperate and subtropical zones, abounding in 
the cereals, cotton, sugar, every variety of fruit product, and 
many things peculiar to Mexico and the lower latitudes. The 
early setders were chiefly engaged in pastoral pursuits, although 
the sturdy colonists of Austin and his associate cmprcsarios made 
considerable progress in farming, cotton and grain being subjects 
of export in paying (juantities. The sparse population, how- 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 439 

ever, and the difficulties of transportation rendered agriculture 
a precarious and irksome occupation, and the facilities for stock- 
raising were so favorable and extensive that the great domestic 
industry from the beginning was that of cattle- and horse-raising, 
the State having always held the lead in those pursuits. Irriga- 
tion in the neighborhood of the early Spanish-Mexican settle- 
ments promoted a certain degree of small agriculture, but it was 
not until the building of railroads and the opening up of the 
great black-land prairies of Central, Northern, and Northwestern 
Texas that farming assumed its present proportions. The inex- 
haustible fertility of the river-bottoms, when brought in commu- 
nication with the markets of the seaboard and the oudets by rail 
to the North and East, readily responded with marvellous crops 
of cotton and corn, w hile the broad acres of rolling plain through- , 
out the middle ana northern parts of the State became the gran- ' . 
arics of the Southwest and the greatest cotton-producing country r_^ ^ 
.Tn'the w orld. '"^ ~ ^JS 

After 1850 the growth of these interests was astonishing in Agricuitur^ 
its rapidity and volume. The following figures for the year 1857 
show the progress that was made to that date : 

Acres planted in cotton 544,495 

Acres planted in wheat 196,878 

Acres planted in cane 16,080 

Acres planted in corn 1,125,500 

Total acres in staples 1,882,953 

The crop of 1857-58 was estimated to be 425,000 bales of 
cotton, 25,000,000 bushels of corn, 3,750,000 bushels of wheat, 
and 11,000 hogsheads of sugar. 

A comparison of crops by decades shows the following re- 
sults : 




Years. 



1850 
i860 
1870 
1880 
1890 



Cotton, 
Bales. 



58,072 

431,463 

350,628 

805,284 

1,471,242 



Corn, Bushels. 



6,928,876 
16,500,702 
20,554,538 
29,065,172 
69,112,150 



18S9) 



Wheat, 
Bushels. 



41,729 

1,478,345 
415,112 

2,567.737 
4,283,344 



440 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Live-stock 
statistics 



The production in live-stock and wool for the same periods 
was as follows : 



Cattle, number 

Horses and mules, number 

Hogs, number 

Wool, pounds 



1850. 



61,013 
76,760 
629,022 
131,917 



2,761,736 

352.698 

1.371,532 

1,493.738 



1870. 



2,933.588 

424,504 

1,202,445 

1,251,328 



3,387,927 

805,606 

1,950.371 

6,928,619 



Census of 1890 - The ccnsus of 1890 discloses the following facts as to the 
agricultural and pastoral products of Texas : 

Number of bales of cotton 1,471,242 

Pounds of wool, 1889-90 14,917,068 

Number of horses on farms 1,026,002 

Number of meat cattle on farms 6,201,552 

Number of .hogs on farms 2,252,476 

Number of sheep on farms, lambs excluded . . 3,454,858 

Number of horses on the range 99.838 

Number of cattle on the range 2,342,083 

Number of sheep on the range 809,329 



Cotton crop 



Mineralogical 
resources 



The entire cotton crop for the season of 1894-95 ^^^s 9,901,- 
251 bales, of which Texas produced 3, 154,976 bales. The value 
of the total crop was estimated at $297,037,530, which would 
make the value of the Texas product for that year nearly $100,- 
000,000. 

The mineralogical resources of Texas have only recently 
begun to be explored and developed, and of them no accurate 
or extensive information can be given. Enough is practically 
known, however, to demonstrate that the mineralogical wealth 
of the State is not inferior to its other natural funds for the 
support of the vast population that will soon fill its borders. 
Coal is found in abundant quantities in various parts of the 
State, and is being profitably mined at several places, notably 
at Thurber, on the Texas and Pacific Railway, west of Fort 
Worth. There are three coal-fields of great extent in Texas, 
two of which furnish good qualities of bituminous coal and the 
other a superior grade of lignite. The supply, when fully de- 
veloped, is ample for all manufacturing and industrial purposes. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



441 



Iron ore has long been known and worked to a limited extent iron ore 
in Eastern Texas, but within the last few years a new impetus 
has been given to the mining of this valuable product. Experts 
pronounce the iron ores of Texas to be in many important re- 
spects superior to any in the world, and the only impediment to 
their rapid development is the dif^culty encountered in their 
reduction, owing to the scarcity of suitable fuel. This want will 
be met when further progress is made in the mining of our ex- 
tensive coal-fields. 

The reports of the State Geological Department show the other miner- 
existence in profitable quantities and favorable localities of cop- ^ ^ 
per, lead, silver, gold, manganese, potters' -clay, kaolin, petro- 
leum, gypsum, hydraulic limestones and lime, cements, marbles 
and building stones, salt, asphaltum, and jnany refractory ma- 
terials valuable in the arts. These are all being used, and their 
production increases year by year. Artesian water is obtainable 
over a very large area of the State, and the ease with which 
flowing wells can be constructed renders the problem of water- 
supply in many otherwise arid regions one whose solution will 
not be difficult. The mineral resources of the State are as yet 
in an experimental period of development, and enough has not 
been done or ascertained to enable an accurate table of statistics 
on that head. 

The Fathers of Texas early realized the necessity for rapid Necessity for 
and easy means of transportation and intercourse between the '^^' "^"^ ^ 
different portions of the extensive territory included within the 
limits of the State. These were absolutely indispensable to the 
settlement and development of so vast a dominion, both for 
populating and policing the great extent of country and for mar- 
keting the products of the soil which an industrious citizenship • 
would naturally evolve. The absence of streams navigable to 
any profitable degree rendered railroads a prime necessity, and 
to their construction the ingenuity and providence of the first 
legislatures were directed. The newness of the country and the 
almost total want of such internal trade as would support great 
lines of steam traffic, required substantial inducements to that 
character of enterprise, aside from any immediate profits to be 
derived from the transportation business. 



442 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



First enter- Fortuiiately, Tcxas possessed the means to offer these induce- 

pnsesinihat ,^^^.j^[g j^gj- immense tracts of pubHc land furnished a fund for 

direction * 

munificent subsidies to railroad construction, and most munifi- 
cently has that fund been applied to that purpose. In the first 
years of the State's existence, and even before annexation, spe- 
cial laws were passed looking to the encouragement of railway- 
building in Texas, but little of practical progress was made until 
1854. In that year the policy of land donations to railroads 
took shape in the enactment of a general law for the purpose of 
promoting such enterprises. There were at first two policies 
proposed. One — which was understood to have for its leading 
exponent Governor E. M. Pease — was that the State should 
build and own her own railroads, paying for them in public 
lands, and then lease them out to competing companies, which 
would operate them under government regulation and control, 
paying for their use a reasonable hire, and rendering to the 
public acceptable service at the lowest practicable rates for trans- 
Land grants portation. The other plan was a donation of the lands outright 
to the railroad companies for lines of road actually constructed 
and put in operation, requiring the companies to survey and 
sectionize the public lands, the State and the railroads to receive 
the alternate sections, and the companies being required to 
alienate their lands within a reasonable term of years. The lat- 
ter policy was the one finally adopted. Its advantages were 
that it secured a survey of the public lands without cost to the 
State, that it made it to the interest of the railroads to settle the 
country as rapidly as possible so as to bring all the lands into 
the market, and that it promoted the public revenues by tending 
to create a constandy increasing taxable wealth in the shaj)e of 
• lands held by private ownership. 
Act of Jan. 30, In Govcmor Pease's first administration, by the act of Tanu- 

1854, in aid of o 1 £ 

railroads '^''y 30. io54. the first general law for the encouragement of 

railroad construction by grants of land was passed. In its gen- 
eral provisions this law furnished the model and contained sub- 
stantially the same conditions as were embodied in all subsequent 
legislation on the same subject, of which there has been a great 
deal from time to time. It provided that when any comj^any 
had constructed and put in running order twenty-five miles of 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



443 



t 



railroad, it could have thirty-two sections of public land sur- 
veyed for each mile of road so constructed, the land to be sur- 
veyed in square sections of six hundred and forty acres each, 
and every alternate section was donated to the railroad company, 
while the intervening sections were appropriated to the perma- 
ent fund of the public free schools of the State. ^"' 




RAILROAD SYSTEM 

OF TEXAS 



Under these liberal inducements the building of railroads Progress in 
progressed rapidly until interrupted by the Civil War in 1861. 
After the restoration of peace and settled order, a renewed 
actixity characterized this with all other departments of domestic 
industry, and the results have been most satisfactory. In 1857 
there had been incorporated by the State 41 railroad companies, 
of which 15 had forfeited their charters, and at tbe breaking 
out of the war in 1861 there were about 300 miles of railway 
in Texas in detached sections. In 1865 there were 335 miles, 



444 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS, 



I 




Commerce and 



Galveston 
deep water 
improvements 



which increased to 583 miles in 1869, and to 711 miles in 1870. 
In the ten years that followed, to 1880, construction developed 
with astonishing rapidity, so that at the close of the latter year 
there were 3293 miles of road. The period between 1880 and 
1890 was also most prolific in railroad-building, as in the last- 
named year there had been completed a mileage of 8709 miles. 
In 1892 this had increased to 8977 miles ; in 1893 (June) it was 
9088 miles ; in June, 1894, it was 9153 miles ; and in June, 
1895, it had reached 9290 miles. At the close of the year 1895 
there had been an increase of 224 miles for that year, being 
nearly three times as much increase as that of the next highest 
State in the Union, — Ohio with 87 miles of new road in 1895. 

In 1892 there were 52 roads operating lines in Texas ; in 
1893, 54 railroads ; on June 30, 1894, there were 58 ; and on 
June 30, 1895, there were 59. v^Tnder the various laws for do- 
nating lands to railroad construction, it is estimated that the 
companies have received from the State the magnificent area of 
about 35,QOO,,ooo acres, besides many large'^money subsidies and 
extensive exemptions from taxation and other public chargesZ 

The growth of railroads furnishes a very fair index to the 
magnitude of the internal commerce of the State. The foreign 
trade is difficult to be estimated, as in the movement of freight 
over the railroad systems it is intermingled with inter-State com- 
merce, and there is no method for computing such traffic. The 
largest seaport in the State is Galveston. There is also a very 
considerable trade at Sabine Pass, Velasco, Aransas, Corpus 
Christi, Brazos Santiago, and El Paso, besides the land trade 
at Laredo and Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande. 

The great commercial enterprise in which Texas, in common 
with the entire Western country, has been for many years deeply 
interested is the obtaining of a safe and commodious harbor on 
the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This has apparently been at 
last accomplished at Galveston. It has been done by liberal 
appropriations from the United States government, under what 
is known as the "jetty system" of engineering. The first work 
began in 1870, and the amount of money expended and to be 
expended for the purpose of securing deep water aggregates the 
478,000. 



immense sum of 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



445 



The growth of manufacturing industries has been of com- 
paratively recent date in Texas. The sparsity of population, 
the distance from the great centres of trade and distribution, and 
the difficulties and expense of transportation have all been seri- 
ous impediments to the development of such enterprises. Yet 
there are many flourishing and profitable factories now in opera- 
tion, and their number and efficiency are steadily increasing. 
Cotton- and woollen mills, iron-foundries, salt-works, coal- and 
iron-mines, cement- and lime-works, rope-factories, cotton-seed- 



Manufactures 




The Great Color ado Dam, Austin. 



oil-mills, flouring- and lumber-mills, tanneries and leather goods 
factories, and, in fact, every species of manufactory for the con- 
version of raw material into finished products, are in successful 
and constantly increasing activity throughout the State. 

For the two years ending December 31, 1893, there were 
organized in Texas 6657 manufactories of all kinds, with a total 
capital of $50,261,620, employing 37,763 operatives, handling 
$21,927,471 of raw material, and turning out $36,950,864 of 
finished products. The increase for the three succeeding years 
has been in still greater ratio, although the exact figures are not 
now obtainable. 



AA^ A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Public schools The devotion of Texas to the cause of popular education is 
historic. The unfriendhness of Mexico to free pubUc education 
was one of the emphatic grievances alleged in the Declaration 
of Texan Independence in 1836. By an act of the legislature 
of Coahuila and Texas of May 11, 1829, decree No. 92, the first 
law for the establishment of public schools, was enacted. It pro- 
vided for a system of schools for "mutual instruction on the 
Lancasterian plan" (monitorial schools) at the capital of each 
department, and required free instruction for a limited number 
of poor children, enforcing compulsory education upon parents 
able to pay tuition. On May 2, 1833, we notice a decree grant- 
ing four leagues of land to the municipality of Nacogdoches for 
public school purposes. These were the initiative acts towards 
public free schools, but evidently the Mexican government did 
not practically satisfy the demands of the Texas colonists in this 
direction, as they made it the subject of specific complaint in 
their Revolution three years later. 

Beginning of After the Republic was inaugurated, under the presidency of 

Lamar, the first general law for the establishment and mainten- 
ance of a system of public instruction was passed, which also 
contemplated the foundation of two universities. By the act of 
January 26, 1839, the Congress of the Republic enacted that each 
county should hav^e surveyed and set apart to it three leagues 
(13,285 acres) of land, for the purpose of establishing and main- 
taining a primary school or academy in the county ; and fifty 
leagues of public lands were required to be set apart to the 
founding of two universities. By the act of February 5, 1840, 
an additional league was granted to each county for the purpose 
of being sold to furnish equipment and apparatus for the schools. 
The .same act provided for the organization of school districts 
and communities and the actual inauguration of the system con- 
tem])lated. 

After annexation, by the act of January 16, 1850, four leagues 
of land were appropriated to the new counties that had been 
formed since 'February 16, 1846, so as to put them on an equal 
footing with the old counties. On January 31, 1854, $2,000,000 
of the bonds received from the United States in payment for the 
territory of New Mexico were set apart to the public free schools, 



system 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



447 




Ahhui-:!. Smi I H. 



and the organization of a complete system of free public instruc- 
tion was provided for. This fund was afterwards invested in 
railroad bonds to encourage railroad construction, 
and a great part of it was lost. 

The alternate sections of lands surveyed by the 
railroads under the laws for railroad promotion were 
donated to the schools, and these added immensely 
to the landed endowment of the public school system. 
In 1856 the fifty leagues of University lands were 
authorized to be sold, the proceeds to constitute an 
available fund for the founding of the institution. 
In 1858 an act was passed to organize the University, 
but the approach of the war prevented its organiza- 
tion at that time. During the war a large sum of 
money belonging to that institution was diverted to 
other purposes. In 1866 an act was again passed 
contemplating the immediate organization of the University, but 
nothing came of it, and it was not until 1883, under the act of 
1 88 1, that it was finally opened, with its main branch at Austin 
and the medical school at Galveston. 

s/ In the mean while, by various legislative and constitu- 
tional proA'isions, large quantities of public domain have from 
time to time been appropriated to the 
public schools and University, amount- 
ing in the aggregate to nearly 40,- 
000,000 acres.' ,, These lands and the 
proceeds of tKe sale and lease of the 
same constitute the permanent fund 
of the educational system, while the 
interest thereon and moneys derived 
from other sources are the available 
fund. 

In addition to the interest on bonds Educational 
and land notes and rental from leases, 
the State levies an annual ad valorem 
school-tax of two mills, devotes one- 
fourth of the occupation taxes, and an annual poll-tax of $1 
to the available school fund. The entire amount of available 




endowment 



Thomas D. VVooi kn. 



448 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



apportioned school fund for the years 1894-95 was $2,836,- 
363.50, and the total receipts by local treasurers, including 
balances from the previous year, were $3,962,637.51. The 
disbursements for the same year amounted to $3,675,501.62. 
Balance on hand, $287,135.89. 

The University is governed by a Board of Regents composed 
of eight citizens, residents of different sections of the State, who 
are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. 
The first president of the Board of Regents was the venerable 
Ashbel Smith, who died in 1886, and was succeeded by Dr. 
Thomas D. Wooten, who still holds that position. To the 
intelligent and zealous efforts of these two men— especially of 
the latter — the institution owes its growth, vigor, and popularity. 
University By an act of the legislature approved April 10, 1883, 1,000,000 
acres of the public-debt land were added to the permanent 
University fund. Of the various land-grants made to the Univer- 
sity there remained unsold 2,020,049 acres on December 31, 
1891. 

The permanent fund consists of, — 

State bonds 1571,340.00 

Cash 1,327.21 

Total 1572,667.21 

The interest on the above sum, rental on leased lands, and 
matriculation fees, amounting to $53,831.87 per annum, consti- 
tute the available University fund. 

Attendance at the University has steadily increased in all the 
departments, and during the college year beginning in Septem- 
ber, 1896, there were about 450 matriculates in the main branch 
at Austin and about 200 in the medical department at Galveston, 
The institution now has a president, after the manner of the older 
universities of the country, the first selection to that office being 
Dr. George T. Winston, late of the University of North Carolina, 
appointed in June, 1896. 
^°'"'=' As important parts of the educational system of Texas are 

schools , , ■' 

also two large normal schools at Huntsville and Prairie View, — 
the former for whites and the latter for colored teachers, — the 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS, 449 

Agricultural and Mechanical College near Bryan, and the Deaf 
and Dumb and Blind Institutes at Austin, the latter being, in 
part at least, in the nature of public charities. 

There are very many excellent private schools and colleges 
in the State, most of them under denominational religious 
patronage or control. Some of these date from pioneer days, 




Institution for the Blind. 

and they are all valuable and potent factors in the intellectual, 
moral, and social evolution of Texan civilization. 

Side by side with intellectual culture and enterprise, religious Religious 
faith and zeal have attended the progress of Texas. In fact, s*""^'^ 
religion began its ministrations in the wilderness of Mexican 
Texas before education was much thought of by the struggling 
colonists. The Methodists and Baptists were the pioneers in the 
mission field, always excepting those first Catholic missionaries 
whose silent sacrifices and heroic courage planted the Cross from 
the Sabine to the Rio Grande before the Anglo-American had 
set foot west of the Alleghanies. In 1824-25 the first Prot- 
estant Church services were held among the settlements of Aus- 
tin's colony, and from that time the advance in religious thought 
and labor has kept pace with every forward movement in the 
development of Texas. The results of these years of prayer and 
preaching, as shown in the present condition of church affairs in 
the State, may be partially seen in the following table for the 
year 1894 : 

29 



Church 
statistics 



Taxable 
wealth, 1850- 
1895 



a:0 a complete HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

Xuiiiher of church organizations 6,890 

Number of ministers 5.605 

Number of members 694,070 

Number of church edifices ......... 2,532 

Vakie of church property 12,958,882 

Number of church universities, colleges, and 

schools 52 

Number of teachers in same 196 

Number of pupils in attendance 3.977 

Value of property invested in education by 

churches 11,001,250 

The ta.xable values of property of all kinds in Texas, as shown 
by the assessment rolls, for the past five decades were as follows : 
1850, $51,814,615 ; i860, $294,315,659; 1870, $170,473,778; 




School kor thk Deaf and Dime, .\ustin. 

1880, $311,470,736; 1890, $782,111,883. For the five years 
following 1890 the assessed values were as follows: 1891, 
$856,202,283 ; 1892, $856,528,600 ; 1893, $886,175,395 ; 1894, 
$865,120,989 ; 1895, $860,910,567. 

These figures show a constantly increasing wealth until within 
the last three years, except for the decade ending in 1870, which 
was due to the devastating effects of the war and the ra\'ages of 
Reconstruction, coupled with the destruction of the property in 
slaves which was enumerated prior to 1864, 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



451 




Aside from its administration of educational affairs and its Public 
strictly governmental functions, the State has been most liberal ^ 
in providing and maintaining all those public institutions of 
charity, benevolence, and humanity the existence of which is so 
characteristic a feature of Christian civilization. From the foun- 
dation of the State government specific funds were provided for 
the establishment of the principal eleemosynary institutions for 
the care of the afiflicted and r 
destitute members of so- 
ciety, and as the increasing 
population of the State has 
rendered these establish- 
ments necessary to be ex- 
tended, the liberality of the 
people through their legis- 
latures has kept pace with 
the demands of the occa- 
sion. The chief establish- 
ments of this kind are as 
follows : The three asylums 

for the insane, at Austin, San Antonio, and Terrell, with prop- 
erty and investment valued at $1,082,969 ; the Blind Asylum, 
which is also a school for the instruction of the blind, at Austin, 
with property valued at $146,550 ; the Deaf and Dumb Asy- 
lums, at Austin, one for whites and the other for negroes, with 
property valued at $193,859 ; the Orphan Asylum, at Corsicana, 
opened in 1890 ; the House of Correction and Reformatory, 
at Gatesville, established in 1888. 

The penal system and institutions of the State are on a very 
extensive scale, and their development and management consti- 
tute one of the most expensive, skilful, and successful depart- 
ments of the government, as well as evidencing a high order of 
humanity and wisdom. The problem of penitentiary manage- 
ment was for a long time the most perplexing the State had to 
deal with. The lease system was practised for a while, but was 
abandoned in 1883, and now the convicts are employed on State 
account or by private contract. There are two State peniten- 
tiaries, one located at Huntsville and the other at Rusk. Forces 



Main Buildings, Insane Asylum, AusiiiL 



Asylums 



Penitentiaries 



452 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Public build- 
ings 



State capitol 



Relative 
growth of 
Texas among 
the United 
States 



of convicts are worked in some instances outside the prison walls, 
on farms and railroads, sometimes on private contract, and some- 
times by the State on its own account, considerable areas of 
sugar lands owned by the State having been thus profitably 
farmed. Various industries are prosecuted at the prisons, and 
the revenues therefrom in the future may prove to be very sub- 
stantial. The total valuation of penitentiary property and in- 
vestment reaches nearly five millions of dollars. 

The various public buildings at the State capital for the use 
of the government in its several departments are commodious 
and imposing structures, but the new State capitol is so notable 
a building that it merits special mention. The old capitol erected 
in 1856 was destroyed by accidental fire in November, 1881, and 
for a time the offices of the government were kept in a tempo- 
rary structure built by the State at the head of Congress Avenue, 
in Austin. Very soon active steps were taken to build a new 
capitol suitable in dimensions and grandeur to the dignity and 
wealth of the State. Three millions of acres of public land had 
been appropriated for that purpose, and an arrangement was 
finally consummated by which a syndicate of Chicago capitalists 
agreed to take the land in exchange for a completed State-house 
built on the plans and specifications furnished by the State. 
The structure was finally completed and dedicated by a grand 
international military drill and display in May, 1888. 

Its dimensions are as follows : Length, 566 feet 6 inches, in- 
clusive of porticos. Width, 288 feet 10 inches at widest point. 
Height, 311 feet from grade-line to top of statue on dome. 
It contains 258 rooms, and is second only in size to the capitol 
at Washington, and is the seventh largest building in the world. 
It is built of red granite from Burnet County, and Texas mate- 
rials were mainly used in its construction and finish. 

The progress of Texas in the various departments of life and 
enterprise that go to constitute the civilization of a common- 
wealth, during her fifty years of Statehood as an American State, 
has been most satisfactory and encouraging. By comparison 
with the achievements of the other communities composing the 
Union of States, Texas has every reason to be proud of her career. 
She was the sixteenth State admitted by the Congress of the 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



453 



X 



United States, making with the original thirteen colonial States 
twenty-nine in the Union at that date. Between 1845 and 
1850 two others were admitted, — Wisconsin and California, — 
antl at the taking of the census of 1850 Texas stood twenty-fifth 
in popul ation among thr United Stales. In 1S60 she was 
twenty-third : in i S^p.. she was niiutceiUh ; in iSSo slie had 
readied elexenth ; and in iSyo she stood se\entli, being l)eaten 
foT" sixth place by, J\Iassachusetts by only 34S0. ,.' The States 
ranking her in population in 1890 were in the order named : 
New York, with a population of 5,997,853 ; Pennsylvania, 




Company of Texas Ranoers. 



5,258,014; Illinois, 3,826,351; Ohio, 3,672,316; Missouri, 
2,679,184 ; and Massachusetts, 2,238,943. The recent election 
of 1896 clearly indicates by the popular votes of the several 
States that Texas has now a greater population than either Mis- 
souri or Massachusetts, and the census of 1900 bids fair to place 
her fourth or fifth in the list of the most populous States in the 
Union. 

In proportion to her importance, territorially and otherwise, Attitude of 
Texas has not, until recent years, exerted the influence abroad ^^'""' ^^*^°''' 
to which she seemed entitled. This lias been due to many and 
adequate causes. As has been seen, her real growth as a State 
did not fairly begin until 1850. The following decade was 



the Civil War 



454 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 




D. B. Culberson 



Texas in the 

Southern 

Confederacy 



Texas in Fed- 
eral politics of 
recent years 



Mills and 
Reagan 



largely occupied with the great sectional questions leading up 
to the War for Secession, and the position of the new State was 
such as to somewhat restrain her active and prominent partici- 
pation in the prevailing public issues in Federal poli- 
' tics. Texas sustained a peculiar relation to the 
Union, — having been an independent Republic prior 
to annexation, — and her statesmen were puzzled by 
tlie situation in which they found themselves. 

Notwithstanding this embarrassment, however, 
her Senators and Representatives in Congress com- 
manded great respect and exerted considerable influ- 
ence in the national councils. General Houston 
ranked among the ablest men at Washington, and 
was sufBciently prominent to have been mentioned 
for the presidency in 1856 and in i860. General 
Rusk was regarded as an exceptionally strong states- 
man by his colleagues in the Senate, and but for his 
untimely death no doubt would have become a national char- 
acter. A. J. Hamilton and John H. Reagan likewise were dis- 
tinguished in the lower house of Congress. The Civil War, 
however, put a stop to the further connection of Texas with 
P^ederal affairs for many years ; but her ablest men, in both 
civil and military life, were among the 
recognized leaders of the Southern Con- 
federacy in the great conflict from 1861 
to 1865, and their services shed lustre 
on the State. It was not until 1874 that 
Texas resumed her active participation 
in the affairs of the Union. 

Since that date her statesmen have 
won respect and distinction among the 
great characters of national public life. 
In the Senate, Sam Bell Maxey, Richard 
Coke, John H. Reagan, Roger 0. Mills, 
and Horace Chilton have wielded a use- 
ful influence and been conceded high rank. 
Reagan, howe\'er, attained their chief reputation during a long 
service in the lower house, — the former as a tariff reformer at 




Joseph D. Savers. 

Mr. Mills and Mr. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



455 




the head of the Committee on Ways and Means and author of 
the "Mills Bill," and the latter in connection with the Inter- 
State Commerce Law and Commission. 

In the House, David B. Culberson served for twenty 
years, retiring in 1897. In the latter years of his ser- 
vice he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee of 
that body, and enjoyed the reputation of being its 
ablest lawyer. After his retirement. President Harri- 
son appointed him one of the commission to codify the 
penal statutes of the United States. In the same body, 
Joseph D. Sayers, as the chairman of the Appropria- 
tions Committee, has achieved a permanent and prac- 
tical distinction as a wise, prudent, and capable states- 
man. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, 
Joseph W. Bailey, one of the young- 
est members of the House, was the 
Democratic candidate for the Speaker- 
ship, and as such became the recog- 
nized leader of that party, — an honor 
phenomenal for so youthful a man in 
years and in public life. 

In the diplomatic service of the 
United States, Texas has been twice 
honored with high stations. Under 
President Cleveland's first administra- 
tion, from 1885 to 1889, 

Richard B. Hubbard was 
Minister to Japan ; while Alexander W. Terrell was 
Minister to Turkey during Cleveland's second term, 
from 1893 to 1897. Seth Shepard, a native Texan 
and distinguished lawyer of the State, was appointed 
by President Cleveland one of the justices of the 
Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia upon 
the organization of that court in 1893. 

Although her situation and environment ha\'e 
been such as to preclude her earlier and active 
prominence in national affairs, in whatever depart- 
ment of aspiration and effort the sons and citizens Seth Sheparp. 




A. W. Terrell. 




456 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



of Texas have been called upon to display themselves, their 
conduct and achievements have reflected credit upon the State 
and been consistent with her heroic history and her prophetic 
prowess. 



QUESTIONS. 

What can you say of the importance and extent of Texas history as 
compared with that of other portions of the Union ? What was the char- 
acter of the early settlement of Texas ? Give an outline of its condition 
and progress during the period up to the year 1821. What important era 
began in that year, and by whose efforts ? What mistake is often made 
in regard to the early American settlers of Texas ? What were their real 
character and liabits? What proves the high character and intelligence 
of the American colonists in Texas in 1835 and 1836? What was the 
condition of the Republic when it began its career ? What was the pop- 
ulation of Texas in 1744, 1765, 1806, and 1831, respectively? Who visited 
the country in 1834, and what did he find? Who made an investigation 
and report of the country in 1836, and what did he report? Describe the 
condition of the country and its inhabitants at the date of the inauguration 
of the first President of the Repul)lic. What occurred during the next 
ten years, and with what results? When and by what popular vote was 
annexation to the United States adopted? When did Texas actually 
become one of the United States? When did the State government 
begin operations? What date maybe taken as the beginning-point in 
the State's history? What was the population of Texas from 1836 to 
1849, and explain how you arrive at it? Where was most of the popula- 
tion located ? What event retarded the growth of the State for several 
years after annexation ? When was the first regular census taken, and 
what did it show? What can you say of the character of Texas citizens 
then and since? What two questions absorbed public attention after the 
end of the Mexican War? How were they finally settled ? What famous 
boundary dispute remained unsettled until recent times, and how was it 
finally disposed of? Give the population of the State for the sexeral 
decades from 1850 to 1890, both inclusive. What do these figures demon- 
strate? What has been the popular vote at the several general elections 
since 1S90, and what does it show ? How was the population classified 
by the census of 1890? What can you say of the inu-suits and residences 
of the inhabitants? Prior to the Texas Revolution, how was the country 
diviiled and governed ? When was the system of county governments 
adopted, and h(nv many counties existed at the organization of the 
Republic? How many counties were there in 1845, and how many were 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 457 

added in 1846 ? How many are there now ? What can you say of their 
size ? What is the present area in square miles, and how does it compare 
with that of the whole Union ? What proportion of this is in timber lands, 
and where are they mostly situated ? Describe the condition and manage- 
ment of the public lands under Mexican rule. What proportion of the 
lands was disposed of under the Spanish and Mexican system? How 
much land did the Republic own at its organization, and how much was 
afterwards ceded to the United States ? What became of the public lands 
after annexation, and what did this enable Texas to do? Explain the 
gradual growth of agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Give the acreage 
in cotton, wheat, cane, and corn in 1857. Give the comparative figures 
on the production of cotton, wheat, and corn for the several decades 
from 1850 to 1890. Give the live-stock statistics for the same periods. 
What does the census of 1890 show as to the agricultural and live-stock 
products of Texas ? What was the cotton crop of Texas for the season 
of 1894-95, and how did it compare with the entire crop of the world for 
the same season? What can you say of the mineralogical resources of 
the State ? What minerals are found in the State, and in what localities ? 
Why were railroads early recognized as a necessity for the development 
of the State ? By what means was their construction encouraged by the 
government, and give an account of the system or policy of land donations 
to railroads ? Give the number of miles and number of railroad lines in 
Texas for the years 1857, 1861, 1865, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, 
and 1895, respectively. How much public land has been donated to 
railroad construction ? What can you say of the foreign trade of Texas ? 
What places are chiefly engaged in foreign trade? What great commer- 
cial enterprise on the Gulf coast has enlisted much attention, and explain 
what has been done towards developing it ? What can you say of the 
growth of manufacturing interests? What number of factories were 
organized in Texas for the two years ending in 1893, and with what capital 
invested? What has been the historic policy of Texas towards public 
education ? Give an account of the early laws and movements in that 
direction under Mexican rule. When did the Republic begin a liberal 
policy towards free public schools ? Explain the early legislation on the 
subject. What laws were passed after annexation for the endowment of 
the public schools, and to form a fund for that purpose ? Give an account 
of the present endowment of the schools and University. How is the 
University governed, and what is its present condition and endowment? 
What two men have largely aided in its prosperity and development? 
What other institutions belong to the educational system of the State ? 
What can you say of the religious growth and institutions of the State ? 
Give the statistics of the churches and their property and institutions for 
the year 1894. Wliat were the taxable values of property of all kinds in 
the State for the five decades ending with 1895? What charitable institu- 
tions does the State maintain, where are they located, and what is the 
value of the property of each of them ? Give an account of the peniten- 



458 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



tiary system of the State and its cost and value. What can you say of the 
various public buildings at the capital ? Give a description of the new 
State capitol. Explain fully the relative growth of Texas in the Union, 
and her present position as to population and resources. Why did not 
Texas take a more prominent part in the affairs of the Union prior to 
1874? What was the character and influence of her Senators and Repre- 
sentatives in Congress before the Civil War ? Give a short account of the 
various Texas statesmen who have won distinction in public life in recent 
years, and the positions they have held. What has been the uniform 
character of Texans in all matters in which they have taken part at home 
and abroad ? 

Topical Analysis. 

1. The relative length, importance, and variety of the events and 
periods going to make up Texas history, as compared with other States 
in the Union. 

2. The slow development of the country prior to the advent of the 
American colonists in 1821. Causes for the conditions existing before 
and after that date. 

3. Difficulties of the Republic in the matter of its public finances, 
the poverty of the people, and the want of material resources. The 
manner in which these were overcome and the government finally rescued 
from ruin and ushered into the Union. 

4. The effect of the Mexican War in retarding the development of the 
State after annexation. 

5. The beginning of progress and prosperity after 1848, the disi:)Osi- 
tion of the Public Debt and Boundary ciuestions, and rapid grov\ th of 
population. 

6. The Land System of Texas and the public policy followed in the 
disposition of the lands belonging to the State. Texas, unlike the other 
American States, owned a vast public domain, which she was able to 
devote to the development of internal improvements and educational and 
charitable institutions. 

7. The policy of land donations to railroads, and its results in the 
growth of such enterprises. 

8. The educational endowment of the .State as shown in the large 
landed and other funds of the schools and University. 

9. The charitable institutions, penitentiaries, public buildings, and 
other institutions of public utility. 

10. The growth of the agricultural and jxistoral industries, manufac- 
tures, mining, and other material resources as exhibited in the statistics 
from 1850 to 1890. 

11. The present relative position of Texas in the Union, her influence 
and prominence in Federal affairs, and her prospective greatness as an 
American commonwealth, 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



459 



Geography. 

The student should trace the various changes in the boundaries of 
Texas, from 1836 to 1896, so as to understand the disposition of pubhc 
domain from the formation of tlie original territory of the Republic down 
to the present area of the State. Then the river and railroad systems 
should be accurately considered, and outline maps of them made. The 
public lands, their location and disposition should be traced, and the 
present location of the unappropriated remnant of the public domain 
should be fixed. The physical divisions of the State into agricultural, 
timber, and pastoral lands should be traced, the mineralogical resources 
should be located, the artesian water district outlined, and the region 
susceptible of irrigation pointed out. The names and locations of the 
several counties should be carefully studied, and an interesting study can 
be made of the present county divisions as compared with the Mexican 
municipalities, old land districts, and original counties of the Republic 
and at the date of annexation. 




Unitkd Staths Battlkshii 



460 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Table showing Chief Executives and State Elections of 
Texas from 1691 to 1897 — 206 Years. 



SPANISH — 

Domingo Teran. 
Don Ciaspardo de Anaya. 
Don Martin de Alarconne. 
Marquis de Aguayo. 
Fernando de Almazan. 
Melchior de Mediavilla. 
Juan Antonio Bustillos. 
Manuel de Sandoval. 
Carlos de Franquis. 
Prudencia Basterra. 
Justo Boneo. 



MEXICAN 

Trespalacios 1822 

Don Luciano de Garcia . . . 1823 
Rafael Gonzales ( Coahuila 

and Texas) 1825 



169I TO 1822 — 131 YEARS. 

Jacinto de Barrios. 

Antonio de Martos. 

Juan Maria, Baron de Riperda. 

Domingo Cabello. 

Rafael Pacheco. 

Manuel Muiioz. 

Juan Bautista el Guazabel. 

Antonio Cordero. 

Manuel de Salcedo. 

Christoval Dominguez. 

Antonio Martinez. 

1822 TO 1835 — 13 YEARS. 



Victor Blanco 1826 

Jose Maria Viesca 182S 

Jos^ Maria Letona 183 1 

Francisco Yidauri 1834 



TEXAN — 1835 TO 1846 — II YEARS. 

Henry .Smith, Provisional Governor 1835 to 1836 

David G. Burnet, President rt^/ /;//'<'/-/;« 1836 

Sam Houston, Constitutional President 1836 

Mirabeau B. Lamar, President 1838 

Sam Houston, President 1841 

Anson Jones, President 1844 

STATE GOVERNMENT SINCE ANNEXATION— 1846 TO 1S97— 51 YEARS. 



J.Pinckney Henderson 
George T. Wood . . 

P. H. Bell 

P. H. Bell 

E. M. Pease .... 

E. M. Pease 

H. R. Runnels . . . 
.Sam Houston .... 
Edward Clark .... 

F. R. Lubbock . . . 
Pendleton Murrah . . 
A. J. Hamilton (Pro- 
visional) 



1S49 to 
1 85 1 to 
1853 to 
1855 to 
1857 to 
1S59 to 

I 86 I to 
1S63 to 



1846 
1847 
1851 
J 853 
1855 
1857 
1859 
1861 
1861 
1863 
1865 



Pro 



James W. Throe 

morton . . 
E. M. Pease 

sional) . . . 
E. J. Davis . . 
Richard Coke . 
R. B. Hubbard 
O. M. Roberts 
John Ireland . 
L. S. Ross . 
J. S. Hogg . . 
C. A. Culberson 



k- 



1865 to 1866 



1S66 to 1867 

1867 to 1870 
1870 to 1874 
1874 to 1876 
1876 to 1879 
1879 to 1883 
1883 to 1887 
1887 to 1891 
1891 to 1895 
1895 to 1899 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 46 1 

General Elections in Texas from 1835 to 1896, Inclusive. 

In the Consultation of Texas, November 11, 1835, Henry Smith was 
elected Governor and J. W. Robinson Lieutenant-Governor. The vote 
in the Consultation was, — 

For Governor. — Henry Smith, 31 ; Stephen F. Austin, 22. 

First General Election under Republic, in 1836.-/^(9;- Presi- 
dent. — Sam Houston, 3585 ; Stephen F. Austin, 551 ; Henry Smith, 144 ; 
T. J. Green, 42 ; Scattering, 5 ; against Constitution, 223 ; for Constitu- 
tion, 1836, 3199. 

Second General Election, 1838. — For President. — 1\I. B. Lamar, 
6995 ; Robert M. Wilson, 252. 

Third General Election, 1841. — For President. — Sam Houston, 
7915 ; David G. Burnet, 3616. 

Fourth General Election, 1844; — For President. — Anson Jones, 
6443 ; Edward Burleson, 5054. 

First State Election, 1845. — For Governor. — J. P. Henderson, 
7853 ; J. B. Miller, 1673 ; Scattering, 52. 

Second State Election, 1847. — /v?;' Governor. — George T. Wood, 
7154; J. B. Miller, 5106; N. H. Darnell, 1276; J. J. Robinson, 379; 
Scattering, 852. 

Third State Election, 1849. — For Governor. — P. H. Bell, 10,319 ; 
George T. Wood, 8764 ; John T. Mills, 2632 ; for Amendment to Consti- 
tution, 15,852 ; against Amendment to Constitution, 3139. 

Fourth State Election, 1851. — For Govertior. — P. H. Bell, 
13.595 ; M. T. Johnson, 5262 ; John A. Greer, 4061 ; B. H. Epperson, 
2971 ; T. J. Chambers, 2320 ; Scattering, 100. 

Fifth State Election, 1853. — f^(^^' Governor. — E. M. Pease, 
13,091 ; W. B. Ochiltree, 9178; George T. Wood, 5983; L. D. Evans, 
4677 ; T. J. Chambers, 2449 ; John Dancy, 315. 

Sixth State Election, 1855. — For Governor. — E. M. Pease, 
26,336 ; D. C. Dickson, 18,968 ; M. T. Johnson, 809 ; George T. Wood, 
226. 

Seventh State Election, 1857. — For Governor. — H. R. Runnels, 
32,552 ; Sam Houston, 28,628. 

Eighth State Election, 1859. — For Governor. — Sam Houston, 
36,227; H. R. Runnels, 27,500; Scattering, 61. 

Ninth State Election, 1861. — For Governor. — F. R. Lubbock, 
21,854; Edward Clark, 21,730; T. J. Chambers, 13,759. 

Tenth State Election, 1863. — For Governor. — Pendleton Murrah, 
17,511 ; T. J. Chambers, 12,455 ; Scattering, 1070. 

Eleventh State Election, 1866. — For Governor. — J. W. Throck- 
morton, 49,277 ; E. M. Pease, 12,168. 

Twelfth State Election, 1869. — For Governor. — E. J. Davis, 
39,901 ; A. J. Hamilton, 39,092 ; Hamilton Stuart, 3S0. 



462 



A COMPLETE HISTORY OF TEXAS. 



Thirteenth State Election, 1873. — For Governor. — Richard 
Coke, 85,549 ; E. J. Davis, 42,633. 

Fourteenth State Election, 1876. — For Governor. — Richard 
Coke, 150,581 ; Wm. Chambers, 47,719. 

Fifteenth State Election, 1878. — For Governor. — O. M. Roberts, 
158,933 ; W. H. Hamman, 55,002 ; A. B. Norton, 23,402 ; Scattering, 99. 

Sixteenth State Election, 1880. — For Governor. — O. M. Roberts, 
166, lor ; E. J. Davis, 64,382 ; W. H. Hamman, 33,721. 

Seventeenth State Election, 1882. — For Governor. — John Ire- 
land, 150,809 ; George W. Jones, 102,501 ; J. B. Robertson, 334. 

Eighteenth State Election, 1884. — For Governor. — John Ire- 
land, 212,234; George W. Jones, 88,450; A. B. Norton, 25,557. 

Nineteenth State Election, 1886. — For Governor. — L. S. Ross, 
228,776 ; A. M. Cochran, 65,236 ; E. L. Dohoney, 19,186 ; Scattering, 102. 

Twentieth State Election, 188S. — For Governor. — L. S. Ross, 
250,338 ; Marion Martin, 98,447. 

Twenty-first State Election, 1890. — For Governor. -]. S. Hogg, 
262,432 ; W. Flanagan, 77,742 ; E. C. Heath, 2235. 

Twenty-second State Election, 1892. — For Governor. — J. S. 
Hogg, 190,486 ; George Clark, 133,395 ; T. L. Nugent, 108,483 ; A. J. 
Houston. 1322 ; D. M. Prendergast, 1605 ; Scattering, 176. 

Twenty-third State Election, 1894. — For Governor. — C. A. 
Culberson, 207,167; W. K. Makemson, 54,520; J. B. Schmitz, 5026; T. 
L. Nugent, 152,731 ; J. M. Dunn, 2196; .Scattering, 1076. 

Twenty-fourth State Election, 1896. — For Governor. — C. A. 
Culberson, 295,528 ; Clark. 1876 ; J. C. Kearby, 238,692 ; Scattering, 495. 




GENERAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS. 



463 



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INDEX. 



Abbott, Jo, 400, 406. 

Abolition party, original secessionists, 
302 ; attitude of, towards Texas boun- 
dary question, 322, 323 ; fanatical and 
lawless conduct of, 348. 

Acebedo, Father Antonio, 56. 

Aceqiiia, 52. 

Acoquash, a Waco chief, 262. 

Accjuisition of territory by the United 
States, attitude of the North and East 
towards, 301, 302. 

Actions at law, forms of, abolished, 273. 

Ad interim, the government of the Re- 
public, 209, 210. 

Adaes, mission San Miguel Cuellar de los, 
67 ; mission and presidio Pilar de los, 
6S, 69 ; the Indian tribe of the, 86. 

Adaizan family of Indians, 86. 

Adams, G. W., 333. 

Adams, John Quincy, an original seces- 
sionist, 301, 302. 

Administrations : first presidential, of Sam 
Houston, 250-258 ; of M. B. Lamar, 
263-274 ; second presidential, of Hous- 
ton, 279-296 ; of Anson Jones, 301-310 ; 
of Governor Henderson, 307, 321-327 ; 
of Governors Wood, Bell, and Pease, 
334-341 ; principal public questions 
under the several, 1847-57, 337~34i ! o^ 
Governor Runnels, 348-350 ; of Gov- 
ernor Houston , 350-354 ; of Governors 
Lubbock and l\Iurrah, 363-365 ; of A. J. 
Hamilton, 374, 375 ; of J. W. Throck- 
morton, 375, 376 ; of E. M. Pease, 376- 
379 ; of General J.J. Reynolds, military 
governor, 379; of Edmund J. Davis, 
379-382 ; of Richard Coke, 389-391 ; of 
R. B. Hubbard, 391-393 ; of Gran M. 
Roberts, 393-395 ; of John Ireland, 395- 
397 ; of L. S. Ross, 400-402 ; of J. S. 
Hogg, 402-406 ; of C. A. Culberson, 
409-418. 



Aes, mission Dolores, among the, 67 ; an 

Indian tribe, 85, 86. 
African slave-trade, the, proposition to 

revive, 350. 
Agricultural and Mechanical College, 392, 

395- 

Agricultural products, 438-440. 

Aguayo, Marquis de, governor of Coa- 
huila and Te.xas, 68, 69. 

Aguayo, mission San Miguel de, 56 ; mis- 
sion San Jose de, 69. 

Ahumada, San Augustin de, presidio of, 
72. 

Alabama, volunteers from (1835-36), 202 ; 
secedes, 351. 

Alamo, the, history of, 77, 78 ; siege and 
fall of, 212-218 ; ground-plan and res- 
toration of, 213, 217 ; burial of the 
heroes of, 218 ; the flag of, 267 ; pur- 
chased by the State, 396. 

Alarcon, expedition of, 41. 

Alarcon, Martin de, governor of Texas, 
67 ; founds San Antonio de Bejar, 68. 

Alazan, batde of the, 106. 

Alcaldes, 28, 155. 

Alcantra, battle at the, 268. 

Alexander VI., Pope, establishes the 
"line of demarcation," 5. 

Alexander, Rev. R., 326. 

Algonquin family of Indians, 87. 

Alguazil, 27. 

Alibamu, or Alabamas, an Indian tribe, 
90. 

Allen, A. C, 256. 

Allen, Ebenezer, 279, 309, 335. 

Allen, Colonel J. K., 186, 202, 256. 

Allen, Richard, 393. 

Allen, Sam T., 170, 1S5. 

Alliance, the Farmers', 401, 402. 

Almazan, General, acting governor of 
Texas, 69, 70. 

Almonte, Colonel Juan N., visits Texas 
and reports population, 156, 431 ; at 
battle of San Jacinto, 232, 233. 

30 465 



466 



INDEX. 



Allamira, Marquis de, 72, 75. 

Amendments : the 13th and 14th, to the 
United States Constitution, 372, 373 ; 
the 15th, 379; to State constitution, on 
prohibition, 400, 401 ; to State constitu- 
tion, on railroad regulation, 402 ; reor- 
ganizing the judicial system, 402, 403 ; 
for a Confederate Soldiers' Home, and 
an elective railroad commission, 410. 

Alvarez, Senora, her kindness at Goliad, 
220. 

America, discovery of, and early explora- 
tions in, 4-21. 

American colonists forbidden in Mexico, 
I5^> 159 ■> settlers in Texas, influence of, 
on the Revolution, 166, 167 ; party, or 
Know-Nothings, 347. 

Amichel, the province or land of, 8, 9, 38. 

Ampudia, General, 28S. 

Anadarkos, the, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. 

Anahuac, Colonel Bradburn at, 169, 170; 
expedition against Tenorio at, 1S3 ; 
attacked by Mexican vessel of war, 184. 

Aihi/ysis of 'Fexas history, i. 

Ana<]uas, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Anderson, Kenneth L., Vice-President, 
295, 296. 

Anderson, T. S., 350. 

Andrade, General, 204. 

Anglo-American colonists, influence of, 
on the Revolution, 166, 167. 

Anian, the fabled Straits of, 38. 

Annexation, suggested by Texas, 244 ; 
voted for by the people, 246 ; proposed 
to the United States, 253, 254 ; political 
agitation respecting, in the United 
States, 301. 302 ; diplomacy, politics, 
and negotiations attending, 303-305 ; 
terms of the joint resolutions for, 305, 
308, 309 ; accepted by Texas, 305, 306, 
307; hnal scene in, 310; the several 
steps towards, 432. 

Afiiichcria, the, 54. 

Apaches, beginning of the wars with the, 
54. 55 ; ill Texas, 62 ; battle between St. 
Denis and Lipans and, 66; hostility of, 
under Sandoval, 71 ; seek refuge in the 
missions, 72 ; ethnology of, 87,^88. 

Ai)<)daca, viceroy of Mexico, 102, 103, 104. 

Aranamas, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Archer, Branch T., activity of, in early 
revolutionary movements, 169, 170, 176; 
president of the Consultation, 198; 
Commissioner to the United States, 198, 
199 ; returns to Texas, 243. 

Archevefjue, L', 63. 

"Archive War," the, 283, 284. 



Arcoquisac, mission of, 72. 

Area of Texas, 436. 

Arispe, Ramos, 135. 

Arista, General, 281. 

Arizona, first explorations in, 40-42. 

Armijo, governor of New Mexico, 271. 

Arms, the national coat of, of the Repub- 
lic, 267. 

Army, influence of the, in Spanish coloni- 
zation, 25-34, 47-49 ; the " Republican," 
of the "North," invasion of Texas by, 
105-107 ; first Texan, organized, 187 ; 
organized by the Consultation, 199 ; 
disorganization of, by the Matamoros 
expedition, 201 ; Mexican, prepares to 
invade Texas, 202 ; Texan, movements 
of, in the West, under Houston, 202, 
203 ; Mexican, reaches San Antonio, 
204 ; condition of Texan, at beginning 
of campaign of 1836, 210 ; Texan, re- 
treats from Gonzales to the Brazos, 224- 
226; Mexican, progress of, from Bexar 
to New Washington, 224, 226, 227 ; both, 
meet at San Jacinto, 229-233 ; Mexican, 
retires from Texas, 235 ; disorderly con- 
duct of the Texan, 240, 241 ; reckless 
and dangerous schemes in the, 251 ; is 
disbanded by Houston, 255 ; raised to 
repel Mexican invasion (1842-43), 282, 
284, 287 ; of United States, Texas troops 
in the, during the Mexican War, 331- 
2,'iz \ t>f the Confederate States, Texas 
troops in the, 365-367. 

Arredondo, General, 105, 106, 107, 130. 

Arrest of Texans, Santa Anna i; sues 
orders for the, 184, 185. 

Arroyo Hondo, the, neutral ground -dXowg, 
99, 100. 

Ashby, H. S. P. ("Stump"), 413. 

Asile, Champs d', French colony of, loS. 

Asinais, an Indian tribe, 62 ; mission and 
presidio among the, 67, 69, 85, 86. 

Asylums, the public, 451. 

Athapascan family of Indians, 87. 

Attakapan family of Indians, 88. 

Audiences, royal, in Spanish times, 27. 

Augustin, Henry W., 171. 

Aury, Don Luis, "Commodore," 107, 108. 

Austin, Captain John, 170. 

Austin, Mo.ses, 129 ; his colonization en- 
terprise, experiences, and death, i 29-131. 

Austin, Stephen F., 129 ; succeeds his 
father, visits Texas and Mexico, and es- 
tablishes first American colony, 131-137 ; 
methods of granting lands by, 132, 136 ; 
his influence in Mexico, 135 ; limits of 
his first colony, 138 ; organization of his 



INDEX. 



467 



government, 13S ; subsequent colonies 
of, 139 ; colony of Williams and, 148 ; 
powers of, in governing his colonies, 
167,168 ; his influence on the legislation 
of Coahuila and Texas, 171, 172; presi- 
dent of first convention, 172 ; letter of, 
to Ramon Musquiz, 173 ; commissioner 
to Mexico, experience and captivity 
there, 174; returns to Texas, 177; Santa 
Anna's object in his imprisonment, 182 ; 
chairman of Committee of Safety at San 
Felipe, 185 ; his activity and influence, 
186 ; elected general of the Texan army 
at Gonzales, 187 ; his campaign to Bexar, 
187-189 ; commissioner to the Ihiited 
States, 190 ; his views of independence, 
202 ; speech of, at Louisville, and his 
labors in the United States, 204 ; re- 
turns to Texas, 243 ; party devoted to, 
in early politics, 245 ; defeated for the 
- Presidency, 245 ; secretary of state, 
246 ; last labors, character, service, and 
death, 254. 

Austin, the city of, located and capital 
moved to, 266, 267 ; government re- 
moved from, and "archive war" re- 
sults, 283, 284. 

Austin, William T., 1S7, 190, 225. 

-Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 9. 

Ayuntatniento, 28, 29, 155. 



Bacon, Rev. Sumner, 326. 

Bahia, La (see Goliad), presidio of, 

founded, 69 ; removed, 70 ; captured by 

Magee's expedition, 105. 
Bailev, Joseph W., 402, 406, 416, 455. 
Baker, John R., 286. 
Baker, Mosely, 184, 226, 227. 
Baker & Borden, publish first newspaper 

at San Felipe, 197. 
BaIl)oa, 6. 

Ball, Thomas H., 416. 
Ballinger, William P., 391. 
Bankruptcy, law for, under the Republic, 

274- 

Banks : project for establishing a national, 
for the Republic, 267 ; constitutional pro- 
visions respecting, 317. 

Baptist church, the, growth of, 325. 

Barr, Robert, 246, 257. 

Barradas, General, 158. 

Barrett, D. C, 184, 198. 

Barrett, (ieneral, 368. 

Barrios, governor, 71. 



Bassett, B. H., 393. 

Bastrop, Baron de, aids Austin, 130 ; land 
commissioner, 137. 

Bastrop (Mina), numicipality of, 183. 

Battle-field of San Jacinto, description of, 
228-230. 

Battles : at the Bridge of Calderon, 102 ; 
of Rosillo, 106 ; of the Alazan, 106 ; of 
the Medina, 107 ; of Velasco, 170 ; of 
Gonzales, 185, 186 ; of Concepcion, 187, 
188 ; at capture of Bexar by the Texans, 
190-193 ; of Lipantitlan, 193 ; of San 
Patricio, Agua Dulce, and Refugio. 
211, 212 ; at the Alamo, 215-218 : at the 
Coleto, 218, 219 ; of San Jacinto, 229- 
234 ; of Plum Creek, with Indians, 266 ; 
of Alcantra, Matamoros, Monterey, and 
Saltillo (1839-40), 268, 269; of the Sal- 
ado, 2S6 ; of Palo Alto and Resaca de la 
Palma, 331 ; of Monterey, 332 ; noted, 
of the Civil War ( 1861-65 1, 367 ; of Pal- 
niito Ranch, the last of the Civil War, 
368. 

Bautista, San Juan, mission of, 57, 66. 

Baylor, Henry W., :si?i- 

Baylor, John R., 354, 365. 

Baylor, R. E. B., 321. 

Baylor University, 325. 

Bays, Rev. Joseph, 325. 

Bean, Ellis P., 98, 146, 169. 

Beans, the drawing of, by the Mier pris- 
oners, 289. 

Beard, Spruce M., 337. 

Season's Crossing, 225. 

Beaujeu, 14, 15. 

Bedais, an Indian tribe, 85, 86, 292. 

Bee, Barnard E., 242, 257, 259, 269. 

Bee, Hamilton P., 291, 333, 367. 

Bejar or Bexar, San Antonio de, founded, 
68; missions transferred to, 70, 71; 
captured by Magee's expedition, 106 ; 
political department of, 154, 155; loy- 
alty of certain Mexicans at, 183; siege 
and capture of (1835), 188-193 ; plan of, 
and environs, 189, 191 ; Mexicans enter 
(1836), 204; siege of the Alamo at, 
212-218. 

Belgium recognizes Texan independence, 
270. 

Bell, Charles K., 406. 

Bell, James H., ^48, 365. 

Bell, Josiah H., 134. 

Bell, P. Hansljorough, in the Mexican 
War, 332 ; governor, 335 ; in Congress, 

336. 
Bernardino, .San. mission of, 57. 
Bernardo, San, Bay of. La Salle lands at, 15. 



468 



INDEX. 



Bi.s^elow, Hi)ratio, 109. 

Billing;sley, Jesse, 2S6. 

IJiloxis, the, an Indian tribe, 91, 292. 

" IJiniini," tlie island of, 6. 

Bird, James, 286. 

Bird's Fort, 291. 

Birdsall, John, 257. 

Biscay, New, kingdom of, 53. 

Blanco, \'ictor, governor, 153, 168. 

Blount, Stephen VV., 208. 

Boards, of land commissioners, 257 ; mul- 
tiplicity of, created in Ireland's adminis- 
tration, 396. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Spain, loi. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, sells Louisiana to 
the United States, 96. 

Bonds of tlie United States donated to the 
school fund, 338. 

Boneo, Justo, governor, 71. 

Bonham, James B., at Bexar and the 
Alamo, 210, 214, 215, 217. 

lionilla, Don Antonio, Brief Compendium 
of, 75- 

Bonnell, George W., 290. 

Bonner, Micajah H., 393. 

I'orden, Gail, 176, 197. 

Borden, Ciail, Jr., 176. 

Borden, John P., 176, 197, 257, 279. 

Borden P. P., 176. 

liorden, Th(jmas H., 176, 197. 

Boundary, between United States and 
Sjjain on the Louisiana border, 96-98 ; 
troubles in regard to, 67-100 ; settled by 
treaty of 1819, 108, 109; of Texas, pro- 
visions for fixing, 257, 269 ; attempt to 
extend, over Mexican territory, 281 ; 
questions of, to be adjusted by Unitecl 
States, 307 ; issue of, in politics, 322 ; 
its relation to the slavery question, 322, 
323 ; agitation and final' settlement of, 
337. 338, 434 ; litigation regarding, in 
the Greer County case, 416, 417, 434. 

" Boundary bill," the (1850), 338. 

Bounties, granted to soldiers by the Con- 
sultation, 200, 209 ; land, nature of titles, 
3''*^, 3 '9. 320. 

Bowie, James, 171, 176, 182; at Concep- 
cion, 187. 188; at the "Grass fight," 
189 ; sent to relieve San Antonio, 203 ; 
at San Antonio, 210; his death in the 
Alamo, 216. 

Bowie, Kex.in P., 176. 

Bowles, a Cherokee chief, 136, 264, 
265. 

Bowles, John, son of the above, 265. 

I'.radburn. John D.. tyrannical acts of, and 
his expulsion, 169, 170. 



Bradford, Captain, massacre of, with his 
men, at Goliad, 220. 

Bradley, Thomas H., 170. 

Branch, A. M., 365, 375. 

Bravo, Nicolas, 104. 

Bravo, Rio, 55-57, 66. 

"Bravo," the, Mexican vessel, 202. 

Brazil, discovery of, 4, 5. 

Brazoria, first revolutionary meeting at, 
169. 

Brazos, political department of the, 155. 

Brazos River, early fort and trading posts 
on, 109 ; first settlers on, 133 ; Hous- 
ton's retreat to the, 226 ; Santa Anna 
crosses, 227. 

Breese, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 
190-193. 

Brenham, Richard F., 271, 290. 

Brewster, H. P., 334, 335. 

Bridge, Vince's, importance of, at San 
Jacinto, 230. 

Brigham, Asa, 279. 

Briscoe, Andrew, 208. 

Brister, Colonel, at the siege of Bexar, 
190. 

Britain, Great, relations of, to Texas, 254. 
270. 

Brown, Henry S., 170, 176. 

Brown, Reuben R., 211. 

Brown, Thomas J., 403. 

Brownsville, capture of, by General 
Banks's expedition, 366. 

" Brutus," the, a Texan war-ship, 235. 

Bryan, Guy M., 336, 349. 

Bryan, Moses Austin, 233. 

Bryan, William, 282. 

Bryan, William J., nominated for Presi- 
dent, 412, 413. 

Bryant, David E., 392. 

Bucareli, mission of, 76. 

Buchel, August, 332. 

Buenaventura, San, mission of, 57. 

Buffalo Bayou, in the campaign of 1836, 
227, 228. 

Bullard, Captain, 107. 

Bullock, John W., 171. 

Bureau, the Freedmen's, 377 ; immigra- 
tion, established, 379. 

Burke, R. E.. 416. 

Burleson, Edward, 182, 185, 187 ; succeeds 
Austin in connnand at Bexar, 190 ; at 
San Jacinto, 230 ; in the Ranger service, 
255, 264, 265, 266, 286 ; Vice-President, 
274 ; defeated for President, 295 ; in the 
Mexican War, 332. 

Burnet, David G., 140; colony contract 
of, 148 ; judge in Coahuila and Texas, 



INDEX. 



469 



156; in the convention of 1S33, 174; 
President ad interim, 209 ; visits San 
Jacinto and concludes treaty with Santa 
Anna, 234, 235 ; his troubles with Santa 
Anna's custody, 241 ; Vice-President, 
259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; acting- 
President, 270 ; his extravagant claims 
for Texas, 272 ; defeated for the Presi- 
dency, 274 ; secretary of state, 321 ; 
United States Senator, 375. 

iUirnham's Crossing, 225. 

P>urr, Aaron, 100. 

Burroughs, James M., 375. 

Burton, Isaac \V., 171, 242, 266. 

Bustamente, President of Mexico, 15S, 
159; tyrannical conduct and decree of, 
towards the colonists, 158, 159, 168, 169, 
170, 172-174; deposed by Santa Anna, 
159, 160. 



Cabeza de Vaca, adventures of, in Texas, 
39, 40, 61. 

Cabi/do, 28. 

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 4, 18. 

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de, 5. 

Cabrillo, ir, 42. 

Caddoan family of Indians, 88, 89. 

Caddos, an Indian tribe, 89, 242, 262. 

Cadillac, Governor, 65. 

Ca/abrcjs, Is/a dt\ early name for Galves- 
ton Island, 107. 

Calderon, battle at the Bridge of, 102. 

Caldwell, C, 376, 378. 

Caldwell, John, 176. 

Caldwell, Matthew, 208, 266, 286. 

Calhoun, John C, favors annexation, 

304- 

Calleja, loi. 

Cameron, Ewan, 286 ; in the Mier expe- 
dition, 288, 289. 

Cameron, John, 203. 

Campaigns: of Texan army (1835), 187- 
193 ; of 1836, situation at the beginning 
of, 210; progress of, 211-221 ; closing 
of, at San lacinto, 224-235 ; political, 
the first, in Texas, 244-246 ; iov the Presi- 
dency in 1838, 258, 259 ; military, in 
Northern Mexico ( 1839-40), 268, 269 ; 
political, of 1844, in the United States, 
on annexation, 304 ; military, of the Mex- 
ican War, 331-334 ; pt>litical, between 
Houston and Runnels ( 1859), 35*^ ; mili- 
tary, of the Civil War, 365-367 ; politi- 
cal, of 1869, between Davis and Ham- 
ilton, 379; between Davis and Coke, 381 ; 



of 1887, on prohibition, 400, 401 ; of 1892, 
between Hogg and Clark, 404, 405 ; of 
1894, 409, 410; State and P'ederal, in 
1896, 410-414. 

Campbell, Isaac, 267. 

Canipcachy, name of Lafitte's colony at 
Galveston, 108. 

Canales, General, in the Mexican revo- 
lutionary struggles, 268, 269 ; in Texas, 
284, 285. 

Canary Islands, colonists from, to Texas, 

Candelaria, mission of, 72. 

Canoma, a Caddo chief, 89. 

Cantino, map of, 6. 

Capital, commissioners to locate a per- 
manent, 256, 266 ; located at Austin on 
the Colorado, 266, 267; removed tempo- 
rarily to Houston, 283. 

Capitol, the new State, contracted for and 
constructed, 395 ; ceremonies of laying 
corner-stone and dedication of, 397, 400 ; 
description of, 452. 

Captivity of Stephen F. Austin, objects 
of, 182 ; of Santa Anna, 233, 235, 240, 
250. 

Carbajal, 169, 184. 

Carizos, an Indian tribe, 92. 

"Carpet-baggers," 376. 

Carroll, Daniel S., 294. 

Carson, Samuel P., 209, 240. 

Cartier, Jacques, 13. 

Casas, Las, the "Universal Protector of 
the Indians," 27. 

Cash, L. L., 290. 

Cassiano, a loyal Mexican, 183. 

Castinado, at Gonzales, 185, 186. 

Castrillon, General, 204, 215, 232. 

Castro, Henri, colony of, 294. 

Castro, a Lipan chief, 88, 266. 

Catholic church, the, in New Spain, 29-34; 
missions, of New Spain, 44 ; missionary 
labors of, in New Mexico and Texas, 
47~57 ; missions, the first, in Eastern 
Texas, 64, 65 ; colonists required to be- 
long to, 137 ; citizens required to belong 
to, 167 ; early priests of, in Texas, 324 ; 
proposition of Count Farnese to make 
it the established church of Texas, 324, 

325- 
Cenis, an Indian tribe, 62 ; missions 

founded among the, 67 ; history of the, 

86. 
Census, of 1847, by counties, 324 ; of 1880, 

365 ; of 1890, 406 ; the several, from 

1744 to 1890,431-435. 
Central National Road, projected, 295. 



470 



INDEX. 



Centralists, a political party in INIexico, 

158, 268. 
Cerliticates, land, the several kinds uf, 

318-320. 
Chambers, Thomas J., 156, 176, 205, 335, 

Champs d'Asile, French colony at, 108. 
Chandler, Captain, in the Snively expe- 
dition, 293. 
Character of the early colonists, 429, 

430. 

Charles IV., of Spain, tyranny of, loi. 

Charles V., Emperor, 26. 

Cherokees, ethnology of the, 89, 90 ; 
chiefs of the, in Mexico, 136 ; in the 
Fredonian War, 147 ; rights of, guar- 
anteed by the Consultation, 197, 199 ; 
treaty with (1836), 204; incited to hos- 
tility by Mexican agents, 242; war with, 
and final expulsion of, 264-266 ; their 
rights in Texas, 264. 

Che\allie, Major Michel, in the Mexican 
War, 332. 

Chiefs, Political, under Mexican and 
Spanish rule, 154, 155. 

Chiliuahua, early history of, 51-57. 

Childress, George C, 208. 

Chilpanzingo, the Congress of, 102. 

Chilton, George W., 375. 

Chilton, Horace, 402, 454. 

Chiricahua Ajxiches, 87, 88. 

Chriesman, Horatio, 138. 

Christian or Campbellite church, growth 
of, 326. 

Christianity, Spanish methods of propa- 
gating, 47-53 ; labors of Franciscans and 
Jesuits in spreading, 49-57 ; spread and 
growth of, in Texas, 323-326. 

Christy, W'illiam, 190, 204. 

Churches : the Catholic, in New Spain, 
29-34 ; the early missionary labors of 
the Catholic, in Mexico and Texas, 
47-57 ; union t)f State and, under Mexi- 
can govenuiient, 167 ; the Catholic, its 
labors among the Americans in Texas, 
324 ; Catholic, i^roposition to make it 
the State church, 324, 325 ; the Protes- 
tant, the labor and growth of, in Texas, 
325, 326 ; statistics of, 450. 

Cii)ola, the fabled land of, with its Seven 
Cities, lu, 37, 38, 41, 42. 

Cigualan, the land of, 10, 37, 41, 42. 

Cities, the Seven, of Cibola or (Juivira, 
lo, 37, 40-42. 

Citizenship, a new kind of, created by the 
141I1 amendment to the United States 
Constitution, 372, 373. 



Civi/ Law of Spain, relations of, to the 
Texas system, 273. 

Clark, Edward, 332, 336, 350 ; acting 
governor, 353, 354 ; defeated for gov- 
ernor, 363. 

Clark, George, 393, 404, 405. 

Clay, Henry, attitude of, on annexation, 

304, 305- 

Clergy, members of the, ineligible to the 
legislature of the Republic, 316, 317. 

Cleveland, Grover, 396, 406, 411, 412. 

Coahuila, in early times, 53 ; early mis- 
sions in, 53-57 ; Spanish name for, 63 ; 
separation of Texas from, determined 
upon, 172-174; revolution in, 175. 

Coahuila and Texas, State colonization 
law of, 135 ; constitution of, adopted, 
140 ; united with New Leon, 152 ; sep- 
arated into an independent state, 152, 
153 ; constitutional provisions in regard 
to, 153; constitution of, 153, 168; gov- 
ernors of, 153, 154 ; representation in 
the Congress of, 156 ; full power of laws 
of, established in Texas, 168 ; acts of its 
Congress unfriendly to Texas, 172 ; sep- 
aration of, decided upon by the colonies, 
172-174 ; end of the government of, 175, 
176. 

Coahuila, villa de, 57. 

Coahuiltecan family of Indians, 89. 

Coal-fields of Texas, 440. 

Coat of arms of the Republic, 267. 

Cocke, James D., 290. 

Cockrell, J. V., 406. 

Coinage question, the, in State and Fed- 
eral politics, 405, 409, 410-414. 

Coke, Richard, on the Supreme Court, 
375 ; elected governor, 381 ; the dramatic 
scene of his inauguration, 389 ; United 
States Senator, 391, 402, 454 ; death of, 
420. 

Coleman, Robert M., 185, 208, 255. 

Coleto, the battle of the, 218, 219. 

Collard, W. E., 403. 

College, the Agricultural and INIechanical, 

392, 395- 

Collingsworth, George M., 186. 

CoUinsworth, James B., 208, 240, 242, 
246, 257, 258, 259. 

Colonial, system, the Spanish, 25-34 ; con- 
tracts of the Austins, 130-141 ; contracts 
of the later colonies, 145-149, 264 ; con- 
tracts declared void (1845), 306. 

Colonies: English, in America, 18, 19; 
Dutch, 19, 20; characteristics of the 
Spanish, in America, 25-34 '. i'^ Texas, 
under Spanish rule, 129; foundation of, 



INDEX. 



471 



by the Austins, 130-14 1 ; of Martin de 
Leon, 145 ; of Green Dewitt, 145 ; of 
Hayden Edwards, 146, 147 ; of Robert 
Leftvvich ( Nashville), 147, 148 ; of Power 
and Hewitson, 148 ; of McMullen and 
McGloin, 148 ; of Austin and Williams, 
148 ; of Zavala, Burnet, and Vehlein, 
148 ; of Cameron, Beale, Grant, Padillo, 
and others, 148 ; condition of, in 1834, 
156, 157 ; Bustamente's tyrannical con- 
duct towards the, 158-160 ; attitude of 
the, leading to the Revolution, 166-177 ! 
prepare to resist invasion, 183, 184 ; 
Peters's colony, 294 ; Mercer's, 294 ; 
other later, 294. 

Colonists, distribution of lands to the, 136, 
137 ; condition of the first, 137 ; under 
later contracts, 145-149 ; character of, 
in Edwards's colony, 146 ; prosperity of 
( 1834 ), 156, 157 ; from the United States, 
forbidden in Texas and Mexico, 158, 
159 ; political temper of the, leading to 
the Revolution, 166 168 ; first revolu- 
tionary meetings of the, 169, 170-174 ; 
prepare to resist invasion, 183, 184 ; 
under later contracts, 294 ; character of 
the early, 429, 430. 

Colonization, the Spanish system of, 25- 
34 ; religion as an element in Spanish, 
47-53 ; of Texas, under Spanish rule, 
129; by the Austins, 130-139; under 
Mexican rule, 136-141 ; under later con- 
tractors, 145-149 ; laws of Mexico, 153 ; 
decree of April 6, 1830, affecting, 158; 
laws of Coahuila and Texas, repealed, 
172 ; revival of contracts for, under the 
Republic, 294 ; contracts for, declared 
void, in 1845, 306. 

Colorado River, explored by La Salle, 15, 
16 ; explored by I)e Leon, 63 ; first set- 
tlers on the, 133 ; Houston's retreat to, 
225, 226. 

Columbia, meeting at, to call a consultation 
of the colonists, 184. 

Columbus, Christoj^her, 4, 5. 

Comanches, mission of San Saba de- 
stroyed by the, 72 ; defeat the Spaniards, 
73 ; ethnology of the, 91 ; depredations 
of (1839-41), 265, 266 ; attempt to make 
treaty with, 291, 292. 

Commerce, of Texas {1S34), 157; treaty 
of, with England and France, 254 ; con- 
dition of, in 1838, 258 ; in 1841, 274. 

Coiiiinission to regulate railroads, 402. 

Commissioners, to the Ignited States 
(1835-36), 19S, 204; to United States, 
to secure recognition of independence, 



243, 244 ; to select permanent cajiital, 

256, 266, 267 ; to run boundary line, 257 ; 

to make Indian treaty, 291, 292. 
Committees oi safety ( 1835), 183 ; the, of 

the Secession Convention, 352-354. 
Covunon Law of England, adopted, 272, 

273- 

Comnmnity property of husband and wife, 
317- 

Compromise, the Missouri, as affecting 
the Texas boundary, 322, 323 ; measures 
of 1850, settling Texas debt and bouml- 
ary, 337 ; the effect of those measures, 
346 ; of the International and Great 
Northern Railroad subsidy, 390. 

Concepcion, La Purissima, mission of, 67 ; 
battle at the, in 1835, 187, 188. 

Conchos, the, an Indian tribe, 55. 

Confederate States of America, organized, 
352 ; Texas senators and congressmen 
of the, 365 ; Texas troops in the army 

of, 365. 367- 
Congress, of Chilpanzingo, 102 ; the Con- 
stituent, of Mexico, 152, 153 ; of Coa- 
huila and Texas, representation in, 156 ; 
the P'irst, of the Republic, 246, 256 ; the 
Second and Third, 256 ; the Third, 
P^ourth, Fifth, and Sixth, 272-274 ; efforts 
of the Sixth, to relieve the finances, 280 ; 
foolish act of, in claiming Mexican ter- 
ritory, 281 ; passes a " war bill," which 
is vetoed, 285 ; time for meeting of, 
changed, 285 ; the Seventh, Eighth, and 
Ninth, 295, 306 ; special session of the 
Ninth, on annexation, 305, 306 ; of the 
Lhiited States, first representatives in, 
■321; Texas members of (1847-51), 
335 ; members of, from 185 1 to 1861, 
336, 349 ; passes the compromise meas- 
ures of 1S50, settling Texas debt and 
boundary, 338 ; action of, affecting 
slavery and States'-rights ( 1S54), 346, 
347 ; of the Confederate States, Texas 
senators and congressmen in, 365 ; of 
United States, adopts the 13th and 14th 
amendments, 372, 373 ; attempts to re- 
construct the St)uthern States, 373, 374, 
376 382 ; members of, elected in 1S66, 
375 ; Texas members of, refused ad- 
mission, 376 ; adopts the 15th amend- 
ment, 379; members of (1872-76), 
391 ; members of, elected in 1876, 392 ; 
members of, from 1878 to 1882, 393, 
394 ; from 1SS2 to 1886, 395, 396 ; from 
1 886 to 1890, 400 ; from 1890 to 1896, 
402, 406 ; members elected in 1896, 416 ; 
influence of Texas in, 454-456. 



472 



INDEX. 



Congressional Reconstruction, methods 
and results f)f 374, 376-379. 

Conrad, Edward, 208. 

Co/is/i/iu'fi/ Congress oi Mexico, 152, 153. 

Constitutional, convention, the first (1836), 
208, 209 ; convention of 1845, 305, 306 ; 
provisions (1845), 316, 317; amend- 
ments, 13th, 14th, and 15th, adopted by 
Congress, 372, 373, 379 ; conventions 
of 1866 and 1869, 375, 377-379 ; conven- 
tion of 1875, 390-391 ; amendments, on 
prohibition, railroad commission, sol- 
diers' home, and reorganizing the ju- 
dicial system, 400, 401-403, 410. 

Constitutions : the Federal, of 1824, 152 ; 
of Coahuila and Texas, 153 ; defects 
of the Mexican, from an American 
stand-point, 167 ; loyalty of the Texans 
to that of 1824, 170, 171, 183 ; a State, 
adopted by the convention of 1833, 174 ; 
of the Republic, adopted, 209 ; the State, 
of 1845, 305, 306, 316, 317 ; of 1861, 353 ; 
of the United States, 13th and 14th 
amendments to, 372, 373 ; State, of 1866, 
375 ; of 1869, 377-380'. the 15th amend- 
ment to the United States, 379 ; State, 
of 1876, 390-392 ; amendments to the 
State, 402, 403, 410. 

Constitii/ive acXs, 152. 

Consultation, movements among the col- 
onies for calling a, I S3- 1 85 ; election for, 
185 ; postponed, 187 ; delegates of, visit 
the army, 187 ; meeting and proceed- 
ings of, 197-199. 

Coufen/s, table of, vii-xi. 

Contracts, colonial, under Spanish laws, 
129; under Mexican laws, 136-141 ; of 
the Austins, 130-141 ; of later colonies, 
145-149 ; for colonies, revived under the 
Republic, 294; colonial, declared void, 
in 1845, 306. 

Conventions : the first, at San F'elipe, 
'72, 173; tlie second, at San Felipe, 
173. 174; '1 .general, called for March 1, 
1S36, 205; the first constitutional (18^6), 
proceedings of, 208, 209 ; constitutional, 
"f '•'^45, 305. 306; the first political, in 
Te.xas, 336, 337 ; the first State Demo- 
cratic, in Texas, 348 ; the Secession, 
351-353; "f the Southern States at 
Montgomery, Alabama, 352 ; State con- 
stitutional, of 1866, 375; State con- 
stitutional, of 1868-69, 377-379 ; Non- 
partisan Tax-payers' (1871), 380; Con- 
.slitutional, of 1S75, 390; State Dem- 
ocratic (1878), 393; State Democratic 
(1892), 404, 405; State Democratic 



(1894), 409, 410; State and National 
(1896), of all parties, 412-414. 

Convicts, to be sent to Texas, under the 
decree of 1830, 159. 

Cooke, Captain, of the United States 
army, 293. 

Cooke, James R., 287. 

Cooke, Lewis P., 267. 

Cooke, William G., 193, 271, 287, 309, 321. 

Cooper, S. B. , 406, 416. 

Cordero, Governor Antonio, 99, 106. 

Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de, 7. 

Cordova, the treaty of, between Spain and 
Mexico, 104. 

Cordova, Vicente, a Mexican agent among 
the Indians, 256, 264. 

Coronado, expedition of, 10, 11,41,42, 61. 

Corporations, attempts to restrain and 
regulate, 401, 402, 404. 

"Correo," the, captured by the "San 
Felipe," 184. 

Cortez, Hernando, conquers Mexico, 7 ; 
explorations by, 10, 37. 

Cortina, Juan, a Mexican bandit, raids by, 
into Texas, 349. 

Corzine, Shelby, an early district judge, 
246. 

Cos, General Martin Perfecto de, subdues 
Coahuila, 175, 176 ; military governor 
of Coahuila and Texas, 183 ; at San 
Antonio, 187 ; his defence and defeat at 
San Antonio, 189-193 ; prepares for re- 
invasion, 202 ; at San Antonio, 204 ; 
brings reinforcements to Santa Anna at 
San Jacinto, 230 ; is captured, 232. 

Cotonames, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Cottle, Captain George W., 185. 

Cotton, product of, 439, 440. 

"Council of the Indies," the, 26-34. 

Council, the Executive, formed by the 
municipalities, 186; proceedings of, 197, 
198 ; of the Provisional Government, 
198 ; troubles between Governor Smith 
and the, 199,200; favors the Matamoros 
expedition, 201. 

"Council-house fight," the (1840), 265. 

Counties : organized, under the Republic, 
257, 274, 436 ; under the State govern- 
ment, 324, 436 ; Greer, 338, 416, 417, 
434 ; lands donated to, for school pur- 
poses, 273, 274, 338, 339. 

Courts : the first Supreme, of the Repub- 
lic, 246 ; a complete system of, adopted, 
and procedure therein, 257, 272, 273 ; 
the first Supreme, of the State, 321 ; 
the Sui^reme, during the Civil War, 
365 ; the Supreme, changed in 1866 and 



INDEX. 



473 



1869, 375, 378 ; the Supreme, under Re- 
constructit)n, 376, 377 ; military, in the 
Suutli during Recon.structit)n, 377 ; the 
Supreme, known as the "Semicolon" 
court, 381; the Supreme (1874-80), 
391 ; the Supreme, in 1882, 395 ; com- 
plete reorganization of, in 1892, 402, 

403- 
Grain, William H., 396, 400, 406, 420. 
Crane, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 

192. 
Crane, M. M., 405. 
Cranford, J. W., 416. 
Crawford, W. C, 208. 
Creeks, the, an Indian tribe, 60. 
Crime and lawlessness, the suppression of, 

390- 
Crockett, Davy, at San Antonio and the 

Alamo, 210 ; his death in the siege of 

the Alamo, 217. 
Crockett, John M., lieutenant-governor, 

363- 

Croix, General, 75. 

Crops, agricultural, statistics of, 439, 440. 

Crosby, Stephen, 336. 

Crowley, Miles, 406. 

Cuba, Lopez's expedition to, 350. 

Cuellar, San Miguel, de los Adaes, mis- 
sion of, 67. 

Cuernavaca, the Plan of, 175. 

Culberson, Charles A., elected governor, 
409 ; his administrations, 410, 415, 416. 

Culberson, David B., 392, 393, 395, 400, 
406, 455- 

" Cushatta trace," the, a pioneer road of 
Texas, 91. 

Cushattas, the, an Indian tribe, 60, 61 ; in 
Magee's expedition, 105 ; rights of, 
guaranteed by the Consultation, 167, 
199 ; treaty with ( 1836), 204 ; incited to 
hostility by Mexican agents, 242. 

Custom-houses, established, 168 ; under 
the Republic, 257. 



D. 



Daggett, Ephraim M., n^,. 
Daingerfield, William H., 279. 
Dallas, George M., 304. 
Dancy, John W., 335. 
Darden, Stephen H., 365. 
Darnell, Nicholas H., 307, 334, 335. 
Dashiell, L. T., 415. 
Davidson, W^. L., 403. 
Davis, Edmund J., 367, 376, 378; elected 
governor, 379 ; character and conduct 



of his administration, 3S0 ; popular up- 
rising against his methods, 380, 381 ; 
resists his defeat for governor, but is 
compelled to yield, 381, 382 ; candidate 
for governor, 394. 

Davis, General James, 284, 285. 

Davis, Jefferson, 352. 

Dawson, Captain Nicholas, massacre of 
his command (1842), 286. 

"Dawson's Massacre," 286. 

De Bray, General X. B., 367. 

De Graftenried, R. C, 416. 

D' Iberville, 65. 

De Leon, Alonzo, expeditions of, to 
Texas, 63, 64 ; founds the first mission 
among the Tejas Indians, in Eastern 
Texas, 64. 

De Leon, Martin, the colony of, 145. 

De Mezieres, 75. 

De Mcjnts, the Sieur, 13. 

De Soto, Ferdinand, 10, 40, 61. 

De Vaca, Cabeza, Alvar Nuiiez, adven- 
tures of, in Texas, 39, 40. 

De Witt, Green, 135 ; the colony of, 145. 

Debt, the public, in 1836, 250 ; in 1S41, 
272 ; provisions for payment of, at an- 
nexation, 307, 450 ; final settlement of 
(1850), 337, 338, 434 ; reduction of (1874), 
390. 

Declaration : of grievances against Mex- 
ico, 198 ; of Independence voted down 
in the Consultation, 198 ; of Indepen- 
dence issued at Goliacl, 200 ; of Texan 
Independence adopted, 208. 

Decree of April 6, 1830, the, against 
American colonists, 158, 159 ; provokes 
the Revolution in Texas, 159, 160, 168- 

173- 

Deep water at Galveston, the jetty system 
for securing, 444. 

Delaware Indians, the, 87, 292. 

Delegates, from the Consultation, visit tlie 
army, 187 ; from Texas to the Confed- 
erate States' convention (1861 ), 352. 

Delgado, Captain, 106. 

"Demarcation," "the Line of," as fixed 
by Pope Alexander VI., 5. 

Democratic party, attitude of, towards 
annexation, 301-305 ; early allegiance of 
Texas to the, 322, 346 ; attitude of, on 
the slavery question, 346-348 ; first ap- 
pearance of, as an active power in Texas, 
347, 348 ; holds its first State convention, 
348; defeated in Texas in 1859, 350; 
elects the Thirteenth Legislature, 381 ; 
elects the entire State ticket in 1873, 
381 ; assumes control of the State, 389- 



474 



INDEX. 



391 ; State convention of (1878), 393; 

wins tlie national election of 1884, 396; 

and of 1892, 406 ; its conventions and 

l)latfonTis in 1896, 410-412. 
I )enis, Saint, in Texas, 65-67 ; is banished 

and escapes, 67 ; drives the Spaniards 

tri>in Eastern Texas, 68. 
l)ei)artments, the Political, of Mexican 

Texas, 154, 155. 
Devine, Thomas J., 365, 391, 393. 
Dickson, David C, 335, 347. 
Dimniitt, Philip, 200. 
Dinmiitt's Point, site of old Fort St. Louis, 

Diplomatic, relations of the Republic, 
253, 254, 270 ; relations between United 
States and Mexico, 254 ; negotiations for 
peace and annexation, 294, 301-305. 

Discovery, general view of, in the Western 
Hemisphere, 4, 5 ; by the Spaniards in 
America, 5-13; by the French, 13-18; 
by the English and Dutch, 18-20 ; by 
the Spaniards in the region of Texas, 

37-44- 
Disfranchisement of Southern white men, 

in Reconstruction times, 377. 
Distinguished men of early Texas, 176, 

.^77; 

Districts, the first judicial, 156; judicial, 

of the Rei)ublic, 246 ; land, 257 ; judges 

of the fust judicial, of the State, 321 ; 

I'ederal judicial, 321, 392 ; judicial, of 

the Confederacy, 365. 
Dolores, the mission of, in New Leon, 57 ; 

mission of, among the Aes in Eastern 

Texas, 67. 
Donations, of lands for military service, 

2UO, 209 ; of lands for public education, 

273, 274, 378, 391, 392 ; nature of titles 

to lands by, 318-320; of lands to build 

tiie new State cajiitol, 395. 
Donley, Stcjckton P., 375. 
Donoho's, an old-time settlement and 

trading-post, 226. 
Doyle, l'"atiier Henry, an early priest, 324. 
Drake, Sir l-'rancis, voyages of, 18. 
Dubois, i-'red T., in the political campaign 

of 1.S96, 413. 
Duelling prohibited, 317. 
Dunham, Robert H., 260. 
Dunlap, Richard G., 259. 
Dutch, the, discoveries and explorations 

by, in America. 18-20. 
I 'uval, Captain, massacre of his command, 

at C.oliad, 220. 
Duval, Thomas H., a Federal judge, 

392. 



E. 



Early development of Texas, sU)w and 
difficult, 429, 430. 

Eastland, William M., 256, 290. 

Eberly, Mrs., her exploit in the "archive 
war," 283. 

Ector, M. D., 367, 391. 

Education : conditions of (1834), 157 ; free 
pubhc, provided for, by the Republic, 
273, 274 ; provisions for, in the Constitu- 
tion of 1S45, 317 ; early private enter- 
prises for, 327 ; donations of lands to 
the cause of, 273, 274, 378, 391, 392, 396 ; 
history of the State's benevolence in 
providing for, 446-449. 

Edwards, Asa M., 171. 

Edwards, B. W., brother of the above, 

147- 

Edwards, Hayden, 135 ; his colony and 
its troubles, 146, 147, ^168 ; at Nacog- 
doches, 171. 

Edwards, Monroe, 170. 

Egg, a Cherokee chief, 265. 

Eldridge, Joseph C, 291. 

Elections : for the General Consultation, 
185 ; for a general convention, ordered, 
205 ; first regular, of the Republic, 244- 
246 ; second general, 258, 259 ; third 
general, 274 ; fourth general, 295, 296 ; 
on annexation and adoption of the Con- 
stitution of 1845, 306, 307 ; first State, 
307 ; second State, 334 ; for Congress 
(1847-48), 335; for^ Congress (1851- 
59). 336, 349 ; State, of 1857 and 
1S59, 348, 350 ; State and congressional, 
of 1 86 1 and 1S63, 363, 365 ; State, of 
1866, 375 ; of 1869, 379 ; oppressive 
laws regulating, under Reconstruction, 
378, 379 ; State, of 1873, 381 ; of 1876, 
390,391 ; of 1878, 393; of 1880, 394; of 
1882, 395 ; State and national, of 1884, 
396; of 1886 and 1888, 400; of 1890, 
402 ; of 1892, 404-406 ; of 1894, 410 ; 
State and national, of 1896, 414 ; popu- 
lar vote at the several State {1836-96), 
432, 433, 435, 461, 462 ; Tabic of, 460- 
462. 

" Eleven league land grants," the nature 
and origin of, 320. 

Elguezabal, luan Jos^, governor of Coa- 
luiila and Texas, 153, 175. 

Elisondo, General, 106, 107. 

Ellis, Richard, 208, 246. 

El Paso del Norte, early history of, 42 ; 
founding of, 55. 

ICmancipation of tiie negroes, 372, 374. 



INDEX. 



475 



"Emigrants' Guide," the, an early news- 
paper, 197. 

Ei)iprcsario, meaning of, 131 ; end of the 
system of, 140; powers of an early, 167, 
1 68 ; system of contracts by, declared at 
an end, 257. 

Encinal del Perdido (Coleto), battle of 
the, 218, 219. 

Enconiiciidas, the system of, 30. 

England, Texas secures a commercial 
treaty with, 254 ; recognizes Texan in- 
dependence, 270 ; Common Law of, 
adopted, 272, 273 ; attitude of, towards 
annexation, 302, 303. 

English, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 
162. 

English discoveries and explorations in 
America, 18-20 ; Common Law adopted, 
272, 273. 

Enrique, Juan, 63. 

Episcopal church, growth of, in Texas, 
326. 

l-:])person, B. H., 335, 375. 

Erath, George B., 256. 

Escaray, Father, 57. 

Espada, La, mission of, 71 ; Texan army 
at, 187. 

Espejo, Antonio de, 11, 42, 61. 

Espinosa, Father Felix, 66. 

Espiritu Santo, Rio del, early name for 
the Mississippi, 8 ; Bay, 63, 64, 68 ; mis- 
sion of, 69, 70. 

Espriella, governor, 71. 

Estell, Rev. Milton, 326. 

Estevez, Father Francisco, 57. 

Estremadura, New, Spanish name for 
Coahuila, 63. 

Esty, Robert, 290. 

Exchequer currency of the Republic, 280. 

Executive Officers : under President Hous- 
ton's first administration, 257 ; under 
Lamar, 259 ; under Houston's second 
term, 279 ; under Anson Jones, 309 ; 
under Governor Henderson, 321 ; under 
Governor Wood, 334, 335 ; under Gov- 
ernor Bell, 335 ; under Governor i'ease, 
335. 336 ; under Governor Runnels, 350 ; 
under Governors Houston and Clark, 

354- 

Exemption, homestead, 273, 317 ; legal, 
from forced sales, 317. 

Expeditions : of Pineda, 7, 8, 37, 61 ; of 
Ciaray, 7, 9, 37 ; of De Narvaez, 10, 
38, 39 ; of Cortez and the Guzmans, 10, 
37. 38, 61 ; of Coronado, 10, 11, 41, 42, 
61 ; of La Salle, 13-18 ; of De Leon, 
63, 64 ; of St. Denis and Ramon, 65-67 ; 



of Parilla, against the Indians, 72-74 ; 
Magee's, 105-107; Long's, 109, no; 
Perry's, 107, 108 ; the Matamoros, 200, 
201, 202, 203 ; to Matamoros, revived, 
251 ; filibustering, into Mexico (1839-40), 
268, 269; to Santa F^, 271 ; to Mier, 
287-290 ; Snively's, 293 ; filibustering, 
to Cuba and Nicaragua, 350. 

Exploration, general view of, in the 
Western Hemisphere, 4 ; Spanish, in 
America, 5-13 ; French, 13-18 ; Eng- 
lish and Dutch, 18-20 ; early Spanish, 
in the region of Texas, 37-44 ; extent 
of Spanish, in 1687, 61,62. 

Evans, Lemuel D., 335, 336, 347, 378. 



Fall of the Alamo, the, 215-218. 

Families, the linguistic, of North American 
Indians, represented in Texas, 84-93. 

Fannin, Colonel J. W., at the battle of 
Concepcion, 187, 188 ; favors the Mata- 
moros expedition, 201, 203 ; at Goliad, 
210; sends relief to Refugio, 211 ; fails 
to aid Travis in the Alamo, 215 ; leaves 
Goliad and tights the l)attle of the 
Coleto, 218, 219; capture and massacre 
of his command, at Goliad, 220. 

Farias, Gomez, Vice-President of Mexico, 
160. 

"Farmers' Alliance," the, 401, 402. 

Earnest, the Count, proposes to make the 
Catholic church the State church of 
Texas, 324, 325. 

Federal, the, government and constitution 
of Mexico (1824), 152; politics, intro- 
duced into Texas, 346-348 ; judicial 
district, the first, in Texas, 321 ; govern- 
ment attempts to rcconsimct the South, 
372-3S2 ; judiciary in Texas, 392 ; elec- 
tion of 1884, 396 ; election of 1892, 406 ; 
politics in 1896, 410-414 ; affairs, the in- 
fluence of Texas in, 454-456. 

Federalists, the, in Mexico, 158, 268. 

Felipinas, Nuevas, or New Philippines., 
early name for Texas, 62. 

" Fence-cutting," era of, in Texas, 396. 

Ferdinand VII., loi. 

Ferdinand and Isabella, 26., 

Ferguson, Isaac, 333. 

Fernando, San, villa of, founded, 70. 

Ferris, J. W., 393. 

Fiat money, 252. 

P'ields, a Cherokee chief, 136, 146, 147. 



476 



INDEX. 



Fiftc-eiitli amendment, the, to the United 

States Constitution, 379. 
l>'ilibusters, on the Sabine frontier, 100 ; 

from Texas into Mexico (1839-40), 268, 

269, 287-290 ; to Cuba and Nicaragua, 
350. 

Fihsola, General, 204, 224, 234. 

Finances: in 1835-36, 201, 202; of the 
RepubHc, at its beginning, 250, 251 ; 
Houston's poHcy towards the, 252 ; 
condition of ( 1838), 258 ; under Lamar's 
administration, 267, 270, 272, 273 ; efforts 
of Congress to relieve the, 280, 281 ; in 
Houston's second administration, 281, 
293, 294 ; at close of Jones's administra- 
tion, 306 ; in Pease's administration, 
338 ; under Governor Coke, 390 ; under 
Governor Roberts, 394 ; under Governor 
Hogg, 406 ; under Governor Culberson, 
416. 

Financial, panic of 1837, 252 ; conditions 
(1838), 258; conditions (1839-42), 267, 

270, 272, 273 ; policy of President Hous- 
ton, 280; results of his policy, 281, 293, 
294 ; conditions in 1846, 309 ; policy of 
Governor Roberts, 394 ; questions in 
Federal politics, 405. 

Finley, N. W., 403. 

Fisca/cs, 27. 

Fisher, H. C, 403. 

F'isher, S. Rhoads, 176, 208, 246, 257. 

Fisher,. William S., 257, 268, 269, 287, 

288. 
Fisher and Miller's colony, 294. 
Flacco, a Li pan chief, 88. 
Flag, the, of the Alamo, 217 ; the national, 

of the RepubHc, 267 ; of San Jacinto, 267. 
I-'lanagan, J. \V., 379. 
I'^iores, (iaspar, 139. 
I'Mores, Manuel, a Mexican agent among 

the Indians, 242, 264, 265. 
Florida, disccnery of, 6 ; the Spaniards in, 

65 ; secedes, 351. 
Flournoy. George M., 351, 354. 
Fly, \V. S.,403. 
Foncuberta, Fatiier, in the Texas missions, 

64. 
Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and "Patri- 
arch of the indies," 26, 27. 
Fori)es, Jolin, 203, 204. 
I'ord, John S.. 333, 349, 354, 366, 368. 
I'oreign, relations of the Republic, 253, 

254. 258, 270, 302, 303 ; trade, 444. 
iMireigners, New Spain ruled by, 30, 31. 
lM)rgery of land titles, 268. 
Fort IJend, 226, 227. 
Forts : iit. Louis, built by La Salle, 15-18, 



63, 64, 69; Defiance, at Goliad, estab- 
lished by Fannin, 211 ; Bird's, 291 ; 
Sumter, fall of, 354. 

Foster, L. L., 402. 

Fourteenth amendment, the, to the Lhiited 
States Constitution, 372, 373. 

Fowler, Rev. Littleton, 326. 

France, explorations by, in the Western 
Hemisphere, 13-18 ; establishes rule in 
Louisiana, 65 ; cedes Louisiana to Spain, 
72 ; regains Louisiana and sells it to the 
United States, 96 ; commercial treaty 
with, 254. 

Franciscan friars, missionary labors of, 49, 
50, 55. 56 ; in Texas, 64-67. 

"Franco-Texan Land Company," the, its 
fraudulent schemes, 270, 271. 

Franklin, Benjamin C, 246. 

Franquis, governor, 71. 

Frauds, inland titles, 253, 268; attempted 
by the "Franco-Texan Land Company," 
270, 271 ; laws to prevent land, 320. 

" Fredonian War," the, 146, 147, 168. 

Free coinage of silver as a political issue, 
405, 412-414. 

" Free grass," 396. 

Freedmen's Bureau, the, 377. 

Freeman, Rev. G. W., 326. 

French, discoveries and explorations in 
America, 13-18 ; Huguenots, 12 ; claim 
to Texas, validity of, 18 ; the, in Loui- 
siana, open trade with Texas Indians, 
65 ; seize Spanish forts in Eastern Texas, 
68; move to west bank of the Sabine, 
71; settlements on Red River, 98; 
colony under Generals Lallemand and 
Rigaud, 108. 

Frontier protection, provisions for, 390. 

Fucros, meaning of, 30, 167. 

Fullenwider, Rev. P. H.,326. 



G. 

(larhupius, 30. 

Gaines, General Edmund P., 97, 243. 

(iaines. Captain James, 105, 146, 208. 

(jaines, Reuben R.,400, 403. 

(jalindo. Bishop, visits Te.xas, 57. 

(ialveston, proliably JMalhado Jslaud, 39, 
40 ; early history of, 107, iu8 ; building 
of the jetties at, to secure deep water, 
444. 

" Galveston Bay and Texas Land Com- 
pany," 148. 

Galvez, Jos(5 de, 107. 

Gano, General R. M., 367. 

Gaona, General, 204, 226, 234. 



INDEX. 



477 



Garay, Francis de, 7, 9, 37. 

Garcia, Andres, founds El Paso del Norte, 

55- 

Garrett, C. C. , 403. 

Garrisons established in Texas by Mexico, 
159. 169, 170. 

Garza, De la, house of, in San Antonio, 
190-193. 

Gavira, Father Lorenzo, 53. 

Geography, the physical, of Texas, xvii. 

"Georgia Battalion," the (1836), 202; 
massacre of, at Goliad, 220. 

Georgia secedes, 351. 

Gibbs, Barnett, 396. 

Giddings, D. C, 391. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 18. 

Gillespie, R. A., in the Mexican War, 
333. 

Gillett, John S., 333, 335. 

Gillette, Rev. Charles, 326. . 

Godoy, Manuel, the "Prince of Peace," 
100, lOI. 

Goheen, Captain, 185. 

Goliad (see La Bahid), 70, 105, 186; dec- 
laration of independence at, 200 ; occu- 
pied by Fannin, 210, 211 ; massacre at, 
220. 

Gomez, Stephen, 9. 

Gonzales, General, in the Mexican revo- 
lutionary struggles, 368, 369. 

Gonzales, Rafael, governor, 153. 

Gonzales, the town of, founded, 145 ; 
municipality of, 183 ; battle at, 1S5, 186 ; 
Texan army organized at, 187 ; Gen- 
eral Houston retreats from, 218, 224. 

G()()dl)read, Joseph, in the "Moderator 
and Regulator War," 260, 291. 

Goodrich; B. B., 208. 

Goribar, Jose Maria, 153, 175. 

Gould, Robert S., 361. 

Government, the Mexican, character of, 
as leading to the Texas Revolution, 
166, 169 ; of Cijahuila and Texas, de- 
stroyed, 175, 176 ; the provisional, estab- 
lished, 198, 199 ; troubles of the pro- 
visional, 199, 200 ; of the Republic, ad 
interim, 209, 210 ; flight of, from Har- 
risburg, 227 ; at \'elasco, 235 ; disor- 
derly condition of, following San Jacinto, 
240, 241 ; the permanent, of the Repub- 
lic, 246, 247 ; difficulties of the first, 
350, 251 ; critical condition of, in 1841, 
272 ; of the State, inaugurated, 307. 
316-318, 321-324 ; of the Confederate 
States organized, 352 ; of Texas, during 
the Civil War, 363-365 ; absence of, at 
the close of the war, 374 ; during Re- 



construction, 375-382 ; military, in the 
South after the war, 376, 377, 379 ; 
popular democratic, restored in Texas 
(1874), 389. 

Governors of Texas (1821-35), 153, 154; 
Table of, from 1690 to 1896, 460-462. 

Graham, Malcolm I)., 336, 350, 365. 

Granbury, General H. B., 367. 

Grande, Rio, early missions on the, 55-57 ; 
Presidio del, 66 ; operations on the, 
during the Civil War, 367. 

Granger, General Gordon, in command in 
Texas, 374. 

Grant, Colonel, at the siege of Bexar, 190. 

Grant, Dr. James, agitates an expedition 
to Matamoros, 200, 201, 203 ; campaign 
and death of, on the Nueces, 210, 211. 

Grant, President U. S., refuses to aid E.J. 
Davis, 382. 

Grants, of public lands, the several kinds 
of, 318-320 ; of lands, to schools, rail- 
roads, etc., 339, 340, 378, 391, 392. 

"Grass fight," the, 189. 

Gray, Peter W., 365, 391. 

" Grays," the, from New Orleans, at siege 
of Bexar, 160, 193 ; massacre of, at 
Goliad, 220. 

Grayson, Peter W., 187, 240, 242, 243, 257, 
258, 259. 

Great Britain, Texas negotiates a treaty 
with, 254 ; recognizes Texan indepen- 
dence, 270 ; attitude of, towards annex- 
ation, 302, 303 ; excites the jealousy of 
the United States, 303. 

Gregg, General John, 367. 

Green, General Thomas, 333, 367. 

Green, Thomas Jefferson, 241. 

Greenback party, the, 393. 

Greer County, litigation as to title to, be- 
tween Texas and the United States, 338, 
416, 417, 434. 

Greer, John A., 309, 334, 335. 

Gresham, Walter, 406. 

Griffin, General Charles, military governor 
of Texas, 376. 

Grijalva, Juan de, expeditions of, 7, 37. 

Grimes, Jesse, 140, 208. 

Grisnold, Bartholomew, 19. 

Gri/o, the, meaning of, 103. 

Gritton, Edward, 184. 

Groce's Ferry, 226. 

Grollet, one of La Salle's men, 63. 

C round-plan of the Alamo, 213. 

Growth of Texas, in population, 432, 434, 
435 ; of railroads, 441-444. 

Grumbles, John J., 333. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the treaty of 333, 334. 



478 



INDEX. 



Ciiiadaliipe, early mission of, 55 ; River, 
named by De Leon, 63 ; mission of Our 
Lady of, in P-astern Texas, 67, 76. 

"Guaranties," tlie "Three," in the Plaji 
of Ifitia/a, 103. 

Guerena, Father Marcos, 57. 

Giicrra, tierra de, meaning of, 47. 

Guerrero, Vicente, 104, 158. 

"Guide," the "Emigrants'," an early 
newspaper, 197. 

Guizot, M., friendly to Texas, 303. 

" Gulf, West Texas and Pacific Railroad," 
339. 

Gutierrez, Bernardo, in the " Republican 
Army of the North," or Magee's ex- 
pedition. 104-106. 

Guzman, Diego de, 37. 

Guzman, Nufio de, 37, 38, 61. 



H. 



Habeas Corpus, the writ of, unknown to 
the Mexican Constitution, 167. 

Hacienda, meaning of, 136 ; of the Salado, 
Mier prisoners at, 288, 289. 

Hall, Sims, 197. 

Hall, Warren I). C, 170, 176, 187. 

Hamilton, A. J., 335, 336, 347, 349; pro- 
visional governor, 374, 375 ; in the con- 
vention of 1868-69, 378; defeated for 
governor, 379 ; opposes E. J. Davis, 
380. 

Hamilton, General James, 247, 270. 

Hamilton, Morgan C, 378 380. 

Hancock, George, 380. 

Hancock, John, 347, 391, 392, 396. 

Hancock, General \\. S., 377. 

Handley, Alexander M, 333. 

1 lanks, Rev. Thomas, 325. 

Hardeman, Bailey, 206, 208, 242. 

Hardeman, (JeneVal W. S., 367. 

Hardin, A. B., 208. 

Hare, .Silas, 400, 402. 

La FLirpe attempts to settle in Texas, 
68. 

" Harriet Lane." the, capture of, ^66. 

Harris, John W., 321, 334. 

Harris, Robert, 290. 

Harrisburg, the seat of government, 210; 
l)urned by Santa Anna, 227. 

Harrison, General Thomas, 367. 

Hawley, R. B., 416. 

Hays, Captain John C. ("Jack"), a noted 
Ranger, 286 ; in the Mexican War, 332 

Head, H. O., 403, 



Headrights, the several kinds of, 253, 
318, 319. 

Hebert, General P. O., 366. 

Hemphill, John, 259, 287, 321 ; Lhiited 
States Senator, 348 ; delegate to Con- 
federate States' convention (1861), 352. 

Henderson, J. Pinckney, 240, 241, 246 ; 
minister to England, 254 ; in Houston's 
cabinet, 257 ; minister to the United 
States, 279, 304 ; first governor of Texas, 
307 ; his administration, 316-327 ; in the 
Mexican War, 332 ; United States Sena- 
tor, and death, 349. 

Henderson, J. W. ("Smoky"), 335. 

Hendricks, Thomas A., 396. 

Henry, John L., 400, 403. 

Henry, Robert L., 416. 

Herbert, C. C, 375. 

Herndon, W. S., 391. 

Herrera, Jose Joaquin de, 134, 305, 330. 

Herrera, General Simon D., 99, 105, 106. 

Hewitson, James, and James Power, col- 
ony of, 148. 

Hidalgo, Father Francisco, 57. 

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, the " patriot 
priest" of Mexico, his career as the 
father of the Mexican revolution, loi, 
102. 

Highsmith, Samuel, a noted Ranger, 176, 

333- 

Hill, Benjamin, 335. 

Hill, George W., 279, 309. 

Hill, William Pinckney, 365. 

History of Texas, the extent and impor- 
tance of the subject, 429, 430. 

Hockley, George W., 230, 257, 279, 303. 

Hogg, James S., his work as attorney- 
general, 401 ; elected governor, 402 ; his 
second campaign and election, 404-406. 

Hogg, General Joseph L., 367. 

Holland, Bird, 354. 

Homestead exemption, adopted, 273 ; in 
the Constitution of 1845, 317. 

Hondo, the Arroyo, 99, 100. 

Hondo River, 63. 

Hood, General John B., 367 ; his famous 
brigade, 367. 

Horton, Albert C, 259, 266, 307, 321. 

Horton, Alexander, 171, 182, 202. 

Hostility, first acts of, by Mexico, 158, 
159 ; feeling of, by Mexico towards pop- 
ular meetings in Texas, 173; between 
Governor Smith and the Council, 199, 
200 ; towards Santa Anna after his cap- 
ture, 240, 241 ; Indians aroused to, by 
Mexican agents, 242, 250, 264 ; of Mex- 
ico towards the United States, 242, 243, 



INDEX. 



479 



254 ; towards President Houston, caused 
by his vetoes, 285 ; first act of, in the 
Mexican War of 1846-48, 331. 

Houston, .Sani, in the Convention of 1833, 
174 ; his previous career and advent to 
Texas, 176, 177; elected commander at 
Nacogdoches, 185 ; his views as to the 
siege of Bexar, 189, 190 ; in the Consul- 
tation, 198 ; elected commander-in-chief, 
199 ; opposed to the Matamoros expedi- 
tion, 201 ; his movements in the west, 
202, 203 ; leaves the army and negotiates 
an Indian treaty, 203, 204 ; views of, on 
independence, 202 ; in the Convention 
of 1836, 208, 209 ; in supreme command 
of the army, 208 ; his beginning of the 
campaign, 212 ; retreats to the Colorado 
and Brazos, 218, 224; his movements 
until the battle of San Jacinto, 225-228 ; 
fights and wins that battle, 230-233; is 
granted leave of absence, 234 ; protests 
against the treatment of Santa Aima, 
241 ; first President of the Republic, 
245, 246 ; his cabinet, 246 ; policies of 
his administration, 252-254 ; his vetoes, 
252, 253, 285 ; attitude of, towards an- 
nexation, 253, 254, 302-305, 308, 309; 
disbands the army, 255 ; members of his 
cabinet during his first term, 257 ; rude- 
ness of his life at Houston, 258 ; in the 
Congress of the Republic, 274 ; elected 
President the second time, 274, 275 ; his 
second administration, 279-296 ; his ex- 
ecutive appointments and cabinets, 279 ; 
his policies and their results, 279-281, 
293, 294 ; his conduct in regard to the 
Mexican invasion, 282, 284, 287 ; his 
troubles with the navy, 282, 2S3 ; vetoes 
the " war bill," 285 ; establishes a treaty 
with the Indians, 291, 292 ; issues an 
appeal to foreign powers, 313 ; elected 
United States Senator, 321 ; offered 
major-generalship in the United States 
army, 332 ; his position on the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill, and its effect, 347 ; is 
defeated for governor, retires from the 
Senate, 348, 349 ; his attitude towards 
Secession, 351-353 ; is deposed by the 
convention, 353 ; his death, 365 ; his 
prominence in Federal pt)]itics, 454. 

Houston, the town of, founded, 256 ; rude- 
ness of life at, in early times, 258 ; tlie 
seat of government moved to, in 1842, 
283, 284. 

Houston and Texas Central Railroad, 
built, 339. 

Howard, V'olney E., 335. 



Hoxey, Asa, 182. 

Hubbard, Richard P>., 381 ; acting gov 
ernor, 391-393 ; defeated for governoi 
in 1878, 393 ; nu'nister to Jai)an, 455. 

Hudson, Sir Henry, 19, 20. 

Hughes, Thomas P., 352. 

Huguenots, the, in South Carolina and 
F'lorida, 12, 13. 

Humaiia, an early Spanish explorer, 61. 

Hunianas, the, an Indian tribe, 55, 62. 

Hunt, General Memucan, 240, 241, 253, 

255, 257, 259. 274- 
Hunter, John Dunn, 146, 147. 
Hunter, Sam T., 403. 
Hurt, James M., 395, 403. 
Husband and wife, property rights of, 

under Texas laws, 317. 
Huston, Almazan, 171. 
Huston, General Felix, 240, 241, 247, 255. 
Hutcheson, J. C, 406. 



Iberville, D', 65. 

Iguala, the Plan of, 103, 104. 

Ildefonso, San, the mission of, 57. 

Immigration, early, 140, 141 ; bureau of, 
created, 379. 

Imperial Colonization Law of Mexico, 
134, 136, 153. 

Independence, of Mexico from Spain, 
103, 104 ; first symptoms of sentiment 
for, in Texas, 186 ; views of the Consul- 
tation in regard to, 198 ; growth of the 
sentiment for, 200 ; adoption of the 
Declaration of 11836), 208; recognized 
by the United States, 244, 253 ; recog- 
nized by England, Belgium, and France, 
270. 

"Independence," the, a Texan war-ship, 
235 ; captured by the Mexicans, 255. 

Indians, Spanish methods of dealing with, 
47-49; "reduced" and "l)rave," 48; 
early trouljles with, in Northern INIexico, 
53-55 ; the Apaches, beginning of wars 
with, 54, 55 ; the Tobosos, Jumanas, 
and Tejas, 55, 56; the Tejas, missions 
founded among, 64-67 ; the Lipans, 
battle with, 66; of Eastern Texas, 
missions and presidios among the, 66, 
67 ; difficulty of civilizing the tribes of, 
in Texas, 67 ; early wars with, 70 ; 
Apaches and Comanches, 72 ; raids by, 
73, 74 ; history of the several tribes of, 
originally dwelling in Texas, 83-93 '•< 
American, characteristics of, 83, 84 ; 
troubles of Austin's colonists with, 138, 



480 



INDEX. 



139 ; proceedings of the Consultation in 
reji;arcl to the Cherokees and allied 
bands, 197, 199 ; treaty with the Chero- 
kees and others (1836), 204; incited to 
hostility by Mexican agents, 242, 250, 
256, 264 ; Houston's policy towards, 
252, 280 ; raids by, in 1837-38, 255 ; hos- 
tility of, in 1839, 264 ; war with the 
Cherokees, followed by general raids, 
264-266 ; make a treaty and trading 
agreement with Houston (1843), 291, 
292 ; reservations established for, in 
Texas, 341 ; fights with (1857-59), 349', 
are finally removed from Texas, 349 ; 
protection against, in recent years, 390. 

Indies, the extent of, under Spanish rule, 
26 ; the Council of the, 26-34, 

Indios rcducidos and bravos, 48. 

Industrial growth in Texas, 445. 

Influence of Texas in Federal affairs, 454- 
456. 

Ingram, Ira, 200, 246. 

Inciuisition, the Holy, in Mexico, 31-34. 

lutoidancies, the nature and power of, 

33. 34- 

Internal provinces, the, under Spanish 
and Mexican rule, 33, 34. 

International and Great Northern Rail- 
road, compromise of the subsidy to, 390. 

In/rodiicfion, xiii-xix. 

Invasion, Santa Anna's plans for, 182 ; 
colonies prepare to resist, 183, 184 ; prep- 
arations for, in Mexico, 202 ; Mexican 
army of, reaches San Antonio, 204 ; is 
defeated and retires after San Jacinto, 
224-226 ; rumors of, in Mexico, 242 ; of 
Mexico, reckless schemes for, in the 
Texan army, 251 ; of Mexico, by Texans, 
268, 269, 287-290 ; of Texas, by Vasquez 
and Woll, 28T, 282, 285, 286. 

" Invincible." the, a Texan war-ship, 235 ; 
captured by Mexicans, 255. 

lonies, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. 

Ireland, Jt)hn, 391 ; governor, 395, 396 ; 
his death, 419. 

Irion, Robert A., 257. 

Irish, the, as colonists in Texas, 148; first 
to declare for inde]:)endence from Mex- 
ico, 200. 

Iron, jiroduct of, in Texas, 441. 

"Iron-clad Oath," the, in Reconstruction 
times, 377. 

lro(|noian family of Indians, 89, 90. 

Isabella, Ferdinand and, 26. 

Isleta, origin of tjie town (jf, 42, 43, 55, 92. 

lUirbide, Agustin de, the career cif, as 
emperorof Mexico, 102-104, I34. 135, 152. 



J. 

Jack, Patrick C, 170, 176. 

Jack, William H., 170, 174, 242. 

Jackson, Andrew, attitude of, towards 
Texas, 242 ; treatment of Santa Anna 
by, 250 ; his views on annexation, 301. 

Jackson, Charles W., in the "Moderator 
and Regulator" war, 290, 291. 

Jalisco, the state of, revolts against Santa 
Anna, 160. 

James, John H., 403. 

Jamestown, English colony at, 19. 

Jaranamas, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Jarman, Asa, 171. 

Jealousy of Mexico towards the United I 
States, 168, 169. 

Jefferson, Thomas, purchases Louisiana, 
96 ; sends Philip Nolan to Texas, 98. 

Jennings, Thomas J., 326. 

Jester, George T., 409. 

Jesuits, the, missionary labors of, in Mex- 
ico and Texas, 50-55. 

Jesus Maria y Jose, mission of, in Eastern 
Texas, 65. 

Jesus, the Society of, labors of, in Mexico 
and Texas, 50-55. 

Jetties, system of, at Galveston, to secure 
deep water, 444. 

Jironza, Governor, 56. 

Johns, C. R., 350. 

Johnson, Andrew, becomes President, 372 ; 
his method of reconstrueti)ig the South- 
ern States, 373, 374. 

Johnson, Francis W., 140 ; at Anahuac, 
170, 176 ; order for the arrest of, from 
Santa Anna, 184 ; at the siege of Bexar, 
190-193 ; connected with the Matamoros 
expedition, 200, 201, 203 ; at San Pa- 
tricio, 210 ; escapes the battle at that 
place, 211. . 

Johnson, Moses, 309. 

Johnson, M. T., 333, 335. 

Johnson, William H., 352. 

Johnston, Albert Sidney, duel of, with 
General Felix Huston, 255 ; secretary 
of war, 259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; 
in the Mexican War, 332 ; in the Civil 
War, 367. 

Johnston, General Joseph E., 367. 

Joint resolutions for annexation of Texas, 

3u5-3t>9- 

Joliet, 13. 

Jones, An.son, 257, 279 ; elected President, 
295; ills administratit)n, 301-310; calls 
special session of Congress and a con- 
vention to consider annexation, 305 ; his 



INDEX. 



481 



attitude on the subject, 308, 309 ; his 
tinal address, 310. 

Jones, George W., 375, 393, 395. 

Jones, James H., 395. 

Jones, John B., an early district judge, 321. 

Jones, Oliver, 176, 182. 

Jones, Thomas L., 290. 

Jones, William E., 321. 

Jordan, Colonel S. W., 268. 

Jose, San, de los Nazonis, mission of, 67 ; 
removed to Bexar and called San Juan 
Capristano, 71. 

Judicial, districts, the first, in Texas, 156 ; 
system of the Republic, 246, 272, 273 ; 
of the State (1845), 316, 321 ; districts, 
Federal, 321, 392 ; officers made elec- 
tive, 348 ; districts of the Confederacy, 
in Texas, 365 ; system of the State, re- 
organized (1890-93), 402, 403. 

Judiciary, the first, of the Republic, 246 ; 
first, of the State, 321 ; made elective, 
348 ; of the Confederacy, in Texas, 365 ; 
the Federal , in Texas, 392 ; reorganiza- 
tion of the State, 402, 403. 

Jumanas, the, an Indian tribe, 55, 62. 

Junta de los Rios, mission at, 55. 

Jurisprudence, foundations of the Texas 
system of, 272, 273. 

Jury trial, unknown to the Mexican con- 
stitution, 167. 



K. 



Kansas-Nebraska bill, the, 346 ; position 

t)f Sam Houston on, 347. 
Karankawan family of Indians, 60. 
Karankawas, ethnology of the, 60 ; on 

Galveston Island, 107, 108 ; troubles of 

the colonists with the, 138, 139. 
Karnes, Henry W., 187, 255, 256. 
Kaufman, David S. , 309, 321, 335, 336. 
Kearby, Jerome C. , 411, 413. 
Kechais or Keechies, an Indian tribe, 89, 

292. 
Keene, Edmund, attempts a colony in 

Texas, 129. 
Kemper, Major, in Magee's expedition, 

105, 106. 
Kendall, George W., with the Santa F6 

expedition, 271. 
Kerisas or Carizos, an Indian tribe, 62. 
Kerr, James, 145, 208. 
Key, \V. M., 403. 
Kickapoo Indians, 87. 
Kilgore, C. B., 400, 406. 
Kimball, H. S., 208. 
King, General VV. H., 367. 



King, Captain, death of, near Refugio, 211, 
212. 

King, Captain, massacre of, with his men, 
at Goliad, 220. 

Kingdoms, the early, of New Spain or 
Mexico, 33. 

Kinney, Henry L., 332. 

Kiowan family of Indians, 60. 

Kiowas, ethnology of the, 60; raids by 
( 1840), 266. 

Kleberg, R. J., 416. 

Know-Nothing, or A)ncrican, party, origin 
and purposes of the, 346-348 ; its appear- 
ance and following in Texas, 347, 348. 

Koasati or Cushatta, an Indian tribe, 90, 

" Ku-Klux Klan," the, origin and pur- 
poses of, 377. 
Kuykendall, Abner, 176. 



L'Archeveque, one of La Salle's men, 63. 

La Bahia ( see 6"o//()'(^/), presidio of, founded 
at old Fort St. Louis, 69 ; removed, 70 ; 
captured by Magee's expedition, 105 ; 
captured by the Texans in 1835, 186 ; 
occupied by Fannin, 211 ; massacre of 
Texans at, 220. 

L'Espada, mission of, 71 ; Texan army at 
(1835), 187. 

La Harpe, attempts of, to settle in Texas, 
68. 

La Salle, discoveries and adventures of, 
13-18 ; names and fate of his com- 
panions, 17, 18; survivors of his colony 
captured by the Spaniards, 63, 64. 

Labdr, meaning of, 136. 

Lacy, William Y., 171. 

Lafitte, Jean, the career of, 108-110. 

Laguna, Viceroy of Mexico, 62. 

Lallemand, General, attempts to found a 
French colony in Texas, 108. 

Lamar, Mirabeau B., at San Jacinto, 229, 
230 ; secretary of war, 234, 240 ; his at- 
titude towards Santa Anna, 234, 235, 
240 ; troubles over his appointment to 
command the army, 241 ; elected Vice- 
President, 246 ; elected President, 259 ; 
his cabinet, 259 ; his policies and the 
general character of his achninistration, 

263, 264 ; his war on the Cherokees, 

264, 265 ; sickness forces his retirement, 
270 ; authorizes the Santa F^e expe- 
dition, 271 ; his services to the cause of 
public education, 273, 274 ; general re- 



31 



482 



INDEX. 



suits of his administration, 274 ; in the 
Mexican War, 332. 

Land, distribution of, under Mexican col- 
onial system, 136, 137 ; Spanish and 
Mexican measurements of, 136; lawless 
acts of legislature of Coahuila and Texas 
disposing of, 175 ; acts of the Consul- 
tation in regard to, 199 ; granted to 
soldiers of the Revolution, 200, 209 ; 
scrip for, worthlessness of, 250, 251 ; 
system, confusion and fraud in, 252, 253 ; 
office, a general, established, 253, 257, 
317 ; districts, 257 ; scrip, issued, 257 ; 
boards, organized, 257 ; forgery of titles 
to, 268 ; a travelling board to examine 
titles to, 268 ; donations of, to public 
education, 273, 274, 338, 339, 378, 391 ; 
public, retained by the State at annex- 
ation, 307, 437 ; laws for the disposition 
of public, 318-320, 437, 438 ; donated to 
railroads, 339, 340, 442-444 ; disposition 
of, by the Rcco7istructioH Convention 
(1868-69), 378, 379 ; donated to edu- 
cation by the Constitution of 1876, 391, 
392 ; donated to build newcapitol, 395; 
donated to the University, 396 ; impor- 
tance and value of the public, to Texas, 
436-438 ; use of, for support of the edu- 
cational system, 446-450. 

Land Company, " (ialveston Bay and 
Texas," 148 ; " F'ranco-Texan," 270, 
271. 

Landrum, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 
162. 

Lane, Walter P., 333, 367. 

Lang, W.W., 393- 

Language, as the basis of classification of 
Indian tribes, 84. 

Lanhani, S. W. T., 396, 400, 409, 416. 

Larios, Father Juan, an early missionary 
l>riest, 56. 

Larios, governor, 71. 

Las Casas, the " Universal Protector of 
the Indians," 27. 

Latimer, Albert H., 208, 376. 

Lavaca River, named by La Salle, 15. 

Lawlessness and crime, suppression of, 
39<3. 

Laws : early, of New Spain, 29-34 ; col- 
onization, of Mexico, 1-54-137 ; of Coa- 
huila and 'I\xas, take effect in Texas, 
140 ; the sexeral, affecting colonization 
in Mexico and Texas. 153 ; of April 6, 
1830, against colonists from the United 
States, 158. 159, 168-170; of Coahuila 
and Texas, unfriendly to the colonies, 
171. 172; of the Consultation and pro- 



visional govefnment, 19S-205 ; of the 
First and Second Congresses. 256, 257 ; 
of the Third, Fourth, and F"ifth Con- 
gresses, 272-274 ; the Common, of Eng- 
land, adopted, 272,273; of the Sixth, 
Seventh, and Eighth Congresses, 295 ; 
of homestead, exemptions, and marital 
property, duelling, divorce, slavery, etc. 
(1845), 317; for disposition of public 
lands, 318-320, 339, 340 ; conscript 
(1861-65), 364; election, under Re- 
construction, 378, 379; passed to restrain 
and regulate corporations, railroads and 
"trusts," 401, 404 ; against prize-fights, 
410 ; passed by the Twenty-fifth Legis- 
lature, 415, 416. 

League, as a land measure, 136. 

Lee, Colonel Robert E., service of, on the 
Rio Grande, 349. 

Lee, William D. , 309. 

Leftwich, Robert, 135 ; his colony, 147, 
148. 

Legislatures : of Coahuila and Texas, rep- 
resentation in, 156 ; of Coahuila and 
Texas, acts of, unfriendly to Texas, 
171, 172 ; lawless disposition of lands 
by, 174, 175 ; end of the, in Coahuila 
and Texas, 175, 176 ; organization of, 
under the Constitution of 1845, 316, 317 ; 
labors of the First, 318-321, 324 ; from 
1847 to 1857, 337 ; of 1861, recognizes 
the Secession Convention, 351-353 ; of 
1866, 375, 376 ; the Twelfth, and its cor- 
rupt acts, 380, 390 ; the Thirteenth, 381 ; 
the Fourteenth, 390 ; the Fifteenth, 391, 
393 ; the Twenty-fifth, 415, 416 ; 7 able 
of the Speakers of (1846-97), 463. 

Leon, Alonzo de, expeditions of, to Texas, 
63, 64 ; establishes missions among the 
Tejas Indians, 64. 

Leon, New, the state of, 152. 

Leon, Ponce de, 6, 7. 

Leona Vicario (Saltillol, 152. 

Letona, Jos^ Maria, governor, 153, 171. 

Lewis, G. K., 333. 

Lewis, Mark B., 283. 

Liberty, the municipality of, established 
and dissolved, 169. 

Lightfoot, Henry W., 403. 

Lincoln, Abraham, effect of his election 
in the South, 351 ; assassination of, 372. 

Lindsey, Livingston, 375-377. 

Linn, John J., 185, 208. 

Linnvilie, raided by Indians 'i84o\ 266. 

Lipan Indians, early battle with, 66; 
ethnology of the, 87. 88 ; in Magee's 
expedition, 105 ; aid the Rangers, 266. 



INDEX. 



483 



Lipantitlan, the battle of, 193. 

Lipscomb, Abner, 321, 348. 

Live stock, statistics of, 440. 

"Lively," the, a steamer, 133. 

Llewellyn, Captain, at the siege of Bexar, 
192. 

Loan, a public, provided for by the Con- 
sultation, 199 ; securfed in the United 
States, 204 ; authorized in Congress, 
257 ; from the United States Bank, 
268 ; law for, repealed, 280. 

Long, Dr. James, the expedition of, 109, 
no. 

Long, J. B., 402. 

Lopez, Nicolas, an early missionary priest, 
56 ; Father, president of the Texas mis- 
sions, 75. 

Lopez's expedition to Cuba, 350. 

Loreto, Santa Maria de, de la Bahia, or 
La Bahia, presidio of, 69, 70. 

Louis, St., Fort, built by La Salle, 15, 
16-18, 63, 64, 69. 

Louisiana, named by La Salle, 14 ; occu- 
pied by the F^rench, 65 ; ceded to Spain, 
72 ; retroceded to France and sold to 
the United States, 96 ; colonists in Texas 
required to come from, 137 ; secedes, 

351- 
Love, James, 321. 
Loyalty of Texas to the Constitution of 

1824, 170, 171, 183 ; of certain Texas 

Mexicans, 183. 
Lubbock, F'rank R., 257, 279, 348, 350 ; 

his administration as governor, 363, 364 ; 

in the Confederate service, 364. 
Luis, San, early name for Galveston Island, 

107 
Lynch's Ferry, 229. 



M. 



Macomb, David B., 187. 

Madero, 169. 

Magee, Augustus W., expedition by, to 
Texas, 105, 106. 

Magellan, 9. 

Mahan, Patrick, 290. 

Mails, early provisions for, 197 ; under the 
Republic, 257. 

Makemson, VV. K., 410. 

Malhado Island, 39. 

Manchola, Don Rafael, 173. 

Manufactures, statistics of, 445. 

Manzanet, Father, an early missionary 
priest, 57 ; visits Texas and founds mis- 
sions, 63-65. 



Maps : of the physiography of Texas, 
xviii ; the world in the fifteenth century, 
2 ; of 1520, of Gulf of Mexico, 8 ; Ri- 
bero's (1529), 12 ; of the routes of the 
early navigators, 19 ; of Cabeza de 
Vaca's route acro.ss Texas, 39 ; of the 
north Mexican states in the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries, 43 ; of the 
ground-plan of an old mission, 51 ; of 
Coahuila in the seventeenth and eigh- 
teenth centuries, 56 ; showing ciianges 
of territory in the eighteenth century, 
73 ; of Texas in the eighteenth century, 
76 ; of the Indian tribes of Texas, 85 ; 
of territorial changes ( 1800-03), 97 ; of 
the "Neutral Ground," 99; Austin's, 
of Texas, 140 ; of Spanish Texas, 149 ; 
of the political departments, 154 ; of 
the original municipalities, 155 ; of San 
Antonio de Bexar and its environs, 189 ; 
of the siege of Bexar, 191 ; of the Alamo 
mission, 213 ; of the routes of the Texan 
and Mexican armies to San Jacinto, 225 ; 
of the region near San Jacinto, 228 ; of 
the battle-field of San Jacinto, 231 ; of 
territorial changes after annexation, 308 ; 
of campaigns of the Mexican War, 332, 
333 ; of territory acquired by the Mexi- 
can War, 334 ; of territorial changes 
(1845-53), 340; of the river system of 
Texas, 438 ; of the railroad system, 

443; 

Margil, Father, an early missionary priest, 
66. 

Marital property rights in Texas, 317. 

Marquette, 13. 

Martin, Captain Albert, 185, 214. 

Martin, Cristobal, 11. 

Martin, Marion, 395, 406, 410. 

Martin, Wylie, 226, 227. 

Martinez, Governor Antonio, relations of, 
with the Austins, 130, 131 ; the last 
Spanish governor of Texas, 153. 

Martos, governor, 74. 

Mason, Charles, 279, 309. 

Mason, C. L., 335. 

Masons, the first Grand Lodge of, in 
Texas, 326. 

Massacre, at the Alamo, 212-218; at Go- 
liad, 220; of Dawson and his men, 286. 

Matagorda Bay, La Salle lands at, 15. 

Matamoros, agitation of an expedition to, 
200-203 ; revival of the s< lieme for an 
expedition to, 251 ; battle at (1839), 268 ; 
evacuated in the Mexican \^^ar, 331. 

Mateo. Fort San, 13. 

Maverick, Samuel A., 20S. 



484 



INDEX. 



Maxey, Sam Bell, 367 ; elected United 
States Senator, 391, 402, 454 ; his death, 
418. 

Maxey, Thomas S., 392. 

Mayfield, Allison, 413. 

Measurements of land, Spanish and Mex- 
ican system of, 136. 

Mediavilla, Melchor de, governor of Texas, 
70, 71. 

Medina River, named by De Leon, 63 ; 
battle of the, 107. 

Meetings, the first revolutionary, 169-174 ; 
to prepare resistance against Mexico, 
183, 1S4 ; for calling a general consulta- 
tion, 184 ; for conciliating Mexico, 184 ; 
at Columbia, 184 ; in favor of indepen- 
dence, 20©. 

Mejia, General, 171. 

Memorials of the Texans to the Mexican 
government, 172-174. 

Menard, M. B., 208. 

Mendoza, Antonio de, viceroy of New 
Spain, 27 ; orders expedition to explore 
the north, 40, 41. 

Menefee, Thomas, 176. 

Menefee, William, 176, 208, 266, 267. 

Menendez, Pedro de, 12, 13. 

Mercer, Charles Fenton, colony contract 
of, 294. 

Mescalero Apaches, 87, 88. 

Mexico, early government of, by Spain, 
26-34 ; geographical and political divi- 
sions of, under Spanish rule, 2,2,, 34, 43, 
44 ; early Catholic missions in, 49-55 ; 
condition of, under Spain, 100 ; early 
loyalty of, to Spain, loi ; revolution in 
(1810-21), 101-104 ; political parties in, 
104 ; independence of, 103, 104 ; coloniza- 
tion laws of, 134-137, 153 ; Constituent 
Congress of, 152 ; adopts a republican 
government, 152; begins unfriendly 
acts towards Texas, 157 ; progress of 
revolutions in (1824-35), 157-160 ; tyr- 
anny of, towards Texas, 158-160 ; de- 
feats the Spanish invasion, 158 ; attitude 
of Texas colonists towards, leading 
to the Revolution, 166-168 ; further acts 
of tyranny by, 168-177 ; jealousy of, 
towards the United States, 168, 169 ; 
memorials of Texas to the government 
of, 172-174 ; resents popular meetings in 
Texas, 173 ; Santa Anna becomes dic- 
tator of, and subdues all the states ex- 
cept Te.xas, 175, 176 ; prepares for inva- 
sion of Texas, 183, 202 ; is defeated in 
campaign t)f 1835, 187-193 ; is defeated 
in campaign of 1836, 224-236 ; conduct 



of, after San Jacinto, 242 ; hostility of, 
to the United States, 242, 243, 254 ; 
reckless schemes for invasion of, by 
Texans, 251 ; depredations of, on Amer- 
ican commerce, 254 ; diplomatic rela- 
tions of, 254 ; revolutionary movements 
in (1839-40), 268, 269; filibustering ex- 
peditions ifrom Texas into, 268, 269, 271, 
287-290 ; attempts of Texas to claim 
territory of, followed by invasions of 
Vasquez and Woll, 281, 282, 285, 2S6 ; 
Mier expedition to, 287-290 ; agrees to 
an armistice, which Texas rejects, 303 ; 
finally offers peace if annexation is aban- 
doned, 305 ; revolution in, leads to war 
with United States, 330 ; progress and 
results of the war, 330-334 ; City of, 
captured, 333 ; treaty between United 
States and, 2,t,2>, 334. 
Mexico, New, first explorations in, 40-42 ; 
missions and Indian wars in, 55 ; re- 
conquered by Vargas, 55 ; claimed by 
Texas, 269, 270, 281 ; expedition to 
(1841), 271, 281 ; relations of, to Texas 
boundary question, 322, 323 ; occupied 
by United States troops, 323 ; Texas 
transfers, to United States, 338 ; military 
operations in, during the Civil War, 366. 
Mezieres, De, 75. 
Mier expedition, the, 287-290 ; prisoners 

of, released, 295. 
Mier y Teran, General, 169. 
Miguel, San, de Aguayo, 56 ; San, Cuellar 

de los Adaes, 67, 68. 
Milam, Ben R., 176, 186; at the siege of 

Bexar, 190, 192. 
Military, power, as an element in Spanish 
colonization, 25-34, 47-49 ; evils of, in 
Mexico, 167 ; occupation of Texas, at- 
tempted in 1831, 169 ; service, bounties 
for, 200, 209 ; situation at beginning of 
campaign of 1836, 210; operations of 
that campaign, 215-221, 224-229 ; roads, 
projected to Red River and Santa Fe, 
270 ; operations attending Mexican in- 
vasion (1842), 282, 284, 287, 288 ; opera- 
tions of the Mexican VVar, 331-333 ; 
service of Texans in the Civil War, 365- 
367 ; power, use of, in the South during 
Rcconstructio7i, 373, 374, 376, 379. 
Militia, organization of (1835), 185 ; called 
out to repel Mexican invasion (1842-43), 
282, 284, 287. 
Millard, Henry, 198, 230, 241. 
Miller, James B., 173, 176, 183, 185, 279, 

307, 334- 
Miller, James F., 396, 



INDEX. 



485 



Miller, Major, spared with his men at the 

(ioliad massacre, 220. 
Miller, W. D., 334. 
Mills, John T., 321, 335. 
Mills, R()ji:er Q., 391-393, 396, 400, 402, 

454, 455- 
Mina (Bastrop), municipality of, 183. 
Mina, Xavier, expedition of, 102, 107, 108. 
Mineralogical products of Texas, 440, 441. 
Ministers of the gospel, ineligible to the 

legislature under Constitution of 1845, 

316, 317- 

Missionaries, early Catholic, their methods 
and labors, 48-57 ; Franciscan and 
Jesuit, 49-51 ; work of, on the R.'o 
Grande and in Coahuila and Texas, 55, 
57 ; visit Texas and found missions, 63- 
65 ; failure of, in Texas, 76, 77 ; Prot- 
estant, in Texas, 324-326. 

Missions : the Catholic, of New Spain, 44 ; 
history and operation of, in New Spain 
and Mexico, 47-57 ; methods of their 
organization and work, 47-53 ; plan of 
building them, 51, 52 ; early, on the Rio 
Grande, 55, 56 ; in Coahuila, Chihuahua, 
and Texas, 53-57 ; the first, founded in 
Eastern Texas, 64, 65 ; temporarily 
abandoned. 65 ; revived and extended 
by Ramon, 66, 67 ; names of, in Eastern 
Texas, 67, 71 ; troubles of, with the 
military, 67 ; San Antonio de Valero, 
68 ; San Jos^ de Aguayo, 69 ; La Bahia, 
69, 70; mutations of, in Texas, 68-71 ; 
Ildefonso, San Saba, San Javier, Cande- 
laria, and Arcoquisac, 72; western, 
abandoned, 74 ; eastern, abandoned, 77 ; 
failure of the system, 76, 77 ; the Alamo, 
siege and fall of, 212-218; of Refugio, 
battle at, 212 ; end of the old, 324. 

Mississippi River, the discovery of, 8. 

Mississippi, the .State of, secedes, 351. 

Dlissonri Compromise , the, relations of, 
to Texas, 322, 323. 

Mitchell, Major, with Fannin at Goliad, 

2 TO. 

Mobile sends aid to theTe.xas Revolution, 
201. 

Mode of life among the early colonists and 
under the Republic, 258. 

"Moderators" and "Regulators," war 
between, in East Texas, 290, 291. 

Molano, 268. 

Monclova, early name of, 57 ; dispute be- 
tween Saltillo and, as to the capital, 

175- 
Money, paper, under the Republic, 252, 
270, 272, 280, 393 ; coinage of gold and 



silver as, a political issue, 405, 409, 410- 
414. 
Monks, early missionary labors of the, 

47-57- 

Monopolies in New Spain, 30-34. 

Monterey, battle at (1839), 268; battle at 
(1846), 332. 

" Montezuma," the, a Mexican war-ship, 
202. 

Monts, the Sieur de, 13. 

Moore, Commodore, of the Te.xan navy, 
his troubles with President Sam Hous- 
ton, 282, 283. 

Moore, George F., 365, 375, 391, 393. 

Moore, John H., 140, 185, 186, 187, 255, 
266, 286. 

Moore, John W., 208. 

Moore, L. W., 400. 

Moqui Indians, discovery of the land of 
the, 10, 41. 

Morelos, Jose Maria, a Mexican patriot, 
102. 

Morfi, Father Juan Augustin, an early mis- 
sionary priest, 75. 

Morfitt, Henry M., visits Texas and reports 
on its condition, 244, 431. 

Morgan, James, 282. 

Morgan, S. H., 365. 

Morley, William, 208. 

Morrell, Rev. Z. L., 325. 

Morrill, Amos, 376, 392. 

Morris, Captain Robert C, at the siege of 
Bexar, 190-193 ; in the army, 202, 210; 
killed at Agua Dulce, 211. 

Morton, E. W., 395. 

Muldoon, Father, an early priest among 
the colonists, 324. 

Municipalities, early, in Texas, 155, 156, 
436 ; population of, in 1834, 156 ; organize 
committees of safety, 183 ; movement 
among, for calling a consultation, 183- 
185 ; form an executive council, 186. 

Murrah, Pendleton, governor, 363-365. 

Muskhogean family of Indians, 60. 

Muskhogees, a tribe of Indians, 90. 

Musquiz, Ramon, Austin's letter to, 173. 

"Mustangs," the, a military company, 
massacre of, at Goliad, 220. 

" Mystery," the " Northern," 38. 

McAdoo, J. D., 381. 

McCall, John D., 409. 

McConib, David B., 187. 

McCormick, A. P., 378, 392. 

McCown, Jerome B., T)})2>- 

McCuUoch, Ben, in the Rangers, 266 ; in 
tile Mexican War, 332, 2,2)2) > J" the Civil 
War, 367. 



486 



INDEX. 



McCulloch, Henry E., in the Rangers, 286 ; 

in the Mexican War, 333 ; in the Civil 

War, 366. 
McFarland, Thomas S., 171. 
McGloin, Patrick, and John McMullen, 

colony of, 148. 
McKinley, William, 412. 
McKinney, Collin, 176, 208. 
McKinney, Thomas F., 197. 
McKinstry, George B., 169, 170, 176. 
McLean, W. P., 391, 402. 
McLeod, General Hugh, 265, 271. 
McMullen, John, and Patrick McGloin, 

colony of, 148. 

N. 

Nabadaches, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Nacogdoches, early mission near, 67, 72 ; 
mission at, 76 ; an Indian tribe, 89 ; first 
American settlements at, 138 ; political 
departmentxif, 155 ; revolutionary meet- 
ing at, 171 ; prepares for revolution, 185. 

Nadadores, missions at, 56. 

Napoleon Bonaparte, sells Louisiana to 
the United States, 96. 

Narvaez, Panfilo de, conquers Cuba, 6 ; 
his expedition in the Gulf of Mexico, 
shipwreck, etc., 10, 38, 39. 

Nashville, the, colony, 147, 148. 

Nassonite Indians, missions among the, 
67, 71 ; French settlement among the, 68. 

Natchitoches, French fort of, moved to 
west bank of the Sabine, 71. 

National colonization law of Mexico, 135, 

153- 

National railroad, project for buildmg a, 
through Texas, 339. 

National seal, flag and coat of arms of the 
Republic, 367. 

Navarro, Jos6 Antonio, 183 ; house of, in 
the siege of Bexar, 191-193 ; in the Con- 
vention of 1836, 208 ; in the Santa F^ 
expedition, 271 ; released and sent to 
negotiate peace, 305. 

Navy, the Texan, during the Revolution, 
235, 236; losses of, in 1837, 255; ap- 
propriation for, 257 ; enlarged and sent 
to Yucatan, 270 ; recalled and ordered 
sold, 2S2, 283 ; General Houston's 
troubles with, 282, 283. 

Nazonis, mission San Jose de los, 67, 71 ; 
or Nassonites, an Indian tribe, 68, 86. 

Neches River, visited by La Salle, 16, 17 ; 
missions founded on and near the, 66, 
67 ; mutations of the missions on the, 
68-71. 



Negrete, a Mexican statesman, 104. 

Negro, the, attitude of the Republican 
party towards, in 1865, 374. 

Neill, Colonel, at San Antonio (1836), 
203. 

Neill, H. H., 403. 

"Neutral Ground," the, established on 
the Sabine, 68-100 ; effect of, on Ed- 
wards's colony, 146. 

New Biscay, 53. 

New England, attitude of, towards Seces- 
sion, territorial extension, etc., 301, 302. 

New Estremadura, 63. 

New Mexico, first explorations in, 40-42 ; 
missions and Indian wars in, 55 ; re- 
conquered by Vargas, 55 ; claimed by 
Texas, 269, 270, 281 ; expedition to 
(1841), 271, 281; relations of, to Texas 
boundary question, 322, 323 ; United 
States troops occupy, 323, 337 ; Texas 
finally transfers her claim to, to the 
United States, 338, 434 ; military oper- 
ations in, during the Civil War, 366. 

New Orleans, founded, 65 ; ceded to 
Spain, 72 ; "Grays," the, a volunteer 
company that aided Texas in the Revo- 
lution, 190-193 ; aid from, to Texas, 
201. 

New Philippines, 62, 63. 

New Santander, 63. 

New Spain, named, 7 ; extent of, 27, 28 ; 
character of the government of, 29-34 ; 
geographical and political divisions of, 
23, 34 ; early Catholic missions in, meth- 
ods, organization, and labors of, 47-57. 

New states, may be formed out of Texas 
territory, 307, 308 ; effect of this on the 
Missouri Compromise line, 322, 323. 

New Washington, 227, 229. 

New Year's Creek 133. 

Newspapers : the first, in Texas, 109 ; the 
"Telegraph" and " Emigrants' Guide," 
197 ; conclition of, in 1840, 274. 

Nicaragua, Walker's expedition to, 350. 

Nicollet, a Cherokee chief, 136. 

Nizza, Marcos de, expedition of, to " Ci- 
bola," 40, 41. 

Nolan, Philip, 98. 

Nombre, de Dios, 56 ; de Jesus Peyotes, 
57. 

Non-interference, the doctrine of, in re- 
gard to slavery, 346, 347. 

Noonan, George H., 406. 

Normal schools, "Sam Houston" and 
" Prairie View," 365, 448, 449. 

" North," the " Republican Army of ihe," 
or Magee's expedition, 105-107. 



INDEX. 



487 



North, the, attitude of, towards annex- 
ation, 301-305 ; the growing bitterness 
between South and, 346-348 ; the law- 
less attitude of, towards the South, 348, 

349- 
Norton, A. B., 393. 
Norton, M. P., 321. 
Notes, treasury, of the Republic, 252, 257, 

267, 26S, 272, 280, 294. 
Nueces River, named, 63 ; United States 

troops cross the (1846), 331. 
Nueva Felipinas, or New Philippines, 62. 
Nugent, Thomas L., 405, 406, 410, 411. 
Nunez, Alvar, Cabeza de Vaca, 39, 40, 61. 



Oajaca, the state of, revolts against Santa 
Anna, 160. 

Oath, Governor Houston refuses to take, 
of allegiance to Secession, 353 ; the 
" Iron-clad," in Reconstruction times, 

377- , . ^ 

Occupation, of Texas by the Spaniards, 
63-70 ; of New Mexico by United States 
troops, 323 ; of the people of Texas, 

435, 436. 
Ochiltree, Thomas P., 396. 
Ochiltree, William B., 309, 321, 335, 352. 
O' Conor, Hugo, governor of Texas, 74. 
Odin, Bishop. 324. 
O'Donoju, Don Juan, the last viceroy of 

Mexico, 104, 
Office, General Land, established^ 253, 

257, 317- 

Officers, distinguished, from Texas, in the 
Confederate army, 365 367 ; of the State, 
removed by military order (1867), 376. 

Ogden, James M., 290. 

Ogden, Wesley, 381. 

Oldham, Williamson S., 352, 365. 

Olivares, Father Antonio, an early mis- 
sionary priest, 57, 68. 

Oiiate, Juan de, 11, 42 ; enters Texas, 61. 

Ordinances, of the Consultation and pro- 
visional government, 198-205 ; of Seces- 
sion, adoi^ted, 352 ; other, of the Se- 
cession Convention, 353, 354. 

Oregon, 301, 304. 

Orleans, New, founded, 65 ; ceded to 
Spain, 72. 

Orobio, governor, 71. 

Otermin, 43, 55. 

Owen, Robert Dale, attempts a colony in 
Texas, 129. 



P. 



Pacific Railroad, the land "reservation" 
of the, 339. 

Pajalates, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Palmas, Rio de las, 9, 38. 

Palmito Ranch, battle at, the last of the 
Civil War, 368. 

Palo Alto, battle of, 331. 

Panic, the, following the Alamo and Go- 
liad massacres, 218, 224. 

Panuco River, discovered and named, 

7- 

Paper money, 252, 270, 272, 280, 393. 

Paredes, Father Alonzo, his account of 
Texas 1 1686), 62. 

Paredes, President ad interim of Mexico, 
330. 

Parilla, Diego Ortiz, expedition by, aganist 
the Indians, 72, 73. 

Parmer, Martin, 146. 

Parras, Mexico, 53, 54. 

Parties, political, in Mexico, 104, 157-160 ; 
two, in Texas, on the subject of revoUi- 
tion, 182, 183 ; the Austin and Wharton, 
in early politics, 245 ; struggles of, in 
Mexico (1839-40), 268; the Houston 
and anti-Houston, 2-]g ; attitude of ])olit- 
ical, in the United States, on annexa- 
tion, 301-305 ; attitude of, on slavery, 
Secession, etc., in Texas, 346-348 ; the 
Republican, theories of, in regard to 
Secession and Reconstruction, 372-374 ; 
the Greenback, 393 ; State Democratic, 
divided ( 1892), 404, 405 ; the Populist, 
405, 411 ; conventions and platforms of 
the several, in 1896, 410-414. 

Paschal, Thomas M., 406. 

Patacales, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Patrick, James B., 176, 1S2. 

Pay-hay-yuc-co, a Comanche chief, 292. 

Paz, tierra de, or " land of peace," 48. 

Peace, "the land of" {tierra de paz), 48 ; 
party in favor of (1833), 182 ; concluded 
between Santa Anna and Burnet, 234, 
235 ; concluded between Mexico and the 
United States, 2)^2)^ 334. 

Pease, Elisha M., 257 ; his administrations 
as governor, 335, 336 ; candidate for 
goveriMDr, 375 ; appointed provisional 
governor, 379 ; resigns, 379 ; in the 
"Tax-payers' Convention," 380. 

Pecos River, early name of, 56. 

Pedraza, Gomez, 158-160. 

Peebles, Robert R., 176. 

Peel, Sir Robert, friendly to Texas, 303. 

Penalo-sa, 61, 62, 



488 



INDEX. 



Penasco, Father Francisco, an early mis- 
sionary priest, 57. 

Pendleton, George C, 402, 406. 

Penitentiaries, 451, 452. 

Perdido, Encinal del (Coleto), battle at 
the, 218, 219. 

Perez, Colonel, 109. 

Permanent, government of the Republic 
established, 246, 247 ; capital, commis- 
sioners to locate, 256, 266, 267 ; capital, 
located, and government moved to, 266, 
267. 

Perote, the castle of, prisoners confined in 
the, 289, 290 ; prisoners of, released, 

295- 
Perry, Captain Henry, m Magee's expedi- 
tion, 106, 107 ; visits Galveston and 

makes a fatal expedition to Mexico, 107, 

108. 
Peters, W. S., colony of, 294. 
Petition, the right of, denied by Mexican 

government, 174, 175. 
Pettes or Pettus, Captain, massacred with 

his men at Goliad, 220. 
i'helps. Dr., 241. 
I'liilip II., king of Spain, 26. 
Pliilippines, New, early name for Texas, 

62, 63. 
Piiysical geography of Texas, xvii. 
Physiography of Texas, map of, xvii. 
Piedras, Colonel, a Mexican officer, ex- 
periences of, in Texas, 169-17 1. 
Pilar de los Adaes, mission and presidio 

of, 68, 69. 
Pilgrim, Rev. Thomas, 325. 
I'ilslniry, Timothy, 321, 335. 
I'ineda, Alonzo Alvarez de, 7, 8; map by 

( 1520), 37 ; visits the Texas coast, 61. 
Pinzon, Vicente Yafiez, 4, 6. 
I 'ills, John I) , 335. 
i'izarro, 10. 

I'lacido, a Tonkawa chief, 92. 
Plan, ground, of the Alamo, 213 ; of San 

.Antonio de I'exar, 189, 191. 
J'lau, meaning of, in Mexican revolutions, 

103 ; of Ignala, 103, 104 ; of Toluca, 

i6(j ; of Cuernavaca, 175. 
Platforms of the several political parties 

(1896), 411^414. 
Pleasants, H. C., 403. 
Hum Creek, l)attle of, an Indian fight, 266. 
I'of, (jef)rge VV., 257. 
I'oHic, the State, under E. J. Davis's 

adiuiiiistration, 380 ; protection by 

Rangers, 390. 
Political, affairs in Mexico (1823-35), 152- 

160; departments of Texas, 154, 155; 



chiefs, 154, 155 ; parties in Mexico 
(1824-35), 157-160 ; influences contribut- 
ing to the Revolution, 166, 167 ; cam- 
paign, the first, in the Republic, 244-246 ; 
campaign of 1838, 258, 259 ; agitation in 
the United States regarding annexation, 
301-305 ; tone and temper of New Eng- 
land, 301, 302 ; affairs in Texas in 1845, 
322 ; conventions, the first, in Texas, 
336, 337; affairs (1847-57), 337-341 ; 
issues in the United States (1854-57), 
346-348 ; campaigns of 1857 and 1859, 
347-350 ; events leading to the Civil 
War, 350-353 ; theories of the Republi- 
can party, respecting Secession and Re- 
construction, 372-374 ; events in Texas 
(1865-74), 374-382; events (1S74-86), 
389-397; questions (1890-94), 400-406; 
divisions of early Texas, 436 ; cam- 
paigns and conventions of 1896, 410- 
414 ; influence of Texas in Federal 
affairs, 454-456. 

Politics, early, in Texas, 244 ; in the United 
States, on the annexation of Te.xas, 301- 
305 ; in Texas in 1845, 322 ; from 1S47 
to 1857, 337-341 ; Federal, i.ssues of, 
introduced in Texas, 346-348 ; the coin- 
age question in, 405, 410-414. 

Polk, James K., elected President on the 
annexation issue, 304. 

Population of Texas, in 1834, 156 ; charac- 
ter of, as influencing the Revolution, 166, 
167 ; in 1847, 324 ; from 1744 to 1850, 
431-433 ; from 1850 to 1897, 433-435 ; 
classification of, 431, 435. 

Populist party, the, 405, 411, 413. 

Portilia, I.ieutenant, at Goliad, 220. 

Ports of Texas closed by the decree of 
April 6, 1830, 159, 169. 

Portugal, discoveries by, in America, 

5. 

Postal facilities in early times, 197 ; under 
the Republic, 257. 

Potter, Robert, 208, 209, 234, 235, 242. 

Poverty of the early colonists, 201 ; of the 
Republic, 250, 430, 431. 

Power, James, and James Hewitson, col- 
ony of, 148. 

Pre-emption certificates and titles to land, 
320, 321. 

Presbyterian church, growth of, in Texas, 
326. 

President, the domestic fife of the, under 
the first administration, 258. 

Presidential Rcconstnictiou, 373-376 ; elec- 
tion of 1884, 396 ; election of 1892, 406 ; 
election of 1896, 410, 414. 



INDEX. 



489 



Presidio, meaning of, 52 ; del Rio Grande, 

66 ; de los Tejas, 69, 70 ; in Eastern 

Texas abandoned, 75. 
Price, Captain John T., in the Mexican 

War, 331-333- 
Priests and preachers, ineligible to the 

legislature, 3.16, 317 ; early labors of, 

324-326. 
"Priests' House," the, in the siege of 

Bexar, 191-193. 
Prisoners, of the Mier expedition, fate of, 

288-290 ; of the Santa Fe expedition, 

fate of, 290. 
Prize-fights, law against, passed, 410. 
Products, agricultural and mineral, 438- 

441. 
Progress of Texas, Review of, 429-436. 
Prohibition, constitutional amendment for, 

defeated, 400, 40T. 
Proiiunciamctiio, meaning of, 103. 
Pronunciation, key to, xi. 
Property, pulilic, ceded to United States, 

307 ; of husband and wife, 317 ; of 

United States surrendered to Texas, 352. 
Protection of the frontier, 390. 
Protestant churches, labors of, in Texas, 

324-326. 
Provinces, the Internal, of Mexico or 

New Spain, 33, 34. 
Provisional government, of Coahuila and 

Texas, 152, 153 ; of Texas, established, 

proceedings and troubles of, 198-200 ; 

of Texas, at the close of the Civil War, 

374, 375- 
Proviso, the Wilmot, effect of, upon Texas, 

323- 

Public asylums, 451. 

Public buildings, at the capital, 452. 

Public debt, 250, 258, 272 ; provision for, 
at annexation, 307, 434 ; final .settlement 
of that of the Republic, 337 ; reduction 
of (1874), 390. 

Public free schools, provisions for, 273, 
274, 446-449- 

Public lands, 257 ; donated to public 
schools, 273, 274 ; retained by Texas at 
annexation, 307 ; constitutional {provi- 
sions respecting, 317, 378, 379, 391, 392 ; 
laws for disposition of, 318, 319, 339, 
340, 378, 391, 392 ; donated to build a 
new capitol, 395 ; donated to the Ihii- 
ver.sity, 396 ; donated to railroads, 339, 
340, 441-444 ; the importance and value 
of, to Texas, 436-438. 

Public property of the Republic, ceded to 
the United States, 307 ; of the Ihiited 
States surrendered to Texas in 1861, 352. 



Public questions, following annexation, 

322 ; from 1847 to 1857, 337-341- 
Puebla, the state of, revolts against Santa 

Anna, 160. 
Pieblo, meaning of, 52. 
Pueblo Indians, the, first discovery of, 10, 

41 ; in Texas, 92. 
Purissima, La, Concepcion, mission of, 

67. 



Questions, public, following annexation, 
322 ; political and public, from 1847 to 

1857, 337-341- 
Quincy, Josiah, an original secessionist, 

302. 
Quintana, a minister under Iturbide, 134. 
Quivira, the fabled I'and of, 10, 37, 41, 42, 

61, 62. 



R. 



Railroads, first enterprises for buitding, 
339 ; donation of lands for constructing, 
339, 34°, 442, 443 ', corrujit subsidies to, 
380, 381, 390 ; regulation of, by the 
State, by law and a commission, 401, 
402, 404 ; map of the Texas system of, 
443 ; the growth of, in Texas, 441-444. 

Rainey, Anson, 403. 

Rains, J. S., 393. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 18. 

Ramon, Captain Diego, relations of, with 
St. Denis, 66. 

Ramon, Domingo, expedition of, with St. 
Denis, 66, 67. 

Randolph, C. H., 350. 

Rangers, provision for, by the Consulta- 
tion, 199 ; capture of ships by the, at 
Copano, 242 ; in Houston's first admin- 
istration, 252 ; service by, against In- 
dians, 255, 257, 266, m, 341 , 349, 350 ; in 
the Cherokee War, 264, 265 ; assist in re- 
pelling the Mexican invasion, 286 ; ser- 
vice of, in the Mexican War, 331-333 ; 
service of, against Cortina, 349 ; during 
the Civil W^ar, 367 ; in recent times, for 
frontier and ]iolice protection, 390. 

Ravago, F"elip« de, 74. 

Raymond, Charles H., 279. 

Raymond, James H., 316, 321, 335. 

Reagan, John H., in Congress, 336, 349 ; 
delegate to convention of Confederate 
States, 352 ; Postmaster-General of the 
Confederacy, 364 ; in Congress, 392, 393, 
395 ; United States Senator, 402, 454 ; 



490 



INDEX. 



railroad commissioner, 402 ; candidate 
for governor, 409. 

Rebellion among Indians and Mexicans in 
Eastern Texas, 256. 

Reconstniction of the Southern States, the 
Republican theory of, 372, 373; presi- 
dential and congressional, methods of, 
376-379 ; of Texas, 374-382. 

Rector, John H., 392. 

Red River, early settlement on, 68 ; French 
settlements ou, 68 ; location of, in the 
Greer County litigation, 416, 417, 434. 

"Red Rovers," the, massacre of, at Go- 
liad, 220. 

Reed, Rev, Isaac, 325. 

Reeves, Reuben A., 365, 391. 

Refugio, mission of, the last founded in 
Texas, 76 ; battle at the mission of, 211, 
212. 

Regidorcs, meaning of, 28. 

Regulation, of freiglit and passenger rates 
on railroads, first law for, 340, 341 ; laws 
passed for, 401, 404. 

"Regulators" and "Moderators," war 
between, in Eastern Texas, 290, 291. 

Reiley, James, 279, 309. 

Religion, as an element in Spanish coloni- 
zation, 47-53; spread of, by Protestant 
missionaries in Texas, 324-326 ; growth 
and statistics of, 449, 450. 

Ri'Partbniattos, meaning of, 30. 

Representatives, in Congress, the first, 
321 ; from 1S47-51, 335'; from 1851-61, 
336 ; in the Confederate Congress, 365 ; 
in 1S66, 375; from 1872 76, 391 ; from 
1876-78, 392; 1878-82, 393, 394; 1882- 
86, 395, 396 ; 1886-90, 400 ; in 1890, 402 ; 
1892-^8, 406. 

Republic, the, of Texas, constitution of, 
adopted, 209 ; independence of, estab- 
lished at San Jacinto, 234, 235 ; first 
regular election in, 244-246 ; politics in, 
244, 245 ; difficulties of the first govern- 
ment of, 250, 251, 430, 431 ; laws' passed 
by first three Congresses t)f, 256, 257 ; 
mode of life under, 258; capital of, lo- 
cated at Austin, 266, 267 ; national seal, 
flag, and coat of arms of, 267 ; annexed 
to the United States, 302-309 ; terms of 
the annexation of, 307 ; last scene in the 
life of, 310. 

"Republic of the Rio Grande," attempt 
to establish the, 268, 269. 

" Republican Army of the North," the, or 
Magee's ex|)edition, 105-107. 

Republican, government, established in 
Mexico, 152, 153; party in Mexico, 158. 



Republican party in the United States, 
its theories in regard to Secession and 
Reconstruction, 372-374 ; its attitude 
towards the negro, 374 ; odium of, in the 
South, in 1866, 376 ; its platforms and 
conventions in 1896, 410, 412, 413. 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 331. 

Reservations, Indian, in Texas, 341. 

Resolutions, joint, of Congress, for an- 
nexation of Texas, 305-309 ; of 1858, for 
a convention gf Southern States, 348, 

349- 

Retreat of the Texan army from Gonzales 
to the Brazos, 224-226. 

Review, a general, of Texas progress, 
429-436. 

Revised Statutes of 1879, 393- 

Revolution, rise, progress, and results of, 
in Mexico ( 1810-22), 101-104 ; methods 
of a, in Spanish America, 103 ; progress 
of, in Mexico (1824-35), 157-160; events 
leading to the Texas, 166-177 ; first 
popular meetings preparatory to, 169- 
174 ; agitation preceding, 182-184 ; first 
battle of, 185, 186 ; progress of, 197-205, 
210-221, 224-236 ; ends in victory at San 
Jacinto, 234-236; in Mexico (1839-40), 
268, 269 ; in Mexico (1845), 330. 

Rice, Captain James O., 265. 

Rigaud, General, attempts French colony 
in Texas, 108. 

Rio Grande, the, early missions on, 55- 
57 ; Presidio del, 66 ; military operations 
along, during the Civil War, 367 ; "the 
republic of the," 268, 269. 

Ripperda, Baron de, 74. 

River system, the, of Texas, map of, 
438. 

Rivera, General, visits Texas, 70. 

Roads, military, projected (1841), 270; 
the "Central National," 295. 

Roberts, Charles, 290. 

Roberts, Jacob, 333. 

Roberts, Oran M., district judge, 321 ; 
elected to the Supreme Court, 348 ; 
president of the Secession Conven- 
tion, 351-353 ; chief-justice, 365 ; United 
States Senator, 375 ; chief-justice, 391 ; 
governor, 393 ; his administrations, 394, 

395- 
Robertson, General Felix, 367. 
Roi)ertson, General Jerome B., 367. 
Roberts(jn, Sawnie, 397. 
Robertson, Sterling C., his colony, 147, 

148, 176, 183, 208. 
Robinson, James W., 198, 246. 
Robinson, Joel VV., 233. 



INDEX. 



491 



Rodriguez, ex parte, case of, in the 
election of 1873, 381. 

Rogers, CM., 405. 

Rogers, William P., 351. 

Rosario, mission of, 76. 

Rosillo, battle of the, 106. 

Ross, Lawrence Sullivan, 367 ; governor, 
400, 401. 

Ross, Major, in Magee's expedition, 105, 
106. 

Ross, Colonel Reuben, 268. 

Ross, Shapley P., 333. 

Rowe, Joseph, 259. 

Rowen, William, 290. 

Royal audiences, in Spanish times, 27. 

Royall, R. R., 186. 

Rubi, Marquis de, 74. 

Ruby, G. T., 378. 

Rueg, Henry, 185. 

" Runaway Scrape," the, 218, 224. 

Runnels, Hardin R., 336 ; governor, 348- 
350 ; campaign between him and Sam 
Houston (1859), 350. 

Rusk, Thomas, J., 189, 202, 208, 209 ; 
joins the army, 226 ; at the battle of San 
Jacinto, 233, 234 ; succeeds to the com- 
mand of the army, 234 ; resigns, 341 ; 
secretary of war, 246 ; in the Rangers, 
256 ; chief-justice of the Supreme Court, 
259 ; in the Cherokee War, 265 ; presi- 
dent of the Convention of 1845, 316 ; 
United States Senator, 321 ; offered 
major-generalship in Mexican War, 332 ; 
his suicide, 348 ; his influence in the 
Senate, 454. 

Russell, William I., 140, 170. 

Ruter, Rev. Martin, 326. 



S. 



Sabin, Chauncey B., 392. 

Sabine River, Spanish settlements on the, 
66, 67 ; mutations of the missions on 
the, 68-71 ; the French transfer Natchi- 
toches to the west bank of the, 71 ; 
troubles between United States and 
Spain along the, 97-100 ; the " neutral 
ground" established between Arroyo 
Hondo and the, 98-100. 

Safety, committees of, appointed by the 
municipalities, 183. 

Saint Denis, expedition of, to Texas and 
Mexico, 65, 66 ; establishes missions in 
Eastern Texas, 66, 67 ; is banished and 
escapes, 67 ; drives the Spaniards from 
Eastern Texas, 68. 



Salado, early name for the Pecos River, 
56. 

Salado, Hacienda of the, Mier prisoners 
at the, 288, 290. 

Salado, the battle of the, 286. 

Salaries, official, under the Republic, 280. 

Salcedo, Manuel de, 105, 106. 

Saltillo, 53 ; capital of Coahuilaand Texas, 
152 ; dispute between Monclova and, as 
to the capital, 175; battle of (1840), 
269. 

San Antonio de Bexar, founded, 68 ; mis- 
sions from Eastern Texas transferred 
to, 70, 71 ; captured by Magee's expe- 
dition, 106 ; loyalty to Texas of certain 
Mexicans at, 183 ; Mexican force occu- 
pies, 184 ; General Cos in command at, 
187 ; besieged and captured by the 
Texans, 188-193 ; map of, and its envi- 
rons, 189, 191 ; Santa Anna reaches, with 
army of invasion (1836), 204; military 
situation at, in the beginning of cam- 
paign of 1836, 210 ; siege and fall of the 
Alamo at, 212 218 ; the " Council House 
fight" at, 265, 266; captured by \'as- 
quez, 281, 282 ; captured by Woll, 285, 
286. 

San Antonio de Valero, mission of, 68. 

San Antonio River, missions on the, 69, 
70, 71. 

San Augustine, Florida, founded, 12. 

San Augustine de Ahumada. in Eastern 
Texas, 72. 

San Bernardino, mission of, 57. 

San Bernardo Bay, La Salle lands at, 15. 

San Buenaventura, mission of, 57. 

San Felipe de Austin, founded, 138 ; first 
convention at, 172, 173 ; second con- 
vention at, 173, 174 ; meeting at, to call 
a general consultation, 183, 184 ; con- 
ciliatory meeting at, 184 ; meeting and 
proceedings of the Consultation at, 197- 
199 ; is burned (1836), 226. 

" San Felipe," the, captures " El Correo," 
184. 

San Fernando, villa de, founded, 70. 

San P'rancisco de los Tejas, first Texas 
mission, founded, 64 ; revived, 67 ; re- 
moved to San Antonio River, and called 
San Francisco de IJ JCspada, 71. 

San Francisco Solano, mission of, 68. 

San Ildefonso, mi.ssion of, 57, 72. 

San Jacinto, the battle of, 228-234 ; the 
flag of, 267. 

San Javier, mission of, 72. 

San Jos(5 de los Nazonis, mission of, in 
Eastern Texas, 67 ; removed to San 



492 



INDEX. 



Antonio River, and called San Juan 

Capristano, 71. 
San Juan 15autista, mission of, 57, 66. 
San Juan Capristano, mission of, 71. 
San Luis, early name for Galveston Island, 

107. 
San Marcos River, missions on the, 72. 
San Miguel, de Aguayo, 56 ; Cuellar de 

los Adaes, 67. 
San Patricio, battle at, 211. 
San Saba, mission of, 72. 
San Salvador, mission of, in New Leon, 

57- 

Sandoval, governorship of, 71. 

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, the rise 
of, 104, 134 ; in the revolution of 1828-33, 
158-160 ; the hero of Tampico. 158 ; 
usurps the government and declares a 
dictatorship, 160 ; loyalty of Texans to, 
170, 171 ; conduct of, towards S. F. 
Austin, 174 ; declares the Plan of Ciierna- 
vaca, and subjugates Mexican states, 175, 
176; his ol)ject in imprisoning Austin, 
182 ; his plans for invading Texas, 183 ; 
orders arrest of Texans, 184, 185 ; pre- 
pares army of invasion, 202 ; reaches San 
Antonio, 204 ; his siege and capture of 
the Alamo, 212-218; orders Goliad 
massacre, 220 ; his plans for conquest 
of Texas, 224 ; his march from San An- 
tonio to New Washington, 226, 227 ; is 
defeated at San Jacinto, 230-233 ; cap- 
tured, 233, 234 ; signs treaties of peace, 
235 ; controversy and trouble as to his 
treatment, 235, 240, 241 ; released from 
captivity, 250 ; again in power, threatens 
Texas, 281 ; orders execution of the 
Mier prisoners, 289 ; his altitude towards 
annexation, 303, 305. 

Santa Fe, tlie town of, founded, 11, 42; 
road to, projected, 270 ; the expedition 
to ( 1841), 271 ; the prisoners of the ex- 
I)edition to, 260, 265 ; the territory of, 
322, 323. 

Santa Maria, mission of, 65. 

Santander, New, or Tamaulipas, 63. 

Santander, Rio, 9. 

Santiago, mission of, 57. 

Santo, Kspiritu, Rio del, early name of 
the Mississippi, 8 ; Bay, 63, 64 ; mission 
of, 69, 70. 

Sauccdo, Jose Antonio, political chief, his 
troubles with F.dwards's colony, 146, 
147, 168; first political chief, 154.' 

Sayers, Joseph I)., 393. 396, 400, 406, 416, 
455. 

"Scalawags," meaning of the term, 376. 



Schleicher, Gustav, 392, 393. 

Schools, in 1834, 157 ; free public, provi- 
sions for, 273, 274 ; in the Constitution 
of 1845, 317 ; early private, 327 ; United 
States bonds donated to, 338 ; lands 
donated to, 338-340 ; provisions for, in 
Constitution of 1869, 378, 379 ; in Consti- 
tution of 1876, 391 ; normal, established, 
395, 448, 449 ; growth and endowment 
of, 446-449. 

Scott, General VVinfield, his campaign in 
Mexico, 333. 

"Scrape," the "Runaway," 218, 224. 

Scrip, land, worthlessness of, 250, 251 ; 
land, issued and agents appointed to 
sell it, 257. 

Scurry, Richardson, 336, 367. 

Scurry, William R., 332, 367. ■ 

Seal, the national, of the Republic, 
267. 

Secession, original attitude of New Eng- 
land towards, 302 ; of the Southern 
States, 351, 352 ; convention called in 
Texas, 351 ; proceedings of the conven- 
tion for, 351-353 ; convention deposes 
Governor Sam Houston, 353 ; the vote- 
on, in the convention, 352 ; adopted by 
popular vote, 352 ; Republican party's 
theories as to the effect of, 372, 373. 

Seguin, Don Erasmo, 131, 174, 183. 

Seguin, Colonel John N-. 218, 268, 269. 

" .Semicolon Court," the, 381. 

Seminoles, an Indian tribe, 90. 

Senators from Texas, United States, 321, 
348, 349, 352, 375, 379, 391, 402; Con- 
federate States, 365. 

Separate property of husband and wife 
under Texas laws, 317. 

Separation of Texas from Coahuila de- 
manded, 172-174. 

.Sesma, General, 202, 204, 224, 225, 227. 

Settlers, the character of the early, 429, 
430. 

"Seven Cities," the, fable of, 72. 

"Seven Years' War," in Europe, relations 
of, to Texas, 72. 

Sexton, Frank B., 365. 

Shackleford, Caj^tain or Doctor, at the 
(loliad massacre, 220. 

Shaw, James B., 279, 309, 321, 335. 

Shelby County, "War of the Regulators 
and Moderators" in, 290, 291. 

Shepard, Seth, 455. 

Shepherd, J. L., 290. 

Shepherd, William I\L, 257. 

Sheridan, General P. H., in command of 
military department of Texas, 376. 



INDEX. 



493 



Sherman, General Sidney, at San Jacinto, 
229, 230 ; projects the first Texas rail- 
road, 339. 

Shoshonean family of Indians, 91. 

Shuford, A. P., 352. 

Siege, of San Antonio ( 1835), 18S-193 ; of 
the Alamo, 212-218 ; of Mier, 288. 

Silver, the free coinage of, as a political 
issue, 405, 409-414. 

Simkins, E. J., 403. 

Sims, Bartlett, 176. 

Siouan family of Indians, 91. 

Sitio, meaning of, as a land measurement, 

136. 

Slave-trade, the, proposition to revive, 
350. 

Slavery, prohibited by the colonization 
laws of Mexico, 137 ; agitation of the 
question of, as relating to the annexation 
of Texas, 301, 302 ; provision respecting, 
in annexation resolutions, 307, 308 ; pro- 
visions regarding, in Constitution of 
1845, 317 ; as affecting the boundary 
question, 322, 323 ; attitude of political 
parties on, 346-348 ; lawless agitation 
against, in the North, 348, 349 ; prohibited 
by the thirteenth amendment, 372. 

Slayden, J. W., 416. 

Slidell, John, United States minister to 
Mexico, 330. 

Smith, Ashbel, 309, 447. 

Smith, Ben Fort, 185, 186, 203. 

Smith, Erastus ("Deaf"), 189, 227, 230. 

Smith, Geiieral E. Kirby, 367. 

Smith, George W., 336, 375. 

Smith, Henry, 140, 176 ; provisional gov- 
ernor, and his trouble with the Council, 
198-200 ; opposed to the Matamoros ex- 
pedition, 201 ; candidate for President, 
245, 246 ; secretary of the treasury, 246. 

Smith, Captain Thomas I., 283. 

Smythe, George W., 208, 335. 

Snively, Colonel Jacob, expedition of, 293. 

Social life under the Republic, 258. 

"Society of Jesus," missionary labors of 
the, 50-57- 

Solano, San Francisco, mission of, 68. 

Solis, Juan Diego de, 6. 

Somervell, General Alexander, 187, 241, 
282, 287, 288. 

Sosa, an early Spanish explorer, 61. 

Soto, Ferdinand de, 10, 40, 41. 

South, the, attitude of, towards annexa- 
tion, 301-305 ; attitude of, on slavery 
and States'-rights, 346-348 ; growing 
hostility between the North and, 346 ; is 
alarmed by the lawless attitude of the 



North, 348, 349 ; the States of, secede 
and form the Confederate States, leading 
to Civil War, 351-354 ; the Reconstruc- 
tion of, presidential and congressional, 
372-374 ; arbitrary use of military power 
in, to force Recoustruction, 373-379. 

South Carolina .secedes, 351. 

Sovereignty, the doctrine of squatter, 346, 
347 ; State, 346-348, 372, 373-. 

Spain, discoveries and explorations by, in 
America, 5-13 ; her methods of coloniza- 
tion and government in her colonies, 
25-34 ; her mode of Christianizing the 
Indians, 47-49 ; the Catholic church of, 
its early labors in Mexico and Texas, 
49-57 ; extent of her occupation of 
Texas in 1687, 61, 62 ; occupies Texas, 
63-70 ; seizes Florida, 65 ; acquires 
Louisiana, 72 ; retrocedes Louisiana, 96 ; 
troubles between the United States and, 
as to boundary, 97-100 ; relations of, to 
Mexico, 100, loi ; independence of 
Mexico from, 103, 104 ; treaty between 
United States and (1819), 108, 109 ; col- 
onization laws of, 129 ; is finally defeated 
and driven from Mexico, 158 ; the Civil 
Law of, in Texas, 273. 

Spain, New, named, 7 ; extent of, 27, 28 ; 
character of the government of, 29-34 ; 
geographical and political divisions of, 
33, 34 ; missionary work of the Catholic 
church in, 47-57. 

Spanish, discoveries in America, 5-13 ; 
colonial system, characteristics of, 25- 
34 ; explorations in region of Texas, 
37-44 ; methods of Christianizing the 
Indians, 47-49 ; missions in Mexico and 
Texas, 49-57 ; system of colonizing, de- 
fects of, 48, 49 ; occupation of Texas, 
61-70 ; troops retire to Bexar from the 
Sabine, 68 ; protest against the French 
crossing the Sabine, 71 ; settlements in 
Texas at end of eighteenth century, 75- 
79 ; hostility and depredations towards 
the United States, 100 ; rule in Mexico, 
effects of, 100; victory over the "Re- 
publican Army of the North," 107 ; 
mode of granting lands to colonists, T29 ; 
land measurements, 136 ; invasion of 
Mexico defeated (1829), 158 ; Civil Lau\ 

273- 
.Speakers of the Texas legislatures (1S46- 

97), Table of, 463. 
Squatter sovereignty, the doctrine of, 346, 

347. 
St. Louis, Fort, built by La Salle, 15 ; 

visited by De Leon, 63, 64 ; presidio and 



494 



INDEX. 



mission founded at, 69 ; removed from, 
70. 

Standard, the national, of the Repubhc, 
267. 

Stapp, Ehjah, 208. 

Slate, of Coahuila and Texas, 152, 153 ; 
colonization law of (1825), 153; col- 
onization law of, repealed, 172 ; Texas 
determines to separate from, 172-174; 
lawless acts of the legislature of, towards 
Texas, 174, 175 ; the government of, 
ends, 175, 176: of Texas, is annexed to 
the United States, 305-308 ; police, 
under E. J. Davis, 380 ; capitol, new, 
built and dedicated, 395, 397, 400. 

State, union 6i Church and, 167. 

States, new, may be formed out of Texas, 
307, 308 ; eflfect of this on A/issouri 
Comprotnise line, 322, 323 ; the Southern, 
attitude of, on slavery and States'-rights, 
346-348 ; Secession of the Southern, 372- 
374- 

States'-rights, the doctrine of, 346-348. 

Statistics, of population, 431-435 ; of polit- 
ical electi(Mi's, 460-462 ; agricultural and 
mineralogical, 438-441 ; of public lands, 
437. 43^ ; t>f railroads, 441-444 ; of 
manufactures, 445 ; of educational insti- 
tutions, 446-449 ; of churches, 450 ; of 
taxaljle wtalth, 450. 

Statutes, the Revised, of 1879, 393- 

Stayton, John \V., 395, 400, 403. 

Steele, (ieneral VVilliam, 367. 

Ste|)hens, Ale.'iander, 352. 

Stephens, I. \V., 403. 

Stephens, J. H., 416. 

Stephenson, Rev. Henry, 325. 

Sterne, Adolphus, 176, 190. 

Stevenson, Adlai K., 406. 

Stewart, Charles, 395, 400. 

Stewart, Charles B., 170, 208. 

Storkdale, Fletcher S., 363. 

Storey, L. J., 394. 

Storming, the, (jf Bexar, 190-193; of the 
Alamo, 215-217. 

"Straits <if Anian," the, the fable of, 38. 

Sul)d('/ci;ariofit's, meaniiiii of, xx 

SuHlett, Phil A., 171. 

Subsidies, to railroads, corrupt granting 
of, 380, 390 ; modification of these acts, 
3«i, 39<>- 

Su)rir('s/i,)„s (o Teachers, v., vi. 

Sumter. I'ort, fall of, 35.^. 

Superintendent of public education cre- 
ated, 379. 

Suppression of lawlessness and crime 
39*^. 



Supreme Court, the first, of the Republic, 
246 ; the first, of the State, 321 ; during 
the Civil War, 365 ; changed in 1866, 
375 ; changed again in 1869, 378 ; under 
Reconstruction, 376, 377 ; in the "Semi- 
colon case," 381 ; from 1874 to 1880, 
391 ; in 1882, 395 ; in later years, 403. 

Swisher, James G., 208. 

Swisher, John M., 335. 

Sylvester, James A., captures Santa Anna, 

233- 
System, the Spanish colonial, 25-34 ; of 
missionary labor in New Spain, 47-57 ; 
defects of the Spanish, 48, 49 ; the land, 
condition of (1837), 252 ; legal and judi- 
cial, founded, 272, 273 ; the land, pecu- 
liarities of, 318, 319 ; of public free 
schools, 339 ; the judicial, reorganized, 
402, 403 ; the river, map of, 438 ; the 
railroad, map of, 443. 



T. 



Tables: of the governors (1690-1897), 
460; of elections (1835-96), 461, 462; 
of legislatures and the Speaker in each 
(1846-97), 463. 

Tachies, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Tacomas, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Tamaquez, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Tamaulipas, or New Santander, the State 
of, 63. 

Taiioan family of Indians, 92. 

Tarleton, B. D., 403. 

Tarrant, E. H., 292, 334. 

Tawakana, or Tehuacana, an Indian tribe, 
89 ; in Magee's expedition, 105 ; treaty 
with, 292. 

Taxable wealth, statistics of, 395, 450. 

Taxation, levied on colonists by custom- 
houses, 168, 169 ; system of, under the 
provisional government, 201 ; under the 
Republic, 257 ; exorbitant, under Recon- 
stritctiott, 380 ; reduction of, 390. 

Taxpayers' Convention, in 1871, 380. 

Taylor, Captain, 107. 

Taylor, Robert H., 2,2>2)< 381. 

Taylor, General Zachary, in the Mexican 
War, 330-332. 

Teachers, Su^je^estions to, v., vi. 

Teguas, an Indian tribe, 92. 

Tehuacanas, or Tawakanas, an Indian 
tribe, 89, 105, 292. 

Tejanos, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Tejas, the tribe of the, 38 ; Coronado 
meets with them, 42 ; the land of the, 



INDEX. 



495 



early account of, 55, 56, 62 ; name of 
V^e.vas derived from, 62 ; visited by De 
Leon, 64 ; missions founded among tiie, 
64-67 ; accompany St. Denis on his ex- 
pedition to the Rio Grande, 66 ; mission 
and ]iresidio of, abandoned, and trans- 
ferred to Bexar, 70, 71 ; further mention 
of, 85, 86. 

"Telegraph," the, an early newspaper, 
197. 

Teller, Henry M., 413. 

Tenorio, driven out of Texas, 1S3 ; sent 
to arrest Texans, 184. 

Teran, Don Domingo, governor of Coa- 
huila and Texas, his expedition, 64, 65. 

Teran, General Mier y, 169. 

Terrell, Alexander \V., 455. 

Terrell, George W., 279, 292, 301. 

Territory, the North and East opposed to 
tiie acquisition of, by the United States, 
301, 302 ; added by the Mexican War, 

334- 
Terry, B. F., 366. 
Terry's Rangers, 367. 
Texas, origin of the name, 62. 
"Texas," the United States battle-ship, 

417, 418. 
Texas and New Orleans Railroad, the 

building of the, 339. 
Texas and Pacific Railroad, land and other 

subsidies to, 380, 381. 
Thirteenth amendment, the, to United 

States Constitution, 372, 373. 
Thomas, David, 209, 240. 
Thomas, Isaac D., 171. 
Thompson, J. W. N., 290. 
Thomson, Alexander, 147, 325. 
"Three Hundred," the "Original," the 

first settlers in Austin's colony, 13S. 
Throckmorton, James W., governor, 375; 

removed by military order, 376 ; in Con- 
gress, 392, 395 ; candidate for governor, 

393 ; his death, 418. 
Thruston, Albert S., 257. 
Tierra de guerra and tierra de paz, 

meaning of, 47, 48. 
Tiguez, an Indian tribe, 92. 
Timber lands, 436. 
Titles, land, confusion and frauds in 

(1836-37), 252, 253; forgery of land, 

268 ; the Texas system of land, 318-320. 
Tlaxcaltecs, in Coahuila, 53 ; brought as 

colonists to Be.xar, 70. 
. Tobosos, an Indian tribe, 55. 
1 Ti)ledo, General, 106, 107. 
Tolsa, General, 204. 
Toluca, the/>/tf;/ of, 160. 



Tonkawan family of Indians, 92. 

Tonkawas, the ethnology of the, 92. 

Topolovampo, attempted .Spanish colony 
at, 10. 

Tordesillas, the Convcntio>i of, 5. 

Torrey, James N., 290. 

Torrey, Thomas, 291. 

Towash, an Indian tribe, 89, 292. 

Trade, in 1834, 157 ; relations with Eng- 
land and France, 254; in 1840-41, 274; 
present state of foreign, 444. 

Trading-posts with the Indians, established 
in 1843, 292, 293. 

Travis, William B., imprisoned at Ana- 
huac, 170 ; favors war, 182 ; commands 
the expedition against Tenorio, 183 ; 
order for his arrest, 184, 185 ; in the 
army, 202 ; sent to San Antonio, 203 ; 
at Bexar, 210 ; his heroic defence and 
death in the Alamo, 212-217. 

Treasury notes of the Republic, issuance 
and worthlessness of, 252, 257, 267, 268, 
272, 280, 294. 

Treaties : of Cordova, 104 ; of 1819, be- 
tween Spain and the United States, 108, 
109 ; with the Cherokees, 204 ; with 
Santa Anna at San Jacinto and V'elasco, 
234, 235 ; commercial, with England and 
France, 254 ; with the Indians (1843), 
291, 292 ; of annexation, rejected by the 
United States Senate, 304 ; of Guada- 
lupe-Hidalgo, with Mexico, 2,2,^^, 334. 

Trespalacios, Colonel, 109, 153. 

Trial by jury, unknown to the Mexican 
law, 167. 

Tribes, Indian, classification, character, 
and history of, in Texas, S3-93. 

Trinity River, visited by De Leon and 
missions founded near, 64, 65 ; early 
trading-posts on, 109 ; first settlers on, 
138. 

Troops, Mexican, sent to Texas, to en- 
force tyranny, 168-170 ; Mexican, occupy 
San Antonio, 184-186 ; volunteer, from 
j the United States, to aid the Texas 
Revolution, 190 ; disposition of the 
Texas, at the beginning of the campaign 
of 1836, 210 ; movements of the Mexican 
and Texas, in that campaign, 224-235 ; 
LTnited States, work of, on the Texas 
border, 242 ; called for, to repel Mex- 
ican invasion (1842-43), 2S2, 284, 287; 
United States, occupy New ISlexico, 
323 ; Texas, in the Mexican War, 331- 
333 ■) Texas, in the Civil War, 365-367 ; 
State, for frontier and police protection, 
390- 



496 



INDEX. 



Truitt, Alfred M., 333. 

"Trusts," laws and attempts to suppress, 

401. 
Tumlinson, Captain, in the Rangers, 266. 
Turner, E. B., Federal judge, 392. 
Twiggs, General David E., surrenders 

Federal property to Texas, 352. 
"Twin Sisters," the, cannon presented to 

Texas in 1S36, 227. 
Two-thirds rule in Democratic conven- 
tions, abolished in Texas, 409. 
Tyler, President John, attitude of, towards 

annexation, 303, 304. 
Tyranny, Mexican, beginning of, towards 

Texas, 158, 159; continued acts of, lead 

to the Revolution, 168-177. 



U. 



Ugartachea, Colonel Domingo, at Velasco, 
169 ; at San Antonio, 184, 185 ; sent for 
reinforcements, 187. 

Union, the Mexican, formed, 152, 153 ; of 
church and state, 167 ; Texas annexed 
to the American, 305-308 ; Southern 
States secede from the, 351-353; Civil 
War of, against the Confederacy, 363- 
368 ; troops from Texas in the army of 
the, 366, 367 ; theories of the Republi- 
can party in regard to the, 372, 373. 

Union Democrats, 347, 348 ; men in 1866, 
attitude of, 376. 

United States, acquire Louisiana, 96 ; in- 
cursions from the, into Texas, 98 ; 
troubles between Spain and, as to 
boundary, 98-100 ; treaty between Spain 
and ( 1819), 108, 109 ; first colonists from, 
to Texas, 130-140; Mexican decree 
against colonists from, 158, 159 ; influ- 
ence of immigration from, on the Texas 
Revolution, 166, 167 ; jealousy of Mexico 
towards, 168, 169 ; offer to buy Texas, 
168, 169 ; first volunteers from, to Texas, 
190, 202, 235 ; aid from, to the Revolu- 
tion, 201 ; volunteers from, killed at 
Goliad, 220 ; attitude of, during the 
Texas Revolution, 242, 243 ; prevent 
Indian uprising in Texas, 243 ; recognize 
Texan independence, 243, 244, 253 ; an- 
nexation of Texas to the, voted and 
proposed by Texas, 246, 253, 254 ; polit- 
ical agitation in the, on annexation, 301- 
305 ; annexation to, accomplished, 305- 
308 ; slavery agitation in the, as aiTecting 
the Texas boundary, 322, 323 ; troops of 
the, occupy New Mexico, 323 ; war of 



the, u'ith Mexico, 330-334 ; treaty be- 
tween Mexico and, 2):;,^^, 334 ; war be- 
tween the Confederate States and the, 
363-368 ; thirteenth and fourteenth 
amendments to the Constitution of, 372, 
373 ; courts of the, in Texas, 321, 392 ; 
win the Greer County suit, 416, 417 ; rel- 
ative position of Texas in the, 452, 453 ; 
influence of Texas in the politics of the, 

454-456. 

University, the State, provided for in 1S39, 
273, 274 ; Baylor, 325 ; the State, first 
act for establishing, 350 ; provided for 
in Constitution of 1876, 391, 392 ; located 
and inaugurated, 395, 397 ; lands do- 
nated to, 396 ; formal opening of, 397 ; 
endowment and growth of, 448. 

Upson, Columbus, 394. 

Urdinola, Captain, 53. 

Urrea, General Jose, sent to Matamoros, 
202 ; marches to San Patricio, 204 ; de- 
feats the Texans at Agua Dulce and 
Refugio, 211, 212 ; at the battle of the 
Coleto, 218, 219 ; his movements in the 
subsequent campaign, 224, 226, 227 ; is 
ordered to retire to Victoria, 234. 



V. 



Vaca, Cabeza de, Alvar Nufiez, adventures 
of, in Texas, 39, 40. 

Valdivia, in Chili, 10. 

Valero, San Antonio de, mission of, 68. 

Van Buren, Martin, views of, on annexa- 
tion, 304. 

Van Dorn, General Earl, 366. 

Van Zandt, Isaac, 279, 304, 334. 

Vara\ a land measure, 136. 

Vasquez, General Rafael, captures San 
Antonio, 281, 282. 

Vehlein, Joseph, colony of, 148. 

Velasco, battle at (1832), 170. 

Venados, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Veramendi, Juan Martin, 171 ; the house 
of, in the siege of Bexar, 190-193. 

Verazzani, 13. 

Vespucius, Americus, 4. 

Vetoes, of President Sam Houston, 252, 
253 ; of Governor Culberson, 415. 

Viceroys, the powers of the, 27, 28 ; con- 
dition of Mexico under the, 100 ; the 
last of the, 104. 

Victoria, Guadalupe, first President of 
Mexico, 157, 158. 

Victoria, the town of, founded, 145 ; raided 
by Indians (1840), 266, 



INDEX. 



497 



Vidauri y Villasenor, Francisco, governor, 

153- 

Viesca, Augustin, the last governor of 
Coahuila and Texas, 153, 154, 175. 

Viesca, Jose Maria, governor, 153. 

ViNa, the meaning of, 52. 

Villafafie, 12. 

Vince's bridge, importance of, at San 
Jacinto, 230. 

Viscaino, Sebastian, 11, 42. 

Volunteers, from the United States, to aid 
Texas Revolution, 190, 202, 235 ; from 
the United States, massacred at Goliad, 
220 ; called for, to repel Mexican inva- 
sion ( 1842-43), 282, 284, 287. 

Vote, on the Secession Ordinance, 352 ; of 
allegiance to the Confederacy, 353 ; in 
the several State elections (1836-96), 
432, 435, 461, 462. 



W. 



Wacos, an Indian tribe, 89 ; treaty with, 
291. 

Waggener, Leslie, 419, 420. 

Walker, Moses B., 381. 

Walker, Captain Samuel H., in the Mex- 
ican War, 331-333- 

Walker's expedition to Nicaragua, 350. 

Wallace, J. W. E., 186, 210. 

Wallace, William A. A., 333. 

W^1!lace, W^ J., 286. 

W'aller, Edwin, 208, 267, 334, 354. 

" War," the " land of," meaning of, 47. 

War : with Indians in Northern Mexico, 
beginning of, 53-55 ; with Indians in 
Texas, 71 ; the "Seven Years," in Eu- 
rope, 72 ; the Fredonian, 146, 147, 168 ; 
|iarty in favor of ( 1S33-34), 182 ; begin- 
ning of the, for independence, 185, 186 ; 
progress of, 1S7, 190, 193, 210, 215-221 ; 
successful end of, at San Jacinto, 224- 
235 ; with the Cherokees, 264, 265 ; 
general Indian (1839-41), 265, 266; in 
Northern Mexico (1839-40), 268, 269; 
with Mexico, threatened (1842), 282, 284, 
287; the "archive," 283, 284; against 
Mexico, bill for, passed and vetoed by 
Houston, 285; between the "Regula- 
tors" and "Moderators," 290, 291 ; the 
Mexican (1846-48), 330-334 ; causes and 
events leading to the Civil, 346 354 ; 
service of Texas troops in the Civil, 
365-367 ; disorderly state of the country 
at the close of the Civil, 374. 



Ward, Matthew, 349. 

Ward, Thomas William, 279, 309, 321, 

335- 

Ward, Major William, commands the 
"Georgia Battalion," .202; at Goliad, 
210; sent to relieve Refugio, his battle 
there, 211, 212 ; massacred with his men 
at Goliad, 220. 

Washington, New, Santa Anna at, 227, 
229. 

Washington, on the Brazos, old fort at, 
109 ; constitutional convention at (1836), 
208, 209 ; capital moved to, 287. 

Watrous, John C, 259, 321, 392. 

Watson, Thomas E., 413. 

Waul, General Thomas N., 336, 349, 352, 

367. 
Wealth, the taxable, of Texas, increase in, 

395, 450. 
Webb, James, 335. 
Wellborn, Olin, 393, 395. 
West, Charles S., 354, 393, 395, 397. 
West, Claiborne, 176, 208. 
Westover, Captain, at Lipantitlan, 193. 
Whaling, Henry, 290. 
Wharton, John A., 176, 182, 198, 233, 242, 

245, 255- 

Wharton, General John A., in tlie Civil 
War, 367. 

Wharton, William H., 140; commissioner 
to Mexico, 173 ; president of the second 
convention, 173 ; in favor of war, 182 ; 
in the army, 187 ; commissioner to the 
United States, 190 ; his views in regard 
to independence, 198, 199 ; returns to 
Texas, 243; political activity of, 245; 
minister to the United States, 247, 253, 
257 ; captured by the Mexicans, 255 ; his 
death, 255. 

Wheeler, Royall T., 321, 348, 365. 

Wheeler, T. B., 400. 

Whig party, the, attitude of, towards 
annexation, 301-305 ; its attitude on 
slavery, 346 ; its destruction, 346, 347. 

White, F. M., 350. 

White, Jesse, 176. 

White, John P., 391, 395. 

Whitfield, General, 367 ; his legion, 367. 

Whitney, William C, 412. 

Wichitas, an Indian tribe, 89. 

Wife, property rights of the, under Texas 
laws, 317. 

Wigfall, Louis T., 349, 352, 365, 367. 

Wilcox, John A., 365. 

Wilkinson, General James, 97, 99, 135. 

Williams, F. A., 403. 

Williams, Lemuel H., 352. 



32 



.^ 



<^' 



498 



INDEX. 






Williams, Samuel M., 138 ; colony of Aus- 
tin and, 148 ; commissioner to Mexico, 

303- 
Williamson, Robert M., 140, 170, 176, 182, 

184, 1S5, 246. 
Willie, Asa H., 375, 391, 395. 
Willie, James, 336. 
Wills, the statute of, adopted, 257. 
Willson, Sam A., 393, 395. 
U'i/inot proviso, the, effect of, on slavery 

and the Texas boundary question, 323, 

346. 
Wilson, Rev. Hugh, 326. 
Wing, Martin Carroll, 290. 
Winkler, (ieneral C. M., 367, 391. 
Winston, (leorge T., 420. 
Wintuissen, governor, 71. 
Witt, Preston, 333. 
Woll, General, 204, 225, 227 ; captures 

San Antonio, 285, 286 ; is defeated at 

the battle of the Salado, 286. 
Wood, George T., in the Mexican W^ar, 

332 ; governor, 334, 335. 
Wooten, Thomas I)., 447. 
Wright, Arvin, 378. 
Wright, George W., 352. 
Wright, W. B., 365. 
Wyalt, Colonel, in the Texas Revolution, 

2U2. 



Yoakum, C. H., 406. 
Young, W. C, 366. 

Ysleta, origin of the town of, 42, 43, 55. 
Yucatan, Texan navy sent to aid revolu- 
tion in, 270. 

Z. 

Zacatecas, the State of, revolts against 
Santa Anna, 160, 175. 

Zambrano, a Mexican patriot loyal to 
Texas, 183 ; order for the arrest of, 184. 

"Zambrano Row," the, in the siege of 
Bexar, 191-193. 

Zapata, Colonel, 26S. 

Zavala, Lorenzo de, colony of, 148 ; in 
Mexico, 158; comes to Texas, 184; 
efforts to arrest, 184 ; issues an address, 
184, 1 85 ; in the convention of 1S36, 208 ; 
Vice-President of the provisional govern- 
ment, 209 ; in the army, 226, 233 ; his 
death, 246. 

Zavaleta, Juan de, an early missionary 
priest, 56. 

Zuni Indians, discovery of the land of the, 
10, 41. 

Zuniga, Espiritu Santo de, mission of (see 
La Bahia), 69, 70. 




( 



